1820s in Western fashion

During the 1820s in European and European-influenced countries, fashionable women's clothing styles transitioned away from the classically influenced "Empire"/"Regency" styles of c. 1795–1820 (with their relatively unconfining empire silhouette) and re-adopted elements that had been characteristic of most of the 18th century (and were to be characteristic of the remainder of the 19th century), such as full skirts and clearly visible corseting of the natural waist.

The silhouette of men's fashion changed in similar ways: by the mid-1820s coats featured broad shoulders with puffed sleeves, a narrow waist, and full skirts. Trousers were worn for smart day wear, while breeches continued in use at court and in the country.

Women's fashions

Overview

During the first half of the 1820s, there were slight gradual modifications of Regency styles, with the position of the waistline trending successively lower than the high waistline of the Regency (just below the breasts), and also further development of the trends of the late 1810s towards giving skirts a somewhat conical silhouette (as opposed to earlier more clinging and free-flowing styles), and in having various types of decoration (sometimes large and ornate) applied horizontally around the dress near the hem. Sleeves also began increasing in size, foreshadowing the styles of the 1830s. However, there was still no radical break with the Empire/Regency aesthetic. Skirts became even wider at the bottom during the 1820s, with more ornamentation and definition toward the bottom of the skirt such as tucks, pleats, ruffles, or loops of silk or fur.

During the second half of the 1820s, this neoclassical aesthetic was decisively repudiated, preparing the way for the main fashion features of the next ten to fifteen years (large sleeves, somewhat strict corseting of the natural waist, full skirts, elaborate large-circumference hats, and visual emphasis on wide sloping shoulders). Rich colors such as chrome yellow and Turkey red became popular, and fabrics with large bold checkerboard or plaid patterns became fashionable, (another contrast with the previous fashion period, which had favored small delicate pastel prints). A bustle was sometimes also worn. Belts accentuated the new defined waist.

Dresses were often worn with a round ruffled linen collar similar to a soft Elizabethan ruff.

Hairstyles and headgear

Early in the decade, hair was parted in the center front and styled into tight curls over the temples. As the decade progressed, these curls became more elaborate and expansive. The bun on the back became a looped knot worn high on top of the head. Wide-brimmed hats and hat-like bonnets with masses of feathers and ribbon trims were worn by mid-decade.

Conservative married or older women wore indoor caps of fine linen descended from the earlier mob cap; these had a pleated or gathered caul on the back to cover the hair, and a narrow brim at the front that widened to cover the ears and often tied under the chin. These caps were worn under bonnets for street-wear.

Women also began to wear caps known as a cornette around 1816. These caps were tied under the chin and worn indoors. They also tended to be greatly adorned with plumes, ribbons, flowers, and jewels. Another alternative to the cornette was the turban, also often bejeweled and adorned, which shows the great interest in exotic cultures.

Outerwear

Shawls remained popular. Cloaks and full-length coats were worn in cold or wet weather.

Shoes

The fashionable shoe was a flat slipper. In the late 1820s, the first high shoe appeared and became vogue for both men and women. The shoe typically consisted of a three-inch high cloth top that laced on the inner side and a leather vamp that supported a long, narrow, and squared toe.

Dresses of 1820

Fashion Plates

Style gallery 1820–1825

File:Princess_Caroline_Amalie_Sketching_in_Naples._Study_(Johan_Christian_Dahl)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_19980.tif, 1 – 1820
Image:Ingres Mademoiselle Jeanne Suzanne Catherine Gonin.jpg, 2 – 1821
File:Natalia_Stepanovna_Golitsyna_.jpg, 3 – 1821
Image:Collettte versavel 1822.jpg, 4 – 1822
Image:Francesco Hayez - Ritratto di Antonietta Vitali Sola.jpg, 5 – 1823'' ''
Image:1823-Ball-Gown-Diaphanous-Overskirt.jpg, 6 – 1823
Image:1824 laver coral.jpg, 7 – 1824
Image:Marchesa Marianna Florenzi, by Heinrich Maria von Hess, 1824.jpg, 8 – 1824
File:Leybold Portrait of a Young Lady 1824.jpg, 9 - 1824
Image:Berry, Marie-Caroline duchesse de - 1.jpg, 10 – 1825
File:Klänning,_Josefina_av_Sverige_-_Livrustkammaren_-_55681.tif , 11 – ca 1825

