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The ''drachma'' ( el, δραχμή) was the official currency of
Notes were issued by the National Bank of Greece from 1841 until 1928. The Bank of Greece issued notes from 1928 until 2001, when Greece joined the Euro. Early denominations ranged from ₯10 to ₯500. Smaller denominations (₯1, ₯2, ₯3 and ₯5) were issued from 1885, with the first ₯5 notes being made by cutting ₯10 notes in half.
When Greece finally achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1828, the Greek Phoenix, phoenix was introduced as the monetary unit; its use was short-lived, however, and in 1832 the phoenix was replaced by the drachma, adorned with the image of Otto of Greece, King Otto of Greece, who reigned as modern Greece's first king from 1832 to 1862. The drachma was divided into 100 lepta. In 2002 the drachma ceased to be legal tender after the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, became Greece's sole currency.
From 1917 to 1920, the Greek government took control of issuing small change notes under Law 991/1917. During that time, the government issued denominations of 10 & 50 lepta, and ₯1, ₯2 & ₯5. The National Bank of Greece introduced ₯1,000 notes in 1901, and the Bank of Greece introduced ₯5,000 notes in 1928. The economic depression of the 1920s affected many nations around the globe, including Greece. In 1922, the Greek government issued a forced loan in order to finance their growing budget deficit. On 1 April 1922, the government decreed that half of all bank notes had to be surrendered and exchanged for 6.5% bonds. The notes were then cut in half, with the portion bearing the Greek crown standing in for the bonds while the other half was exchanged for a new issue of central bank notes at half the original value. The Greek government again issued notes between 1940 and 1944, in denominations ranging from 50 lepta to 20.
During the Nazi Germany, German–Kingdom of Italy, Italian Axis Occupation of Greece, occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, catastrophic hyperinflation caused much higher denominations to be issued, culminating in ₯100,000,000,000 notes in 1944. The Italian occupation authorities in the Ionian Islands printed their own currency, the Ionian drachma.
On 11 November 1944, following the liberation of Greece from Nazi Germany, old drachma were exchanged for new ones at the rate of ₯50,000,000,000 to ₯1. Only paper money was issued for the second drachma. The government issued notes of ₯1, ₯5, ₯10 and ₯20, with the Bank of Greece issuing ₯50, ₯100, ₯500, ₯1,000, ₯5,000, and ₯10,000 notes. This drachma also suffered from high inflation. The government later issued ₯100, ₯500, and ₯1,000-drachma notes, and the Bank of Greece issued ₯20,000 and ₯50,000 notes.
File:Otto-dr.jpg, Gold ₯20 coin depicting king Otto of Greece, Othon I, 1833
File:Geo 20dr.jpg, Gold ₯20 coin depicting king George I of Greece, Georgios I, 1876
George-50dr.jpg, Gold ₯50 coin depicting king Georgios I, 1876
File:5dracme1874front.jpg, ₯5 coin, 1876
File:1drachmi 1973.jpg, ₯1 coin during the Metapolitefsi#Prologue, 1973–1974 military controlled Republic, 1973
File:Konstantinos Kanaris 1 Drachma.png, ₯1 coin depicting Konstantinos Kanaris, 1976
File:1drachmaowlfr.jpg, ₯1 coin depicting the Owl of Athena
File:2drachma1971fbl.jpg, ₯2 coin with a soldier standing in front of a Phoenix
File:NBG banknote-1912.jpg, ₯5 banknote, 1912
File:5.000.000_drachmas,_1944_(3543707844).jpg, ₯5,000,000 banknote during the Axis occupation of Greece, Axis Occupation hyperinflation period, 1944
File:20_drachmas,_1955_(3542899543).jpg, ₯20 banknote, 1955
Overview of the modern Greek drachma from the BBC
{{Portal bar, Europe, Greece, Money, Numismatics Currencies of Europe Economic history of Greece Currencies replaced by the euro Modern obsolete currencies Currencies of Greece Currency symbols 1832 establishments in Greece 2001 disestablishments in Greece
The ''drachma'' ( el, δραχμή) was the official currency of modern Greece
The history of modern Greece covers the history of Greece from the recognition by the Great Powers — Britain, France and Russia — of its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1828 to the present day.
Background
The Byzantine Empire had ...
from 1832 until the launch of the euro
The euro ( symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 out of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 340 million citizens . ...
in 2001.
First modern drachma
The drachma was reintroduced in May 1832, shortly before the establishment of theKingdom of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece ( grc, label= Greek, Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος ) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. It was internationally recognised by the Treaty of Constantinople, wh ...
