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Chu–Han Contention
The Chu–Han Contention ( zh, , lk=on) or Chu–Han War () was an interregnum period in ancient China between the fallen Qin dynasty and the subsequent Han dynasty. After the third and last Qin ruler, Ziying, unconditionally surrendered to rebel forces in 206 BCE, the former Qin Empire was divided by rebel leader Xiang Yu into the Eighteen Kingdoms, which were ruled by various rebel leaders and surrendered Qin generals. A civil war soon broke out, most prominently between two major contending powers – Xiang Yu's Western Chu and Liu Bang's Han. Some of the other kingdoms also waged war among themselves but these were largely insignificant compared to the main conflict between Chu and Han. The war ended in 202 BCE with a total Han victory at the Battle of Gaixia, where Xiang Yu fled to Wujiang and committed suicide after a violent last stand. Liu Bang subsequently proclaimed himself Emperor and established the Han dynasty as the ruling dynasty of China. Background ...
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Han Dynasty
The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the ChuHan contention (206–202 BC), and it was succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). The dynasty was briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) established by usurping regent Wang Mang, and is thus separated into two periods—the #Western Han, Western Han (202 BC – 9 AD) and the #Eastern Han, Eastern Han (25–220 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han dynasty is considered a golden age (metaphor), golden age in Chinese history, and it has influenced the identity of the History of China, Chinese civilization ever since. Modern China's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the "Han Chinese, Han people", the Sinitic langu ...
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Guan Ying
Guan Ying (died 176 BC), posthumously known as Marquis Yi of Yingyin, was a Chinese military general and politician who served as a chancellor of the Western Han dynasty. Life Guan Ying was from Suiyang (), which is present-day Shangqiu, Henan. He served under Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty, and joined him in rebelling against the Qin dynasty. He also fought on Liu Bang's side during the Chu–Han Contention and assisted him in overcoming his rival, Xiang Yu. After Liu Bang became emperor and established the Han dynasty, Guan Ying served as General of Chariots and Cavalry (). He assisted Liu Bang in putting down Chen Xi's rebellion and killed Hou Chang (), one of Chen Xi's commanders, near Quni (; around west of present-day Baoding, Hebei) in 196BC. Following Liu Bang's death, Empress Lü and her clan seized power from the Liu family and controlled the Han government – this event is historically known as the Lü Clan Disturbance. When the prince Liu ...
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Xiang Zhuang
Xiang Zhuang ( 206 BC) was a younger cousin of Xiang Yu, the "Hegemon-King of Western Chu". He fought on Chu's side as a military general during the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC), a power struggle for supremacy over China between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founder of the Han dynasty. Little is known about Xiang Zhuang, except for his role at the Feast at Hong Gate in 206 BC. Family background Xiang Zhuang was a younger cousin of Xiang Yu, and a grandson of Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu and Xiang Zhuang were raised by their uncle, Xiang Liang. Xiang Zhuang was versed in many types of martial arts and specialised in using swords. Feast at Hong Gate The only mention of Xiang Zhuang in historical records was about his role in the Feast at Hong Gate in 206 BC. Liu Bang had just overthrown the Qin dynasty and captured the Qin heartland of Guanzhong. According to an earlier promise by King Huai II of Chu, Liu Bang would become "King of Guanzhong". However, Xiang Yu was dis ...
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Fan Zeng
Fan Zeng (277–204 BC) was an adviser to the warlord Xiang Yu, who fought for supremacy with Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founder of the Han dynasty, during the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC). Life Fan Zeng was from Juchao (present-day Yafu Street, Juchao District, Chaohu City, Anhui). He had a keen interest in military strategy and politics. In 207 BC, when Fan Zeng was about 70, he left home to meet Xiang Liang, who had rebelled against the Qin dynasty, and was accepted by Xiang Liang as an advisor.''Shiji'' vol. 7. After Xiang Liang died, Fan Zeng continued serving his nephew, Xiang Yu, as an advisor. Xiang Yu respectfully addressed Fan Zeng as his "Second Father" (亞父; ''Yafu''). Since then, Fan Zeng had been planning and formulating strategies for Xiang Yu to overcome his rivals. In 206 BC, Fan Zeng followed Xiang Yu as their army entered Guanzhong (heartland of the Qin dynasty), where Fan Zeng noticed that Liu Bang would become a future threat to Xiang Yu. Fan ...
