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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 ( tr, 93 Harbi, lit=War of ’93, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; russian: Русско-турецкая война, Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire, and including Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, it originated in emerging 19th century Balkan nationalism. Additional factors included the Russian goals of recovering territorial losses endured during the Crimean War of 1853–56, re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire. The Russian-led coalition won the war, pushing the Ottomans back all the way to the gates of Constantinople, leading to the intervention of the western European great powers. As a result, Russia succeeded in claiming provinces in the Caucasus, namely Kars and Batum, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Great Eastern Crisis
The Great Eastern Crisis of 1875–78 began in the Ottoman Empire's territories on the Balkan peninsula in 1875, with the outbreak of several uprisings and wars that resulted in the intervention of international powers, and was ended with the Treaty of Berlin in July 1878. It is also called sh, Velika istočna kriza; Turkish: ''Şark Buhranı'' ("Eastern Crisis", for the crisis in general), ''Ramazan Kararnamesi'' ("Decree of Ramadan", for the sovereign default declared on 30 October 1875) and ''93 Harbi'' ("War of 93", for the wars on the Balkan peninsula between 1877 and 1878, referring in particular to the Russo-Turkish War, the year 1293 on the Islamic Rumi calendar corresponding to the year 1877 on the Gregorian calendar). Background The state of Ottoman administration in the Balkans continued to deteriorate throughout the 19th century, with the Sublime Porte occasionally losing control over whole provinces. Reforms imposed by European powers did little to improv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Bessarabia
Southern Bessarabia or South Bessarabia is a territory of Bessarabia which, as a result of the Crimean War, was returned to the Moldavian Principality in 1856. As a result of the unification of the latter with Wallachia, these lands became part of Romania. In 1878, despite opposition from Romania, the Berlin Treaty, which followed the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), transferred this region back to the Russian Empire (which reintegrated it into the Bessarabia Governorate). The transfer of the territory took place in October 1878. From 13 to 18 October, Russia took over Southern Bessarabia while the Romanian officials withdrew.Frederick Kellogg, Purdue University Press, 1995, ''The Road to Romanian Independence'', p. 191 Administrative divisions The area of the region was and covered 3 counties: * Cahul County * Bolgrad County * Ismail County Gallery File:Romania administrative divisions, 1864.svg, Counties of Romania, 1864-1878 (including the 3 counties Cahul, Bolgrad and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich Of Russia
Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia (25 October 1832 – 18 December 1909) was the fourth son and seventh child of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia and Charlotte of Prussia. He was the first owner of the New Michael Palace on the Palace Quay in Saint Petersburg. Marriage and issue On 16 August 1857, he married Princess Cecilie of Baden (1839–1891), daughter of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden and Sophie of Sweden. Cecily adopted the name Olga Fedorovna, and had the following children with him: Career He served 20 years (1862–1882) as the Governor General of Caucasia, being seated in Tbilisi, the town which most of his children remembered as the home of their childhood. In the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) The Russo-Turkish wars (or Ottoman–Russian wars) were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European his ..., he was nomin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich Of Russia (1831–1891)
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (russian: Великий князь Николай Николаевич; 8 August 1831 – 25 April 1891) was the third son and sixth child of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia and Alexandra Feodorovna. He may also be referred to as Nicholas Nikolaevich the Elder to tell him apart from his son, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929). Trained for the military, as a Field Marshal he commanded the Russian army of the Danube in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878. Military career Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich was born on 8 August 1831 at Tsarskoye Selo in St. Petersburg. His father arranged for Nicholas Nikolaevich a career in the army. On the day he was born, he was appointed honorary colonel in the Life Guard Lancers and enlisted into the Life Guard Sappers battalion. A soldier most of his life, he first saw active service in the Crimea War, when he was in his early twenties, taking part in the battle of Inkerman (1854). Gra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander II Of Russia
Alexander II ( rus, Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator ( rus, Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель, r=Aleksándr Osvobodytel, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ). The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the '' zemstvo'' system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education. After an assassination attempt in 1866, Alexander adopted a somewhat more conservative s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassians In Turkey
Circassians in Turkey (East Circassian and West Circassian: Тыркуем ис Адыгэхэр, ''Tırkuyem yis Adıgəxər''; tr, Türkiye Çerkesleri) refers to people born in or residing in Turkey who are of Circassian origin. The Circassians are one of the largest ethnic minorities in Turkey, with a population estimated to be two million, or according to the EU reports, three. Circassians are a Caucasian people, and although the Circassians in Turkey were assimilated to some degree, a portion of the diaspora still speaks their native Circassian languages as it is still spoken in many Circassian villages, and the group that preserved their language the best are the Kabardians.Papşu, Murat (2003)Çerkes dillerine genel bir bakış Kafkasya ve Türkiye. Nart Dergisi, Mart-Nisan 2003, Sayı:35 With the rise of Circassian nationalism in the 21st century, Circassians in Turkey, especially the young, have started to study and learn their language. The Circassians in Turkey ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Legion In Turkey
