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Custard is a variety of culinary preparations based on sweetened milk, cheese, or cream cooked with egg or
egg yolk Among animals which produce eggs, the yolk (; also known as the vitellus) is the nutrient-bearing portion of the egg whose primary function is to supply food for the development of the embryo. Some types of egg contain no yolk, for example bec ...
to thicken it, and sometimes also
flour Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many culture ...
,
corn starch Corn starch, maize starch, or cornflour (British English) is the starch derived from corn (maize) grain. The starch is obtained from the endosperm of the kernel. Corn starch is a common food ingredient, often used to thicken sauces or sou ...
, or
gelatin Gelatin or gelatine (from la, gelatus meaning "stiff" or "frozen") is a translucent, colorless, flavorless food ingredient, commonly derived from collagen taken from animal body parts. It is brittle when dry and rubbery when moist. It may also ...
. Depending on the
recipe A recipe is a set of instructions that describes how to prepare or make something, especially a dish of prepared food. A sub-recipe or subrecipe is a recipe for an ingredient that will be called for in the instructions for the main recipe. His ...
, custard may vary in consistency from a thin pouring sauce ('' crème anglaise'') to the thick pastry cream (''crème pâtissière'') used to fill éclairs. The most common custards are used in custard desserts or dessert sauces and typically include
sugar Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Compound sugars, also called disaccharides or double ...
and vanilla; however,
savory Savory or Savoury may refer to: Common usage * Herbs of the genus ''Satureja'', particularly: ** Summer savory (''Satureja hortensis''), an annual herb, used to flavor food ** Winter savory (''Satureja montana''), a perennial herb, also used to ...
custards are also found, e.g., in quiche. Custard is usually cooked in a double boiler (bain-marie), or heated very gently in a saucepan on a stove, though custard can also be steamed, baked in the oven with or without a Bain-marie, water bath, or even cooked in a Pressure cooking, pressure cooker. Custard preparation is a delicate operation, because a temperature increase of 3–6 Â°C (5–10 Â°F) leads to overcooking and curdling. Generally, a fully cooked custard should not exceed 80 Â°C (~175 Â°F); it begins setting at 70 Â°C (~160 Â°F). A water bath slows heat transfer and makes it easier to remove the custard from the oven before it curdles. Adding a small amount of cornflour to the egg-sugar mixture stabilises the resulting custard, allowing it to be cooked in a single pan as well as in a double-boiler. A sous-vide water bath may be used to precisely control temperature.


Chemistry

Stirred custard is thickened by coagulation of egg protein, while the same gives baked custard its gel structure. The type of milk used also impacts the result. Most important to a successful stirred custard is to avoid excessive heat that will cause over-coagulation and Syneresis (chemistry), syneresis that will result in a curdled custard. Eggs contain the proteins necessary for the gel structure to form, and emulsifiers to maintain the structure. Egg yolk also contains enzymes like amylase, which can break down added starch. This enzyme activity contributes to the overall thinning of custard in the mouth. Egg yolk lecithin also helps to maintain the milk-egg interface. The proteins in egg whites set at 60–80 °C (140–180 °F). Starch is sometimes added to custard to prevent premature curdling. The starch acts as a heat buffer in the mixture: as they hydrate, they absorb heat and help maintain a constant rate of heat transfer. Starches also make for a smoother texture and thicker mouth feel. If the mixture pH is 9 or higher, the gel is too hard; if it is below 5, the gel structure has difficulty forming because protonation prevents the formation of covalent bonds.


Custard variations

While ''custard'' may refer to a wide variety of thickened dishes, technically (and in French cuisine, French cookery) the word ''custard'' (''crème'' or more precisely ''crème moulée'', ) refers only to an egg-thickened custard. When starch is added, the result is called ''pastry cream'' (french: crème pâtissière, ) or confectioners' custard, made with a combination of milk or cream,
egg yolk Among animals which produce eggs, the yolk (; also known as the vitellus) is the nutrient-bearing portion of the egg whose primary function is to supply food for the development of the embryo. Some types of egg contain no yolk, for example bec ...
s, fine sugar, flour or some other starch, and usually a flavoring such as vanilla, chocolate, or lemon. ''Crème pâtissière'' is a key ingredient in many French desserts, including mille-feuille (or Napoleons) and filled tarts. It is also used in Italian pastry and sometimes in Boston cream pie. The thickening of the custard is caused by the combination of egg and starch. Cornstarch, Corn flour or
flour Flour is a powder made by grinding raw grains, roots, beans, nuts, or seeds. Flours are used to make many different foods. Cereal flour, particularly wheat flour, is the main ingredient of bread, which is a staple food for many culture ...
thicken at 100 Â°C (212ËšF) and as such many recipes instruct the pastry cream to be boiled. In a traditional custard such as a ''crème anglaise'', where egg is used alone as a thickener, boiling results in the over cooking and subsequent 'curdling' of the custard; however, in a pastry cream, starch prevents this. Once cooled, the amount of starch in pastry cream 'sets' the cream and requires it to be beaten or whipped before use. When
gelatin Gelatin or gelatine (from la, gelatus meaning "stiff" or "frozen") is a translucent, colorless, flavorless food ingredient, commonly derived from collagen taken from animal body parts. It is brittle when dry and rubbery when moist. It may also ...
is added, it is known as ''crème anglaise collée'' (). When gelatin is added and whipped cream is folded in, and it sets in a mold, it is ''bavarois''. When starch is used alone as a thickener (without eggs), the result is a ''blancmange''. In the United Kingdom, ''custard'' has various traditional recipes some thickened principally with cornflour (cornstarch) rather than the egg component, others involving regular flour; see custard powder. After the custard has thickened, it may be mixed with other ingredients: mixed with stiffly beaten egg whites and
gelatin Gelatin or gelatine (from la, gelatus meaning "stiff" or "frozen") is a translucent, colorless, flavorless food ingredient, commonly derived from collagen taken from animal body parts. It is brittle when dry and rubbery when moist. It may also ...
, it is chiboust cream; mixed with whipped cream, it is ''crème légère'', . Beating in softened butter produces Buttercream#Custard-based buttercream, German buttercream or Buttercream#Custard-based buttercream, crème mousseline. A quiche is a savoury custard tart. Some kinds of Timbale (food), timbale or vegetable loaf are made of a custard base mixed with chopped savoury ingredients. ''Custard royale'' is a thick custard cut into decorative shapes and used to garnish soup, stew or broth. In German, it is known as Eierstich and is used as a garnish in German Wedding Soup (Hochzeitssuppe). Chawanmushi is a Japanese cuisine, Japanese savoury custard, steamed and served in a small bowl or on a saucer. Chinese steamed egg is a similar but larger savoury egg dish. Bougatsa is a Greek breakfast pastry whose sweet version consists of semolina custard filling between layers of phyllo. Custard may also be used as a top layer in gratins, such as the South African cuisine, South African bobotie and many Balkan cuisine, Balkan versions of moussaka. In Peru, ''leche asada'' ("baked milk") is custard baked in individual molds. It is considered a restaurant dish.