# Caroline Amalie of Augustenburg wears a green pinafore dress over a white blouse or a chemise with a ruffled collar. A wide brimmed straw hat protects her face from the sun.
# Mademoiselle Gonin wears a dark dress with small puffed sleeves, with a ruffled collar and a blue plaid ribbon at the neck. Her hair is styled into small curls at her temples.
# Natalia Stepanovna Golitsyna wears a white silk dress with puffed sleeves, and a matching turban.
# Collette Versavel's blue dress of 1822 is slightly cone-shaped, and is trimmed with frills around the hem. She carries a deep red shawl with a paisley patterned border.
# Antonietta Vitali Sola wears an arrangement of tight, vertical curls at her temples. Her sheer chemise or chemisette has a double ruffled collar, 1823.
#Evening gown of 1823 has a sheer overskirt.
# Fashion plate of a "carriage" or travelling dress of 1824 has fur trim and a matching muff. Note lower waist, fuller sleeves, and wider skirt.
# Marchesa Marianna Florenzi wears a fur-trimmed dress with a belt over a white ruffled undergown and carries a feather-trimmed bonnet, 1824
# This young lady wears a red gown with a satin waistband, accessorized with a paisley shawl, 1824.
# The Duchess de Berry's fashion-forward gown of 1825 shows the wide waistband that was gradually lowering waistlines. Her fitted bodice and prominent headdress would be important styles for the next several years.
# Day dress made of cotton, belonging to Josephine of Leuchtenberg

Style gallery 1826–1829

Image:Ingres Madame Marie Marcotte.jpg, 1 – 1826
Image:1826-Wiener-Moden-fashion-plate.png, 2 – 1826
Image:Kinson MacMahon.jpg, 3 – 1825–1830
Image:Stieler strobl 1827.jpg, 4 – 1827
Image:Harding Mrs Blake.jpg, 5 – c. 1827
File:Woman's yellow print dress c. 1827.jpg, 6 - c. 1827
File:Hattmode. Modeplasch ur Magasin för Konst, Nyheter och Mode från 1827 - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0032516.jpg, 7 - 1827
Image:Stieler Kruedener.jpg, 8 – 1828
Image:Joseph Stieler - Regina Daxenberger, 1829.JPG, 9 – 1829
Image:1829-Morning-Evening-Dresses-World-of-Fashion-May.jpg, 10 - 1829
File:Comtesse_Sophie_Laval_(Middleton_Album).jpg , 11 - ca 1829

# Madame Marie Marcotte wears a brown gown with a wide buckled belt, full sleeves, and a sheer collar with shell buttons. Her hair is worn in elaborate curls on the sides and on top. 1826.
# Viennese fashion plate of 1826. Stripes run in different directions on the skirt, hem and sleeves, and the hat is lined with plaid fabric and trimmed with a matching ribbon.
# Comtesse de MacMahon wears a satin dress with a conical skirt trimmed with horizontal frills at the hem. Matching frills accent the new wide-puffed sleeves. She wears a large hat decorated with ostrich plumes, latter half of the 1820s.
# Auguste Strobl wears a sheer overdress with full sleeves in the new fashion over a white gown with short puffed undersleeves. A wide ribbon sash is fastened with a gold buckle. German, 1827.
# Sarah Stanton Blake wears a frilled indoor cap trimmed with sheer ribbon and a high-necked chemise or chemisette under her black dress and scarlet shawl. Massachusetts, c. 1827.
# Dress of silk and cotton gauze, dyed chrome yellow and block printed with a chinoiserie pattern, Europe, c. 1827. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.2007.211.937.
# Fashion poster with 1827 hats.
#Evening gown of Amalie von Krüdener in 1828 shows the beginnings of the dropped shoulder and wide sleeve puff that would flower in the 1830s. Hair is worn in elaborate side curls, and the knotted bun is higher on the crown of the head. German.
# Regina Daxenberger wears sheer blue oversleeves with short puffed undersleeves. Her fitted bodice has pairs of waist darts, 1829.
# Fashion plate shows "Newest Fashions for May 1829: Morning and Evening Dresses"
# Comtesse Sophie Laval wears a blue gown with a buckled belt. Her hair is worn in two high loops with a mass of curls on the sides. End of 1820s

Men's wear

Overview

By the mid-1820s, men's fashion plates show a shapely ideal silhouette with broad shoulders emphasized with puffs at the sleevehead, a narrow waist, and very curvy hips.