The Polish Legion in Turkey ( pl, Legion Polski w Turcji) was a military force formed in Istanbul by emigrants from Partitioned Poland to fight with the Ottoman Army in the Russo-Turkish War that lasted from 1877 to 1878. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the unit consisted of around 20,000 troops. It was divided into two branches: European and Asian. The European branch, with about 70 people under the command of Józef Jagmin, became part of the division under Salha Pasha. On August 23, 1877, it took part in the Battle of Kizlarz, where many legionnaires died including Jagmin. The Asian division fought on the Caucasian front.''Mała Encyklopedia Wojskowa'', Warsaw, 1970, vol. II. References {{Reflist Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Expatriate units and formations of Poland Military units and formations of the Ottoman Empire Poland–Turkey relations ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khedivate Of Egypt
The Khedivate of Egypt ( or , ; ota, خدیویت مصر ') was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt. The Khedivate of Egypt had also expanded to control present-day Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, north western Somalia, north Eastern Ethiopia, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Greece, Cyprus, southern and central Turkey, in addition to parts from Libya, Chad, Central African Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo, as well as northwestern Saudi Arabia, parts of Yemen and the Kingdom of Hejaz. The United Kingdom invaded and took control in 1882. In 1914 the Ottoman Empire connection was ended and Britain established a protectorate called the Sultanate of Egypt. History Rise of Muhammad Ali Upon the conquest of the Sultanate of Egypt by the Ottoman Empire ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Opalchentsi
) , war=the Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876-1878) and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 , image= , caption=The standard of the Bulgarian Opaltchentsi , active=1877-1878 , ideology= Bulgarian nationalism , leaders= Collective leadership , groups= , headquarters= Sofia Bulgaria , area= Bulgaria , size= 40,300 , partof= , predecessor= Bulgarian Legion , successor= Bulgarian army , allies= Serbia , opponents= , battles= Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 Opalchentsi ( bg, опълченци) were Bulgarian voluntary army units, who took part in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The people in these units were called ''opalchenets-pobornik'' (опълченец-поборник) roughly meaning "folk-" or "regiment-combatant" . The Bulgarian voluntary army units for the Russo-Turkish War were gathered after the manifesto of Alexander II of Russia, announcing the War. The meeting point of the Bulgarian volunteers in Russia was the city of Samara. The Bulgarian Opalchentsi were g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schildts
Schildts Förlags Ab was a Swedish-language book publisher in Finland. The publisher published textbooks as well as fiction and non-fiction. The head office was in Helsinki and there was a branch located in Vaasa. The publisher was owned by Svenska Folkskolans Vänner. On 1 February 2012, Schildts and Söderströms merged into one publishing house, Schildts & Söderströms. After an apprenticeship at his uncle's bookstore, founded a publishing house in Porvoo in 1913, which was reorganized into Holger Schildts Förlags AB in 1919. In 1991, the publishing house merged with Editum, which published textbooks. Among the publisher's fiction writers, Tove Jansson is internationally known; her '' Moomin'' series was published by the company. Since 1987 it has also published Finnish-language literature, mainly translations but also original Finnish titles later on. A Finnish editorial office was established in 1996. Schildts was a partner in and in Sweden. The publisher's annual ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion
Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion ( fi, Henkikaartin 3. Suomen Tarkk’ampujapataljoona, sv, Livgardets 3:e finska skarpskyttebataljon, russian: Лейб-гвардии 3-й стрелковый Финский батальон, Leib-gvardii 3-j strelkovyi Finski bataljon), colloquially known as Guard of Finland ( fi, Suomen kaarti, sv, Finska gardet) was a Finnish military unit during 1829–1905 based in Helsinki. Continuing the legacy of Finnish Training Battalion (1817), it was part of the Imperial Russian Army and the only Finnish unit of the Russian Imperial Guard. Furthermore, for large parts of its history, the battalion was the only operational Finnish military unit. Because of its status as both a national showpiece and as a part of the Imperial Guard, it had a visible role in Finland. The Finnish Guards' Battalion participated in four campaigns outside Finland. Two of these included actual combat: first in 1831 during the Polish November Uprising and for the second time, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peace Of Constantinople (1879)
The 1879 Peace of Constantinople ( Turkish: İstanbul Antlaşması or İstanbul Barışı, Russian: Константинопольский мир) reached between the Russian and Ottoman empires was a treaty signed on February 8, 1879 in Constantinople (modern-day İstanbul, Turkey). Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky, Russian ambassador to Sultan Abdul Hamid II, and the Ottoman Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Karatheodori Pasha, and Ali Pasha, the Minister presiding over the Council of State of the Ottoman Empire, were those present to sign the agreement. It is a direct continuation of the Treaty of San Stefano. Terms of the treaty Article 1 From now on, there will be peace and friendship between the two empires. Article 2 Both sides declare in agreement that the terms of the Treaty of Berlin, negotiated between the seven Powers, have superseded those articles of the San Stefai Preliminary Treaty which were repealed or amended by the Congress. Article 3 The terms of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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