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Chen Ning Yang
Yang Chen-Ning or Chen-Ning Yang (; born 1 October 1922), also known as C. N. Yang or by the English name Frank Yang, is a Chinese theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to statistical mechanics, integrable systems, gauge theory, and both particle physics and condensed matter physics. He and Tsung-Dao Lee received the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on parity non-conservation of weak interaction. The two proposed that the conservation of parity, a physical law observed to hold in all other physical processes, is violated in the so-called weak nuclear reactions, those nuclear processes that result in the emission of beta or alpha particles. Yang is also well known for his collaboration with Robert Mills in developing non-abelian gauge theory, widely known as the Yang–Mills theory. Early life and education Yang was born in Hefei, Anhui, China. His father, (; 1896–1973), was a mathematician, and his mother, Meng Hwa Loh Yang (), was a house ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yang (surname)
Yang (; ) is the Transcription (linguistics), transcription of a Chinese family name. It is the list of common Chinese surnames#People's Republic, sixth most common surname in Mainland China. It is the 16th surname on the ''Hundred Family Surnames'' text. The Yang clan was founded by Boqiao, son of Duke Wu of Jin in the Spring and Autumn period of the Ji (Zhou dynasty ancestral surname), Ji (姬) surname, the surname of the royal family during the Zhou dynasty ) who was enfeoffed in the Yang (state), state of Yang. History The German sociologist Wolfram Eberhard calls Yang the "Monkey Clan", citing the totemistic myth recorded in the ''Soushenji'' and ''Fayuan Zhulin'' that the Yangs living in southwestern Shu (state), Shu (modern Sichuan) were descendants of monkeys. The ''Soushenji'' "reported that in the southwest of Shu there were monkey-like animals whose names were ''jiaguo'' (猳國), ''mahua'' (馬化), or ''Monkeys in Chinese culture#Jue and Juefu, jueyuan'' (玃猿). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chern Institute Of Mathematics
The Chern Institute of Mathematics ( Chinese: 南开大学陈省身数学研究所; pinyin: Nánkāi Dàxué Chén Xǐngshēn Shùxué Yánjiūsuǒ) is a research institute at Nankai University in Tianjin, China. The Institute pursues both pure and applied mathematical research and aims to promote mathematics in China. History Shiing-Shen Chern was invited by China's Ministry of Education to establish a new mathematics research institute at Nankai University in 1984, two years after Chern had co-founded the Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute (formerly the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute) in California. The Institute was originally named the Nankai Research Institute of Mathematics and was formally opened on 17 October 1985. Chern's guiding principle for the Institute was, "based at Nankai, serving the country, and embracing the world." Chern served as the inaugural director of the Institute until 1992. Mathematician Guoding Hu served initially as the vice d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
G-parity
In particle physics, G-parity is a multiplicative quantum number that results from the generalization of C-parity to multiplets of particles. ''C''-parity applies only to neutral systems; in the pion triplet, only π0 has ''C''-parity. On the other hand, strong interaction In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interaction, fundamental interactions. It confines Quark, quarks into proton, protons, n ... does not see electrical charge, so it cannot distinguish amongst π+, π0 and π−. We can generalize the ''C''-parity so it applies to all charge states of a given multiplet: :\mathcal G \begin \pi^+ \\ \pi^0 \\ \pi^- \end = \eta_G \begin \pi^+ \\ \pi^0 \\ \pi^- \end where ''ηG'' = ±1 are the eigenvalues of ''G''-parity. The ''G''-parity operator is defined as :\mathcal G = \mathcal C \, e^ where \mathcal C is the ''C''-parity operator, and '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu–Yang Monopole
The Wu–Yang monopole was the first solution (found in 1968 by Tai Tsun Wu and Chen Ning YangWu, T.T. and Yang, C.N. (1968) in ''Properties of Matter Under Unusual Conditions'', edited by H. Mark and S. Fernbach (Interscience, New York)) to the Yang–Mills field equations. It describes a magnetic monopole which is pointlike and has a potential which behaves like 1/''r'' everywhere. See also * Meron * Dyon *Instanton An instanton (or pseudoparticle) is a notion appearing in theoretical and mathematical physics. An instanton is a classical solution to equations of motion with a finite, non-zero action, either in quantum mechanics or in quantum field theory. M ... * Wu–Yang dictionary Notes References * ''Gauge Fields, Classification and Equations of Motion'', M.Carmeli, Kh. Huleilil and E. Leibowitz, World Scientific Publishing * Gauge theories Magnetic monopoles {{quantum-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wu–Yang Dictionary
In topology and high energy physics, the Wu–Yang dictionary refers to the mathematical identification that allows back-and-forth translation between the concepts of gauge theory and those of differential geometry. The dictionary appeared in 1975 in an article by Tai Tsun Wu and C. N. Yang comparing electromagnetism and fiber bundle theory. This dictionary has been credited as bringing mathematics and theoretical physics closer together. A crucial example of the success of the dictionary is that it allowed the understanding of monopole quantization in terms of Hopf fibrations. History Equivalences between fiber bundle theory and gauge theory were hinted at the end of the 1960s. In 1967, mathematician Andrzej Trautman started a series of lectures aimed at physicists and mathematicians at King's College London regarding these connections. Theoretical physicists Tai Tsun Wu and C. N. Yang working in Stony Brook University, published a paper in 1975 on the mathematical fram ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lee–Yang Theory
