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Psychodidae
Psychodidae, called drain flies, sink flies, filter flies, sewer flies, or sewer gnats, is a family of Fly, true flies. Some genera have short, hairy bodies and wings giving them a "furry" moth-like appearance, hence one of their common names, moth flies. Members of the sub-family Phlebotominae which are hematophagous (feed on blood) may be called sand flies in some countries, although this term is also used for other unrelated flies. There are more than 2,600 described species worldwide, most of them native to the humid tropics. This makes them one of the most diverse families of their order. Drain flies sometimes inhabit plumbing drains and sewage systems, where they are harmless, but may be a persistent annoyance. Life cycle The larvae of the subfamilies Psychodinae, Sycoracinae and Horaiellinae live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial or sludge-based habitats, including bathroom sinks, where they feed on bacteria and can become problematic. The larvae of the most commonly enc ...
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Phlebotominae
The Phlebotominae are a subfamily of the family Psychodidae. In several countries, their common name is sandfly; but that name is also applied to other flies. The Phlebotominae include many genera of blood-feeding (hematophagous) flies, including the primary vectors of leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and pappataci fever. In the New World, leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies in the genus ''Lutzomyia'', which commonly live in caves, where their main hosts are bats. In the Old World, sand flies in the genus ''Phlebotomus'' spread leishmaniasis. Phlebotomine females, and only females, suck blood from various mammals, reptiles and birds. Some species are selective, whereas others bite any suitable host they find. Some species can produce one clutch of eggs before their first blood meal; such females are said to practise autogenous or partly autogenous reproduction. Other species need a blood meal before they can produce any eggs at all; they are said to practise anautogenous repro ...
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Psychodinae
The Psychodinae are the nominate subfamily of moth flies (Psychodidae), also known as drain flies. Like most of their relatives, they are usually found in damp habitats; some occur in caves. The small larvae are aquatic or semi-terrestrial; the adults are winged and capable of flight. Psychodinae are found worldwide, including some subantarctic islands. Description Adult Psychodinae are small flies that do not exceed 5-6 mm in length. Their body, legs and wings are covered in many setae which (in males) are often pigmented, resulting in colour patterns. Their eyes are usually reniform and connected dorsomedially by an eye-bridge. The antennae each consist of a scape, pedicel and 12-14 flagellomeres, and each flagellomere has one or more ascoids of variable shape. The wings are ovate in shape with 9-10 longitudinal veins and almost no crossveins. Species of Psychodinae often look similar, only being distinguishable by the shape of the male genitalia. Larval Psychodinae are s ...
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Bruchomyiinae
The subfamily Bruchomyiinae contains genera of moth flies in the order Diptera, was originally described by the American entomologist Charles Paul Alexander. Circumscription For many years the Bruchomyiinae consisted of just three genera, distinguished by the number of segments in the antennae: ''Bruchomyia'' (24-29 segments), ''Eutonnoiria'' (111 segments) and ''Nemopalpus'' (14 segments). A number of species of the cosmopolitan genus '' Nemopalpus'' were transferred in 2016, to the genera: ''Boreofairchildia'', '' Laurenceomyia'' and '' Notofairchildia'', with oriental species subsequently (2018) placed in ''Alexanderia''. Genera ''Systema Dipterorum'' currently includes:''Systema Dipterorum'' search
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Boreofairchildia
''Boreofairchildia''Wagner R, Stuckenberg BR (2016) Cladistic analysis of Subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae). ''Zootaxa'' 4092(2): 151–174. 016.03.16/ref> is a genus of moth flies in the subfamily Bruchomyiinae. Species have been recorded from the Americas, principally Central and South America, with many, including the type, transferred from the genus '' Nemopalpus''. Description The genus name was dedicated to G. B. Fairchild, for his contributions to Neotropical Psychodidae and medical entomology. "According to cladistics analysis, the diagnostic characters of this genus are: aedeagus as long as or slightly shorter than ejaculatory apodeme and gonocoxites; gonocoxites without medial appendages, gonostyli basally broad, with two or more distal projections."dos Santos CB, Brazil RP, de Souza Pinto I (2021) New species of ''Boreofairchildia'' Wagner & Stuckenberg and ''Laurenceomyia'' Wagner & Stuckenberg (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae) from Brazil. ''Zoo ...
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Clogmia Albipunctata
''Clogmia albipunctata'' is a species of drain fly, a member of the family Psychodidae commonly known as the bathroom moth midge, bathroom moth fly or drain fly. Distribution This very common species has a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate areas and is often associated with humans. The species can be found near sewer drains, sewage treatment plants, plant pots, swamps and any other shaded place containing decaying, moist organic matter. The species is a common pest around household drains, but the larvae have an important role in sewage treatment. Description ''Clogmia albipunctata'' adults have broad wings covered with brownish and blackish hairs. There is a tuft of blackish hair near each wing vein fork and a tuft of white hair at the ends of most veins (i.e. each wing has a pair of black spots near the middle and several white spots along the edge). The thorax and abdomen are covered in gray/brownish-gray hairs. There is a pair of antennae which are longer t ...