. It replaced the ''phoenix
Phoenix most often refers to:
* Phoenix (mythology), a legendary bird from ancient Greek folklore
* Phoenix, Arizona, a city in the United States
Phoenix may also refer to:
Mythology
Greek mythological figures
* Phoenix (son of Amyntor), a ...
'' at par. The drachma was subdivided into 100 lepta
''Lepta'' (russian: Лепта, en, Contribution) is the second full-length album by the Russian folk metal
Folk metal is a fusion genre of heavy metal music and traditional folk music that developed in Europe during the 1990s. It is chara ...
.
Coins
The first coinage consisted of copper denominations of 1λ, 2λ, 5λ and 10λ, silver denominations of ₯, ₯, ₯1 and ₯5 and a gold coin of ₯20. The drachma coin weighed 4.5 g and contained 90% silver, with the ₯20 coin containing 5.8 g of gold. In 1868, Greece joined theLatin Monetary Union
The Latin Monetary Union (LMU) was a 19th-century system that unified several European currencies into a single currency that could be used in all member states when most national currencies were still made out of gold and silver. It was establ ...
and the drachma became equal in weight and value to the French franc. The new coinage issued consisted of copper coins of 1λ, 2λ, 5λ and 10λ, with the 5λ and 10λ coins bearing the names ''obolos'' () and ''diobolon'' (), respectively; silver coins of 20λ and 50λ, ₯1, ₯2 and ₯5 and gold coins of ₯5, ₯10 and ₯20. (Very small numbers of ₯50 and ₯100 coins in gold were also issued.)
In 1894, cupro-nickel 5λ, 10λ and 20λ coins were introduced. No 1λ or 2λ coin had been issued since the late 1870s. Silver coins of ₯1 and ₯2 were last issued in 1911, and no coins were issued between 1912 and 1922, during which time the Latin Monetary Union
The Latin Monetary Union (LMU) was a 19th-century system that unified several European currencies into a single currency that could be used in all member states when most national currencies were still made out of gold and silver. It was establ ...
collapsed due to World War I.
Between 1926 and 1930, a new coinage was introduced for the new Hellenic Republic, consisting of cupro-nickel coins in denominations of 20λ, 50λ, ₯1, and ₯2; nickel coins of ₯5; and silver coins of ₯10 and ₯20. These were the last coins issued for the first modern drachma, none were issued for the second.
Notes
Notes were issued by the National Bank of Greece from 1841 until 1928. The Bank of Greece issued notes from 1928 until 2001, when Greece joined the Euro. Early denominations ranged from ₯10 to ₯500. Smaller denominations (₯1, ₯2, ₯3 and ₯5) were issued from 1885, with the first ₯5 notes being made by cutting ₯10 notes in half.
When Greece finally achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1828, the Greek Phoenix, phoenix was introduced as the monetary unit; its use was short-lived, however, and in 1832 the phoenix was replaced by the drachma, adorned with the image of Otto of Greece, King Otto of Greece, who reigned as modern Greece's first king from 1832 to 1862. The drachma was divided into 100 lepta. In 2002 the drachma ceased to be legal tender after the euro, the monetary unit of the European Union, became Greece's sole currency.
From 1917 to 1920, the Greek government took control of issuing small change notes under Law 991/1917. During that time, the government issued denominations of 10 & 50 lepta, and ₯1, ₯2 & ₯5. The National Bank of Greece introduced ₯1,000 notes in 1901, and the Bank of Greece introduced ₯5,000 notes in 1928. The economic depression of the 1920s affected many nations around the globe, including Greece. In 1922, the Greek government issued a forced loan in order to finance their growing budget deficit. On 1 April 1922, the government decreed that half of all bank notes had to be surrendered and exchanged for 6.5% bonds. The notes were then cut in half, with the portion bearing the Greek crown standing in for the bonds while the other half was exchanged for a new issue of central bank notes at half the original value. The Greek government again issued notes between 1940 and 1944, in denominations ranging from 50 lepta to 20.
During the Nazi Germany, German–Kingdom of Italy, Italian Axis Occupation of Greece, occupation of Greece from 1941 to 1944, catastrophic hyperinflation caused much higher denominations to be issued, culminating in ₯100,000,000,000 notes in 1944. The Italian occupation authorities in the Ionian Islands printed their own currency, the Ionian drachma.
Second modern drachma
On 11 November 1944, following the liberation of Greece from Nazi Germany, old drachma were exchanged for new ones at the rate of ₯50,000,000,000 to ₯1. Only paper money was issued for the second drachma. The government issued notes of ₯1, ₯5, ₯10 and ₯20, with the Bank of Greece issuing ₯50, ₯100, ₯500, ₯1,000, ₯5,000, and ₯10,000 notes. This drachma also suffered from high inflation. The government later issued ₯100, ₯500, and ₯1,000-drachma notes, and the Bank of Greece issued ₯20,000 and ₯50,000 notes.
