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() is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating
opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a libr ...
tic and popular songs, as well as dance. The etymology of the name is uncertain, but some propose it may derive from the name of a royal hunting lodge, the Palace of Zarzuela, near Madrid, where that type of entertainment was allegedly first presented to the court. The palace in turn was named after the brambles () that grew there. There are two main forms of ''zarzuela'':
Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including ...
''zarzuela'' (c. 1630–1750), the earliest style, and Romantic ''zarzuela'' (c. 1850–1950). Romantic zarzuelas can be further divided into two main subgenres, ''género grande'' and '' género chico'', although other sub-divisions exist. ''Zarzuela'' spread to the Spanish dominions, and many Spanish-speaking countries – notably
Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribb ...
– developed their own traditions. ''Zarzuela'' is also a strong tradition in the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
, where it is also referred to in certain dialects as . Other regional and linguistic variants in Spain include the Basque ' and the
Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
. A masque-like musical theatre had existed in Spain since the time of Juan del Encina. The ''zarzuela'' genre was innovative in giving a dramatic function to the musical numbers, which were integrated into the plot of the work. Dances and choruses were incorporated as well as solo and ensemble numbers, all to orchestral accompaniment.


Baroque ''zarzuela''

In 1657 at the Royal Palace of '' El Prado'', King
Philip IV of Spain Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered ...
, Queen Mariana and their court attended the first performance of a new comedy by Pedro Calderón de la Barca, with music by Juan Hidalgo de Polanco titled ''El Laurel de Apolo'' (The Laurels of Apollo). ''El Laurel de Apolo'' traditionally symbolises the birth of a new musical genre that had become known as ''La Zarzuela''. Like Calderón de la Barca's earlier ''El golfo de las sirenas'' (''The Sirens' Gulf'', 1657), ''El Laurel de Apolo'' mixed mythological verse drama with operatic solos, popular songs and dances. The characters in these early,
baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including ...
''zarzuelas'' were a mixture of gods, mythological creatures and rustic or pastoral comedy characters; Antonio de Literes's popular '' Acis y Galatea'' (1708) is yet another example. Unlike some other operatic forms, there were spoken interludes, often in verse.


Italian influence

In 18th-century Bourbon Spain, Italian artistic style dominated in the arts, including
Italian opera Italian opera is both the art of opera in Italy and opera in the Italian language. Opera was born in Italy around the year 1600 and Italian opera has continued to play a dominant role in the history of the form until the present day. Many famous ...
. ''Zarzuela'', though still written to Spanish texts, changed to accommodate the Italian vogue. During the reign of King
Charles III Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. He was the longest-serving heir apparent and Prince of Wales and, at age 73, became the oldest person ...
, political problems provoked a series of revolts against his Italian ministers; these were echoed in theatrical presentations. The older style ''zarzuela'' fell out of fashion, but popular Spanish tradition continued to manifest itself in shorter works, such as the single-scene '' tonadilla'' (or '' intermezzo'') of which the finest literary exponent was Ramón de la Cruz. Musicians such as Antonio Rodríguez de Hita were proficient in the shorter style of works, though he also wrote a full-scale ''zarzuela'' with de la Cruz entitled ''Las segadoras de Vallecas'' (''The Reapers of Vallecas'', 1768). José Castel was one of several composers to write for the
Teatro del Príncipe Teatro may refer to: * Theatre * Teatro (band) Teatro, Italian for "theatre", is a vocal group signed to the Sony BMG music label. The members of Teatro are Jeremiah James, Andrew Alexander, Simon Bailey and Stephen Rahman-Hughes. Band members ...
.


19th century

In the 1850s and 1860s a group of patriotic writers and composers led by Francisco Barbieri and Joaquín Gaztambide revived the ''zarzuela'' form, seeing in it a possible release from French and Italian music hegemony. The elements of the work continue to be the same: sung solos and choruses, spiced with spoken scenes, and comedic songs, ensembles and dances. Costume dramas and regional variations abound, and the
libretto A libretto (Italian for "booklet") is the text used in, or intended for, an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, oratorio, cantata or musical. The term ''libretto'' is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major li ...
s (though often based on French originals) are rich in Spanish idioms and popular jargon. The ''zarzuelas'' of the day included in their librettos various regionalisms and popular slang, such as that of Madrid '' castizos''. Often, the success of a work was due to one or more songs that the public came to know and love. Despite some modifications the basic structure of the ''zarzuela'' remained the same: dialogue scenes, songs, choruses, and comic scenes generally performed by two actor-singers. The culminating masterpieces from this period were Barbieri's ''Pan y toros'' and Gaztambide's '' El juramento''. Another notable composer from this period was Emilio Arrieta.