A corset was required to achieve the tiny waistline shown in fashion plates. Already de rigueur in the wardrobes of military officers, men of all middle and upper classes began wearing them, out of the necessity to fit in with the fashionable gentry. Usually referred to as "girdles", "belts" or "vests" (as "corsets" and "stays" were considered feminine terms) they were used to cinch the waist to sometimes tiny proportions, although sometimes they were simply whalebone-stiffened waistcoats with lacing in the back. Many contemporary cartoonists of the time poked fun at the repressed nature of the tightlaced gentlemen, although the style grew in popularity nonetheless. This was the case especially amidst middle-class men, who often used their wardrobe to promote themselves, at least in their minds, to a higher class — hence the dandy was born.

The emergence of wool as a primary fabric choice for men's outer garments led to a revolution in tailoring that allowed fit and finish to be of the utmost importance as opposed to ornamentation. This revolution allowed for an idealized classical silhouette to be materialized in men's fashion.

Shirts and cravats

Shirts of linen or cotton featured tall standing collars and were worn with wide cravats tied in a soft bow.

Coats and waistcoats

Around 1820, coats began to be made in an entirely new way. The tails and lapels were cut separately and subsequently attached to the coat. This ensured a better fit, a greater following of the body's contours, and more consistent positioning, even when the coat was unbuttoned. The tails themselves were narrow, pointed, and fell just below the knee. The shoulders were broad and the coat stood off the chest, yet was snug at the waist. Coats also were padded at the chest and waist. The collars and lapels were also padded in order to stiffen them. The collars were high and shawl-like in order to frame the face. Coats were cut straight across the waist. Waistcoats were buttoned high on the chest. Cutaway coats were worn as in the previous period for formal daywear, but the skirts might almost meet at the front waist.

Frock coats had the same nipped-in waist and full skirts. Very fashionable sleeves were gathered or pleated into a slightly puffed "leg of mutton" shape. Coats could be made of wool or velvet, and jewel colors like bottle green and midnight blue were high style. Double-breasted coats were very much in fashion throughout the decade.

Trousers and breeches

Trousers underwent a notable change in the 1820s. The new fit was a product of the French Revolution as it was considered uncouth to wear attire that looked wealthy. The length of the pant changed from below the knee to below the ankle and the fit of the pant loosened slightly from the first decade of the 19th century. The pants featured a small waistline and flared out slightly at the hip with small pleats, creating the image of fullness in the hip region. The introduction of straps that went under the foot, known as stirrup pants, also changed the shape and fit of these trousers.

Full-length light-colored trousers were worn for day; these were cut full through the hips and thighs, tapering to the ankles. They were held smoothly in place by straps fastened under the square-toed shoes. Dark trousers were worn for evening wear, and breeches were worn for formal functions at the British court (as they would be throughout the century). Breeches were also worn for horseback riding and other country pursuits, especially in Britain, with tall fitted boots.

Hats and hairstyles

Tall, silk hats again came into style. They were seen as a comfortable and light way to protect against sun and rain and were adequate for travelling and hunting. The crowns of tall hats also became curvy in keeping with the new style, and began to flare from the headband to the top. Curled hair and sideburns were fashionable.

Shoes

Rubber was introduced to Europe and America and created a shift in shoes from the pattens and clogs to the galosh. The galosh was soft and gummy in warm weather and hard and stiff in the cold. The style of men's shoes closely mirrored that of women's, as they were narrow, heelless slippers with low-cut vamps. They were very flimsy looking, as though they were held on by suction cups, for the leather barely covered the toes and hardly gripped the heel.Kemper, Rachel H: "Costume", 1992, pp. 121

Style gallery

Image:GSJamesMonroe.jpg, 1 – 1820–22
Image:Richard Dighton aviewontheroyalexchange.jpg, 2 – 1823
Image:Fashion Plate Manteau 1823.jpg, 3 – 1823
Image:Francesco Hayez 043.jpg, 4 – 1825
Image:Vicente López Portaña - el pintor Francisco de Goya.jpg, 5 – 1826
Image:Eugène Delacroix - Louis-Auguste Schwiter.jpg, 6 – 1827
Image:Kiprensky Pushkin.jpg, 7 - 1827
Image:Goethe (Stieler 1828).jpg, 8 – 1828
Image:Ferdinand-Georg-Waldmüller-1828.jpg, 9 – 1828
File:Alexandre_Dumas_par_Achille_Devéria_(1829).png, 10 – 1829