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Zhongli Mo
Zhongli Mo (died 201 BC) was a military general who served the warlord Xiang Yu during the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC), a power struggle between Xiang Yu and Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founder of the Han dynasty. His name is sometimes incorrectly written and pronounced as "Zhongli Mei" (鍾離昧 or 鍾離眛). Rebelling against the Qin dynasty Zhongli Mo was from Yilu Village (in present-day Guanyun County, Lianyungang, Jiangsu). He joined Xiang Liang's rebel force in around 208 BC when uprisings erupted throughout China to overthrow the Qin dynasty. Initially a common soldier, he was later promoted to the rank of general for his outstanding bravery and prowess on the battlefield. After Xiang Liang was killed in action at the Battle of Dingtao in late 208 BC, Zhongli Mo continued to serve Xiang Liang's nephew, Xiang Yu, and became one of Xiang Yu's two most important subordinates, along with Long Ju. Zhongli Mo was a close friend of Han Xin, then serving as a low-ranki ...
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Ji Bu
Ji Bu ( 200s BC) was a Chinese military general of the early Western Han dynasty. He was from Xiaxiang (下相; present-day Sucheng District, Suqian, Jiangsu). He previously served under Xiang Yu, a warlord who engaged Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founder of the Han dynasty, in a four-year-long power struggle historically known as the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC). After Xiang Yu's defeat and death, Ji Bu became a fugitive of the Han Empire and had a price placed on his head by Emperor Gaozu. However, the emperor eventually pardoned him after being persuaded by Xiahou Ying and recruited him to serve in the Han government as a "Palace Assistant" (). He was promoted to the position of "General of the Household" () after Emperor Hui ascended the throne, and was appointed as the Administrator () of Hedong Commandery during the reign of Emperor Wen. Anecdote The Chinese idiom ''Chengyu'' () are a type of traditional Chinese idiomatic expression, most of which consist ...
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Long Ju
Long Ju (died 204 BC) was a military general who served under the warlord Xiang Yu during the Chu–Han Contention. Life Long Ju was a childhood friend of Xiang Yu and they were said to be as close as brothers. When Xiang Liang (Xiang Yu's uncle) rebelled against the Qin dynasty around 208 BC, Long Ju followed the Xiangs on military campaigns against Qin forces. He distinguished himself as a valiant warrior on the battlefield and earned the trust and respect of Xiang Yu. Following the fall of the Qin dynasty in 206 BC, Xiang Yu proclaimed himself "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" and appointed Long Ju as his grand marshal. Long Ju fought on the Chu side in the Chu–Han Contention against Xiang Yu's rival, Liu Bang. After his victory at the Battle of Pengcheng in 205 BC, Xiang Yu put Long Ju in command of his elite cavalry unit composed of hired Xiongnu warriors. When Ying Bu betrayed Xiang Yu and defected to Liu Bang's side, Xiang Yu sent Long Ju to attack Ying Bu. Long Ju scored a ...
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Zhang Er (Western Han)
Zhang Er (, born 1960) is the pen name of Chinese and American poet, translator, and opera librettist Mingxia Li (). Born in Beijing, China, where she trained as a physician, she has lived in the United States since 1986. She earned a Ph.D. in Molecular Pharmacology in 1992 from the Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University (now the Weill Cornell Graduate School), while simultaneously immersing herself in the New York poetry scene, where she wrote poetry, hosted bilingual readings, and edited literary journals. She now teaches at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, and continues to write poetry. Reception Zhang Er's work has been published online and in print in China, Taiwan, and the United States. In reference to her 2004 ''Verses on Bird'', Chinese-American poet Bei Dao wrote that "Zhang Er's poems lead us to another world, where we take a bird's-eye view of our world; dive into the blank of writing and shriek in despair. The eloquence in her ...