Summary of variations in French cuisine

French cuisine has several named variations on custard: * ''Crème anglaise'' is a light custard made with eggs, sugar, milk and vanilla (with the possible addition of starch), with other flavoring agents as desired ** With cream instead of milk, and more sugar, it is the basis of ''crème brûlée'' ** With egg yolks and heavy cream, it is the basis of ice cream ** With egg yolks and whipped cream, and stabilised with
gelatin Gelatin or gelatine (from la, gelatus meaning "stiff" or "frozen") is a translucent, colorless, flavorless food ingredient, commonly derived from collagen taken from animal body parts. It is brittle when dry and rubbery when moist. It may also ...
, it is the basis of Bavarian cream ** Thickened with butter, chocolate or gelatin, it is a popular basis for a ''crémeux'' * ''Crème pâtissière'' (pastry cream) is similar to ''crème anglaise'', but thickened with flour ** With added flavoring or fresh fruit, it is the basis of ''crème plombières'' * ''Crème Saint-Honoré'' is ''crème pâtissière'' enriched with whipped egg whites * ''Crème chiboust'' is similar to ''crème Saint-Honoré'', but stabilised with gelatin * ''Crème diplomat'' and ''crème légère'' are variations of ''crème pâtissière'' enriched with whipped cream * ''Crème mousseline'' is a variation of ''crème pâtissière'' enriched with butter * ''Frangipane'' is ''crème pâtissière'' mixed with powdered macarons or almond powder


Uses

Recipes involving sweet custard are listed in the :Custard desserts, custard dessert category, and include: * Banana custard * Bavarian cream * Boston cream pie * Bougatsa * Chiboust cream * Cream pie * ''Crème caramel'' * ''Cremeschnitte'' * Custard tart * Danish pastry * Egg tart * Eggnog * English trifle * ''Flan (pie), Flan'' * Floating island (dessert), Floating island * Frangipane, with almonds * Frozen custard * Fruit salad, Fruit Salad * Galaktoboureko * Muhallebi * ''Natillas'' * ''Pastel de nata'' * Pudding * ''Taiyaki'' * Vanilla slice * ''Vla'' * ''Zabaglione''


Physical-chemical properties

Cooked (set) custard is a weak gel, viscous and thixotropic; while it does become easier to stir the more it is manipulated, it does not, unlike many other thixotropic liquids, recover its lost viscosity over time. On the other hand, a Suspension (chemistry), suspension of uncooked imitation custard powder (starch) in water, with the proper proportions, has the opposite Rheology, rheological property: it is negative thixotropic, or dilatant, allowing the demonstration of "walking on custard".


History

Custards baked in pastry (custard tarts) were very popular in the Middle Ages, and are the origin of the English word 'custard': the French term 'croustade' originally referred to the ''crust'' of a tart, and is derived from the Italian word crostata, and ultimately the Latin . Examples include ''Crustardes of flessh'' and ''Crustade'', in the 14th century English collection ''The Forme of Cury''. These recipes include solid ingredients such as meat, fish, and fruit bound by the custard. Stirred custards cooked in pots are also found under the names ''Creme Boylede'' and ''Creme boiled''. Some custards especially in the Elizabethan era used Calendula, marigold (''calendula'') to give the custard color. Page 183. In modern times, the name 'custard' is sometimes applied to starch-thickened preparations like blancmange and Bird's Custard powder.


See also

* * * List of custard desserts * List of desserts *


References


External links

* {{English cuisine Custard desserts, * British desserts Dairy products English cuisine Food ingredients Steamed foods American desserts Independence Day (United States) foods Types of food