# President James Monroe wears a high shirt collar and white cravat tied in a wide bow. His jacket collar and lapels form a continuous curve very like a shawl collar. 1820–22.
# Country clothes in the city: In this caricature by Richard Dighton, a stout man wears country clothes (breeches and riding boots) at the Royal Exchange in London. Hats of 1823 are not yet curvy, and the straight-bottomed waistcoat shows slightly below the coat in front.
# French fashion plate shows an evening cape or ''manteau'' with a fur collar and shoulder cape, worn over dark formal breeches and double-breasted coat, 1823.
# Conte Ninni wears a black coat with a tall collar and a slight puff at the sleeve head over a tall-collared white shirt and white cravat, 1825.
# Francisco de Goya wears a gray coat over a satin single-breasted waistcoat and a tall-collared shirt that reaches to his ears, with a white cravat. Spanish, 1826.
# Baron Schwiter wears a dark cutaway coat, waistcoat, and narrow fitted pantaloons or trousers. His flat shoes have square toes and bows on the instep, and are worn with white stockings, 1827.
#Alexander Pushkin wears a black coat, black silk cravat and plaid shawl. Russian, 1827.
#Goethe wears a coat with a slight puff at the sleeve head, a satin lining turned back to form lapels, and a high contrasting collar over a patterned waistcoat. His white cravat is fastened with a gold pin. German, 1828.
# In his self-portrait, Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller wears a striped cravat and striped waistcoat, both in dull gold and blue, 1828.
# Portrait of Alexandre Dumas who wears a dark cutaway coat, matching trousers and waistcoat and boots, 1829.

Caricature gallery

File:Monstrosities_of_1822_LCCN2002720234.jpg, "Monstrosities of 1822," 1822 fashion satire.
File:Isaac_Robert_Cruikshank_-_Monstrosities_of_1827_-_B1977.14.9708_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg, "Monstrosities of 1827," fashion satire.
File:La_Revanche,_ou_les_Français_au_Missouri_(BM_2006,U.209).jpg , Fashionable french people exhibited to a Native American public, 1829

Fashion plates

File:Magasin_för_konst,_nyheter_och_moder_1823,_illustration_nr_4.jpg, 1823
File:Magasin_för_konst,_nyheter_och_moder_1826,_illustration_nr_12.jpg , 1826
File:Magasin_för_konst,_nyheter_och_moder_1828,_illustration_nr_36.jpg , 1828
File:Magasin_för_konst,_nyheter_och_moder_1829,_illustration_nr_8.jpg , 1829

Children's fashion

Image:Children-dancing-ca-1820.jpg, English children dancing, early 1820s
Image:Mikhail Lermontov, 1820-22.jpg, Mikhail Lermontov, Russia, 1820
File:Ganzporträt Julius Dreher c1820.jpg, Young boy's dress, Berlin, c. 1820
Image:Princess Victoria aged Four.jpeg, Princess Victoria of Kent, 1823
Image:Kolbe Uellenberg.jpg, Portrait of Alwine and Robert Uellenberg by Heinrich Christoph Kolbe, Germany, 1825
File:Simon Jacques Rochard Mary and Patrick Stirling 1826.png, United Kingdom, 1826

Notes

References

*Ashelford, Jane: ''The Art of Dress: Clothing and Society 1500–1914'', Abrams, 1996.
*Picken, Mary Brooks: ''The Fashion Dictionary'', Funk and Wagnalls, 1957. (1973 edition )
*Takeda, Sharon Sadako, and Kaye Durland Spilker, ''Fashioning Fashion: European Dress in Detail, 1700 - 1915'', LACMA/Prestel USA (2010),
*Tozer, Jane and Sarah Levitt, ''Fabric of Society: A Century of People and their Clothes 1770–1870'', Laura Ashley Press,
*Walker, Richard: ''The Savile Row Story'', Prion, 1988,

External links

1820s Fashion Plates of men, women, and children's fashion
from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
1820s Fashions in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database

{{Timeline of clothing and fashion

History of clothing (Western fashion)
19th-century fashion
Fashion1820