In statistical mechanics, Lee–Yang theory, sometimes also known as Yang–Lee theory, is a scientific theory which seeks to describe phase transitions in large physical systems in the thermodynamic limit based on the properties of small, finite-size systems. The theory revolves around the complex zeros of partition functions of finite-size systems and how these may reveal the existence of phase transitions in the thermodynamic limit. Lee–Yang theory constitutes an indispensable part of the theories of phase transitions. Originally developed for the Ising model, the theory has been extended and applied to a wide range of models and phenomena, including protein folding, percolation, complex networks, and molecular zippers. The theory is named after the Nobel laureates Tsung-Dao Lee and Yang Chen-Ning, who were awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics for their unrelated work on parity non-conservation in weak interaction. Introduction For an equilibrium system in the canonic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lee–Yang Theorem
In statistical mechanics, the Lee–Yang theorem states that if partition functions of certain models in statistical field theory with ferromagnetic interactions are considered as functions of an external field, then all zeros are purely imaginary (or on the unit circle after a change of variable). The first version was proved for the Ising model by . Their result was later extended to more general models by several people. Asano in 1970 extended the Lee–Yang theorem to the Heisenberg model and provided a simpler proof using Asano contractions. extended the Lee–Yang theorem to certain continuous probability distributions by approximating them by a superposition of Ising models. gave a general theorem stating roughly that the Lee–Yang theorem holds for a ferromagnetic interaction provided it holds for zero interaction. generalized Newman's result from measures on R to measures on higher-dimensional Euclidean space. There has been some speculation about a relationship ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Landau–Yang Theorem
In quantum mechanics, the Landau–Yang theorem is a selection rule for particles that decay into two on-shell photons. The theorem states that a massive particle with spin 1 cannot decay into two photons. Assumptions A photon here is any particle with spin 1, without mass and without internal degrees of freedom. The photon is the only known particle with these properties. Consequences The theorem has several consequences in particle physics. For example: * The ρ meson cannot decay into two photons, differently from the neutral pion, that almost always decays into this final state (98.8% of times). * The Z boson cannot decay into two photons. * The Higgs boson The Higgs boson, sometimes called the Higgs particle, is an elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the excited state, quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the field (physics), fields in particl ..., whose decay into two photons was observed in 2012, cannot have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yang–Mills Theory
Yang–Mills theory is a quantum field theory for nuclear binding devised by Chen Ning Yang and Robert Mills in 1953, as well as a generic term for the class of similar theories. The Yang–Mills theory is a gauge theory based on a special unitary group , or more generally any compact Lie group. A Yang–Mills theory seeks to describe the behavior of elementary particles using these non-abelian Lie groups and is at the core of the unification of the electromagnetic force and weak forces (i.e. ) as well as quantum chromodynamics, the theory of the strong force (based on ). Thus it forms the basis of the understanding of the Standard Model of particle physics. History and qualitative description Gauge theory in electrodynamics All known fundamental interactions can be described in terms of gauge theories, but working this out took decades. Hermann Weyl's pioneering work on this project started in 1915 when his colleague Emmy Noether proved that every conserved physical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yang–Baxter Equation
In physics, the Yang–Baxter equation (or star–triangle relation) is a consistency equation which was first introduced in the field of statistical mechanics. It depends on the idea that in some scattering situations, particles may preserve their momentum while changing their quantum internal states. It states that a matrix R, acting on two out of three objects, satisfies :(\check\otimes \mathbf)(\mathbf\otimes \check)(\check\otimes \mathbf) =(\mathbf\otimes \check)(\check \otimes \mathbf)(\mathbf\otimes \check), where \check is R followed by a swap of the two objects. In one-dimensional quantum systems, R is the scattering matrix and if it satisfies the Yang–Baxter equation then the system is Integrable system#Quantum integrable systems, integrable. The Yang–Baxter equation also shows up when discussing knot theory and the braid groups where R corresponds to swapping two strands. Since one can swap three strands in two different ways, the Yang–Baxter equation enforces t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