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Horaiellinae
The Horaiellinae is subfamily of moth flies in the order Diptera Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced .... Genera *'' Horaiella'' Tonnoir, 1933 *†'' Protohoraiella'' Curler, Krzeminski & Skibinska, 2019 References {{Taxonbar, from=Q112135514 Diptera subfamilies Psychodidae Taxa named by Günther Enderlein ...
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Alexanderia
''Alexanderia'' is a genus of moth flies in the subfamily Bruchomyiinae. This genus circumscribes species from south-east Asia, with three including the type, transferred from the genus '' Nemopalpus''. Species *'' Alexanderia orientalis'' ( Edwards, 1928) *'' Alexanderia thailandensis'' Polseela, Wagner, Kvifte, Rulik & Apiwathnisorn, 2018 *'' Alexanderia unicolor'' ( Edwards, 1933) - Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and ea ... *'' Alexanderia vietnamensis'' (Quate, 1962) References {{taxonbar, from=Q107409985 Psychodomorpha genera Diptera of Asia Psychodidae ...
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Nemapalpus Zelandiae
''Nemopalpus'' is a genus of moth fly in the family Psychodidae, in the subfamily Bruchomyiinae. ''Nemopalpus'' is sometimes spelled "Nemapalpus" and recently (2018) a number of similar species have been transferred to the genera: ''Alexanderia'', ''Boreofairchildia ''Boreofairchildia''Wagner R, Stuckenberg BR (2016) Cladistic analysis of Subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae). ''Zootaxa'' 4092(2): 151–174. 016.03.16/ref> is a genus of moth flies in the subfamily Bruchomyiinae. Species have been ...'', '' Laurenceomyia'' and '' Notofairchildia''.Wagner R, Stuckenberg BR (2016) Cladistic analysis of Subfamily Bruchomyiinae (Diptera: Psychodidae). ''Zootaxa'' 4092(2): 151–174. 016.03.16/ref> Species *'' Nemopalpus capensis'' ( Edwards, 1929) *'' Nemopalpus concolor'' Stuckenberg, 1962 *'' Nemopalpus davidsoni'' Stuckenberg, 1978 *'' Nemopalpus flavus'' Macquart, 1838 *'' Nemopalpus hennigianus'' Schlüter, 1978 *'' Nemopalpus inexpectatus'' Wagner, 2012 *'' Nem ...
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Burmese Amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The amber is of significant palaeontological interest due to the diversity of flora and fauna contained as inclusions, particularly arthropods including insects and arachnids but also birds, lizards, snakes, frogs and fragmentary dinosaur remains. The amber has been known and commercially exploited since the first century AD, and has been known to science since the mid-nineteenth century. Research on the deposit has attracted controversy due to its alleged role in funding internal conflict in Myanmar and hazardous working conditions in the mines where it is collected. Geological context, depositional environment and age The amber is found within the Hukawng Basin, a large Cretaceous-Cenozoic sedimentary basin within northern Myanmar. The s ...
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Charles Paul Alexander
Charles Paul Alexander (September 25, 1889, Gloversville, New York - December 3, 1981) was an American entomologist who specialized in the craneflies, Tipulidae. Charles Paul Alexander was the son of Emil Alexander and Jane Alexander (née Parker). Emil (the father) immigrated to the United States in 1873 and changed his surname from Schlandensky to Alexander. Charles entered Cornell University in 1909, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1913 and a Ph.D. in 1918. Between 1917 and 1919, he was entomologist at the University of Kansas, then from 1919 to 1922, at the University of Illinois. He then became professor of entomology at Massachusetts Agricultural College at Amherst. He studied Diptera, especially in the family Tipulidae. He described over 11,000 species and genera of flies, which translates to approximately a species description a day for his entire career. In 1920, C.P. Alexander became a Fellow of the Entomological Society of America. Works Partial list A synopsis ...
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Brian Roy Stuckenberg
Brian Roy Stuckenberg (1930–2009) was a South African entomologist who specialised in Diptera. Stuckenberg was of Danish descent, his great uncle was the poet Viggo Stuckenberg. Stuckenberg was head of Entomology at the Natal Museum (now KwaZulu-Natal museum) in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. He became Africa’s leading dipterist, building one of the largest collections of Afrotropical flies in the world. He wrote over 100 publications.,Ashley H. Kirk-Spriggs Dedication: the life, career and major achievements of Brian Roy Stuckenberg (1930–2009)
''African Invertebrates'' Vol. 53 (1) Pages 1–34 Pietermaritzburg June, 2012 includes bibliography. including the sections on the families



Cenomanian
The Cenomanian is, in the ICS' geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or the lowest stage of the Upper Cretaceous Series. An age is a unit of geochronology; it is a unit of time; the stage is a unit in the stratigraphic column deposited during the corresponding age. Both age and stage bear the same name. As a unit of geologic time measure, the Cenomanian Age spans the time between 100.5 and 93.9 million years ago (Mya). In the geologic timescale, it is preceded by the Albian and is followed by the Turonian. The Upper Cenomanian starts around at 95 Mya. The Cenomanian is coeval with the Woodbinian of the regional timescale of the Gulf of Mexico and the early part of the Eaglefordian of the regional timescale of the East Coast of the United States. At the end of the Cenomanian, an anoxic event took place, called the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event or the "Bonarelli event", that is associated with a minor extinction event for m ...
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