Third modern drachma
On 9 April 1953, in an effort to halt inflation, Greece joined the Bretton Woods system. On 1 May 1954, the drachma was revalued at a rate of ₯1,000 to ₯1, and small change notes were abolished for the last time. The third drachma assumed a fixed exchange rate of ₯30 per United States dollar, dollar until 20 October 1973: over the next 25 years, the official exchange rate gradually declined, reaching 400 drachmae per dollar. On 1 January 2002, the Greek drachma was officially replaced as the circulating currency by theeuro
The euro ( symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 out of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 340 million citizens . ...
, and it has not been legal tender since 1 March 2002.
Third modern drachma coins
The first issue of coins minted in 1954 consisted of holed aluminium 5-, 10- and 20-lepton pieces, with 50-lepton, ₯1, ₯2 and ₯5 pieces in cupro-nickel. ₯10 coins of a brighter alloy were issued in 1959 and a silver ₯20 piece was issued in 1960, replacing the corresponding banknotes. Coins in denominations from 50 lepta to ₯20 carried a portrait of Paul of Greece, King Paul (1947–1964). New coins were introduced in 1966, ranging from 50 lepta to ₯10, depicting Constantine II of Greece, King Constantine II (1964–1974). A silver ₯30 coin for the centennial of Greece's royal dynasty was minted in 1963. The following year a non-circulating coin of this value was produced to commemorate the royal wedding. The reverse of all coins was altered in 1971 to reflect the military junta which was in power from 1967 to 1974. This design included a soldier standing in front of the flames of the rising phoenix and the date of the coup d'état, April 21, 1967. A ₯20 coin in cupro-nickel with an image of Europa (mythology), Europa on the obverse was issued in 1973. In late 1973, several new coin types were introduced: unholed aluminium (10λ and 20λ), nickel-brass (50 lepta, ₯1, and ₯2) and cupro-nickel (₯5, ₯10, and ₯20). These provisional coins carried the design of the phoenix rising from the flame on the obverse, and used the country's new designation as the "Hellenic Republic", replacing the coins also issued in 1973 as the Kingdom of Greece with King Constantine II's portrait. A new series of all 8 denominations was introduced in 1976 carrying images of early national heroes on the smaller values. Cupro-nickel ₯50 coins were introduced in 1980. In 1986, aluminium-bronze ₯50 coins were introduced, followed by copper ₯1 and ₯2 pieces in 1988 and aluminium-bronze coins of ₯20 and ₯100 in 1990. In 2000, a set of 6 themed ₯500 coins were issued to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics, 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Coins in circulation at the time of the adoption of the euro were * 50λ (€0.0015) * ₯1 (€0.0029) * ₯2 (€0.0059) * ₯5 (€0.0147) * ₯10 (€0.0293) * ₯20 (€0.0587) * ₯50 (€0.147) * ₯100 (€0.293) * ₯500 (€1.47)Gallery
Banknotes
The first issues of banknotes were in denominations of ₯10, ₯20 and ₯50, soon followed by ₯100, ₯500 and ₯1,000 by 1956. ₯5,000 notes were introduced in 1984, followed by ₯10,000 notes in 1995 and ₯200 notes in 1997. Banknotes in circulation at the time of the adoption of the euro were * ₯100 (€0.2935), depicting Athena and Adamantios Korais * ₯200 (€0.5869), depicting Rigas Feraios * ₯500 (€1.47), depicting Ioannis Capodistrias * ₯1,000 (€2.93), depicting Apollo * ₯5,000 (€14.67), depicting Theodoros Kolokotronis * ₯10,000 (€29.35), depicting Georgios Papanikolaou, George Papanicolaou and AsclepiusGallery (banknotes)
Encoding
In Unicode, the currency symbol is . There is a special Attic numerals, Attic numeral, , for the value of one drachma but it fails to render in most browsers.Restoration
The Drachmi Greek Democratic Movement Five Stars, which was founded in 2013, aims to restore the Drachma as Greece's currency.See also
* Commemorative coins of Greece * Economic history of Greece and the Greek world * Economy of Greece * Greek euro coins * Phoenix (currency)Notes and references
;Notes ;ReferencesExternal links
Overview of the modern Greek drachma from the BBC
{{Portal bar, Europe, Greece, Money, Numismatics Currencies of Europe Economic history of Greece Currencies replaced by the euro Modern obsolete currencies Currencies of Greece Currency symbols 1832 establishments in Greece 2001 disestablishments in Greece