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Jin Xi (Han)
Jin Xi () was a general under Emperor Liu Bang. In 209 BC, Jin "joined in the attack on Qin forces, defeating Li You", for which Jin received various titles and honors from Liu Bang including being named Commandant of Cavalry.Michael Loewe, ''A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods, 221 BC - AD 24'' (2000), p. 198. In this capacity, in 206 BC, Jin "took part in the pacification of the Qin metropolitan area", and in 202 BC, during the Chu–Han Contention, Jin conquered the Kingdom of Linjiang of the Eighteen Kingdoms, capturing its ruler, Gong Wei, who was then escorted to Luoyang and executed. Jin was further rewarded for this and other military victories in the period, being "nominated as Marquis of Xinwu (lit. honest and martial)". References * Sima Qian. '' Records of the Grand Historian''. * Ban Gu et al. ''Book of Han The ''Book of Han'' or ''History of the Former Han'' (Qián Hàn Shū,《前汉书》) is a history of China finished in 111A ...
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Zong Gong
Zong may refer to: * Zong (surname), including a list of people with the name * Zong (payments provider), American micropayments provider * Zong (mobile network), mobile data network provider in Pakistan * ''Zong!'', a 2008 book-length poem by M. NourbeSe Philip * ''Zong'' massacre, a 1781 slave massacre on the British slave ship ''Zong'' * Zongzi, or zong, a traditional Chinese rice dish See also * Zhuang (surname) * Dzong architecture, a type of fortified monastery architecture in Bhutan and Tibet * ''Crystals of Zong'', maze-chase game wfor the Commodore 64 * Dai Zong, a fictional character in ''Water Margin'', a classic Chinese novel * ''Zing Zong ''Zing Zong'' is a soukous album made by Kanda Bongo Man. The album is dedicated to the memory of Soki Vangu and his brother Soki Dianzenza (also known as Emile and Maxime Soki), who were in the earlier Zairean soukous band Orchestre Bella Bell ...
'', a 1991 soukous album by Kanda Bongo Man {{disambiguation ...
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Zhou Ke
Zhou may refer to: Chinese history * King Zhou of Shang () (1105 BC–1046 BC), the last king of the Shang dynasty * Predynastic Zhou (), 11th-century BC precursor to the Zhou dynasty * Zhou dynasty () (1046 BC–256 BC), a dynasty of China ** Western Zhou () (1046 BC–771 BC) ** Eastern Zhou () (770 BC–256 BC) * Western Zhou (state) () (440 BC–256 BC) * Eastern Zhou (state) () (367 BC–249 BC) * Northern Zhou () (557–581), one of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period * Wu Zhou () (690–705), an imperial dynasty established by Wu Zetian * Later Zhou () (951–960), the last of the Five dynasties during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period * Zhou (Zhang Shicheng's kingdom) () (1354–1367), a state founded by Zhang Shicheng during the Red Turban Rebellion * Zhou (Qing period state) () (1678–1681), a state founded by Wu Sangui during the Qing dynasty Other uses * Zhou (surname) (), Chinese surname *Zhou (country subdivision) (), ...
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Li Yiji
Li Yiji (268–204 BC)Note that Li Yiji's given name 食其 is pronounced "Yìjī" and not "Shíqí" in Mandarin. The Chinese character 食, when used in a person's name, is pronounced "Yì". The Chinese character 基 did not exist during the Han dynasty, and the 土 radical was only added later, so 其 is pronounced "jī" in ancient Chinese just like 基 in modern Chinese. was a Chinese philosopher and politician. He served as a political adviser to Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han dynasty. His brother Li Shang, served as a military general under the Han dynasty. Life Li Yiji was from Gaoyang, Chenliu (near present-day Kaifeng, Henan). He joined Liu Bang in around 207 BC when Liu rebelled against the Qin dynasty. Liu Bang's rebel army was preparing to attack the city of Chenliu, when Li Yiji came to Liu's camp and requested to see Liu, identifying himself as a Confucian scholar. Liu Bang disliked scholars and did not want to meet Li Yiji. Li Yiji was furious and h ...
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