1648

1648 has been suggested as possibly the last year in which the overall human population declined, coming towards the end of a broader period of global instability which included the collapse of the Ming dynasty and the Thirty Years' War, the latter of which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia.

Events

January–March

* January 15 – Manchu invaders of China's Fujian province capture Spanish Dominican priest Francisco Fernández de Capillas, torture him and then behead him. Capillas will be canonized more than 350 years later in 2000 in the Roman Catholic Church as one of the Martyr Saints of China.
* January 15 – Alexis, Tsar of Russia, marries Maria Miloslavskaya, who later gives birth to two future tsars (Feodor III and Ivan V) as well as Princess Sophia Alekseyevna, the regent for Peter I.
* January 17 – By a vote of 141 to 91, England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I, and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.
* January 20 – France's Royal Council votes to create the Académie royale after accepting the proposal of Martin de Charmois.
* January 26 – The Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at the time part of the Republic of Both Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), begins as Bohdan Khmelnytsky becomes Hetman of the Cossacks.
* January 30 – The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the States General), which was previously a province of the Spanish Empire. The treaty is ratified by the Netherlands on May 15.
* February 11 – England's parliament passes stricter laws against performance of stage plays, providing for demolition of seats in theatres, imprisonment for actors and fines for spectators. The vote comes six days after the King's Men Players are arrested at the Cockpit Theatre during an illegal performance of ''Rollo Duke of Normandy''.
* February 28 – King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway dies after a reign of almost 60 years without having named a successor. The ''Rigsraadet'' (Royal Council) and the Estates of the Realm will debate he matter for more than four months before deciding on July 6 to select Christian's oldest surviving son to become King Frederick III.
* March 31 – A major earthquake strikes Van in Ottoman Armenia.

April–June

* April 19 – First Battle of Guararapes: The Portuguese army defeats the Dutch army, in the north of Brazil.
* May 12 – Construction of the Kaunghmudaw Pagoda is completed in the Kingdom of Burma on the 6th waning of Kason, 1010, near the end of the reign of King Thalun. ''Hmannan Yazawin''
* May 15 – The Peace of Münster is ratified by both the United Netherlands and the Spanish Empire.
* May 16 – England's Commonwealth Army massacres 70 Cornish royalists at Penzance, leading to a rebellion against England's Parliamentarians.
* May 20 – Wladyslaw IV Vasa, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, dies after a reign of 15 years. The throne remains vacant for six months until Wladyslaw's younger half-brother, John II Casimir Vasa, is elected by Poland's Parliament.
* June 1 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.
* June 20– Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnyov departs from Srednekolymsk to begins the first recorded voyage through the Bering Strait, between Asia and North America, and arrives in September.

July–September

*July 19– 19 – The last major battle of the Thirty Years' War, the Battle of Prague ends in a Swedish victory after three days of fighting over the army of Bohemia. The troops loot the Prague Castle and steal many of Bohemia's most valuable artifacts.
* August 8 – Mehmed IV (1648– 1687) succeeds Ibrahim I ( 1640–1648), as Ottoman Emperor.
* August 16 – The Imam of Oman, Nasir bin Murshid, dispatches an army to recapture Muscat from Portuguese occupiers, who eventually surrender the town on January 23, 1650.
* August 20 – The French Army, under the command of the Prince of Condé, defeats the Spaniards at the Battle of Lens. Upon learning of the victory, Cardinal Mazarin orders the arrest of the members of the ''Fronde Parlementaire'', leading to an insurrection in Paris.
* August – The Cambridge Platform, a new, localized system of Christian church governance, is agreed upon and written down in New England.
* September 12 – At the Battle of Stirling in Scotland, the "Engagers" achieve victory over the Kirk Party.

October–December

* October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück concludes the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States can personally convert to Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist. Ecclesiastical property is restored to the status of 1624, with the minorities of each of the three recognized faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659.
* October 31 – A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn (Sharjah) and Muttrah (Oman).
* November 11 – France and the Netherlands agree to divide the Caribbean island of Saint Martin between them.
* December 11 – " Pride's Purge" in England: Elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invade London and expel a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.

Date unknown

* In India, building of the Red Fort in Shahjahanabad is completed.
* The epic poem ''Padmavati'' is written by Alaol.
* Sabbatai Zevi declares himself the Messiah at Smyrna.
* George Fox founds the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in England.
* The Dutch artist Rembrandt produces the works ''Rembrandt drawing at a window'' and ''Beggars at the Door''.
*Giacomo Carissimi composes Historia di Jephte, one of the first significant Latin oratorios.

Births

January–March

* January 1 – Matthijs Wulfraet

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