Romantic ''zarzuela''

After the
Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution; gd, Rèabhlaid Ghlòrmhor; cy, Chwyldro Gogoneddus , also known as the ''Glorieuze Overtocht'' or ''Glorious Crossing'' in the Netherlands, is the sequence of events leading to the deposition of King James II and ...
of 1868, the country entered a deep crisis (especially economically), which was reflected in theatre. The public could not afford high-priced theatre tickets for grandiose productions, which led to the rise of the Teatros Variedades ("variety theatres") in Madrid, with cheap tickets for one-act plays ( sainetes). This "theatre of an hour" had great success and ''zarzuela'' composers took to the new formula with alacrity. Single-act ''zarzuelas'' were classified as '' género chico'' ("little genre") whilst the longer ''zarzuelas'' of three acts, lasting up to four hours, were called ''género grande'' ("grand genre"). ''Zarzuela grande'' battled on at the Teatro de la Zarzuela de Madrid, founded by Barbieri and his friends in the 1850s. A newer theatre, the Apolo, opened in 1873. At first it attempted to present the ''género grande'', but it soon yielded to the taste and economics of the time, and became the "temple" of the more populist ''género chico'' in the late 1870s. Musical content from this era ranges from full-scale operatic arias (''romanzas'') through to popular songs, and dialogue from high poetic drama to lowlife
comedy Comedy is a genre of fiction that consists of discourses or works intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, film, stand-up comedy, television, radio, books, or any other entertainment medium. The term o ...
characters. There are also many types of ''zarzuela'' in between the two named genres, with a variety of musical and dramatic flavours. Many of the greatest ''zarzuelas'' were written in the 1880s and 1890s, but the form continued to adapt to new theatrical stimuli until well into the 20th century. With the onset of the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlism, Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebeli ...
, the form rapidly declined, and the last romantic ''zarzuelas'' to hold the stage were written in the 1950s. Whilst Barbieri produced the greatest ''zarzuela grande'' in ''
El barberillo de Lavapiés ''El barberillo de Lavapiés'' is a zarzuela in three acts (Op.56) by Francisco Asenjo Barbieri. The libretto, in Spanish, is by Luis Mariano de Larra. The first performance took place at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid on 18 December 1874, ...
'', the classic exponent of the '' género chico'' was his pupil Federico Chueca, whose ''La gran vía'' (composed with Joaquín Valverde Durán) was a cult success both in Spain and throughout Europe. The musical heir of Chueca was José Serrano, whose short, one act '' género chico'' ''zarzuelas'' - notably ''La canción del olvido'', ''Alma de dios'' and the much later ''Los claveles'' and ''La dolorosa'' - form a stylistic bridge to the more musically sophisticated ''zarzuelas'' of the 20th century. While the ''zarzuela'' featured (or even glorified) popular customs, festivals, and manners of speech, especially those of Madrid, something never found in a ''zarzuela'' is social criticism. They celebrated the established order of society; if a ''zarzuela'' advocated for anything, it would be for the slowing or elimination of social change.


20th century

From about 1900, the term ("degraded" or "low genre") was coined to describe an emerging form of entertainment allied to the ( revue) type of musical comedy: these were musical works similar to the zarzuela but lighter and bolder in their social criticism, with scenes portraying sexual themes and many verbal double entendres. One popular work from the ''género ínfimo'' years is ''La corte de Faraón'' (1910), by Vicente Lleó, which was based on the French operetta ''Madame Putiphar''. In the second decade of the century, the influences of Viennese
operetta Operetta is a form of theatre and a genre of light opera. It includes spoken dialogue, songs, and dances. It is lighter than opera in terms of its music, orchestral size, length of the work, and at face value, subject matter. Apart from its ...
and the English followers of Sullivan such as Lionel Monckton made themselves felt, in works such as ''Molinos de viento'' and ''El asombro de Damasco'' (both by
Pablo Luna Pablo Luna Carné (May 21, 1879 Alhama de Aragón – January 28, 1942 Madrid) was a Spanish composer.Vincent J. Cincotta Zarzuela, the Spanish lyric theatre: a complete reference 2003 "Along with Amadeo Vives, Jose Serrano, Francisco Alonso an ...
), before the Spanish tradition of great acts was reasserted in Amadeu Vives's '' Doña Francisquita'' (1923). The zarzuela continued to flourish in the 1930s, thanks to composers of the stature of Pablo Sorozábal – who reinvigorated it as a vehicle for socio-political comment – Federico Moreno Torroba, and Francisco Alonso. However, the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlism, Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebeli ...
brought a decline of the genre, and after the Second World War, its extinction as a live genre was almost total. There were no new authors and the compositions are not renovated. There have been no significant new works created since the 1950s; the existing zarzuela repertoire is costly to produce, and many classics have been performed only sporadically in recent years, at least professionally. The genre has again found favour in Spain and elsewhere: younger people, in particular, have been drawn to its lyrical music and theatrical spectacle in the 1940s and 1950s. Spanish radio and television have dedicated time to zarzuela in 1978, not least in a popular series of programs produced by
TVE TVE may stand for: Television * Televisión Española, a Spanish state-owned public-service television broadcaster ** TVE HD, a high-definition channel run by Televisión Española * Televisão Educativa, a defunct Brazilian TV network * TV Eduk ...
and entitled ''Antología de la zarzuela'' ("Zarzuela Anthology"). These were based on lip syncs of the classic recordings of the 1940s and 1950s. Some years earlier, impresario
José Tamayo José Tamayo (1920–2003) was a Spanish theatre director and producer, best known for his dramatic and zarzuela () is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and po ...
worked a theatrical show of the same name which popularized pieces of zarzuela through several national and international tours.


''Zarzuela'' in Catalonia

While the ''zarzuela'' tradition flourished in
Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
and other Spanish cities,
Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a '' nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the no ...
developed its own ''zarzuela'', with librettos in
Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...
. The atmosphere, the plots, and the music were quite different from the model that triumphed in Madrid, as the Catalan ''zarzuela'' was looking to attract a different public, the bourgeois classes. Catalan ''zarzuela'' was turned little by little into what is called, in Catalan, ''teatre líric català'' ("Catalan lyric theater"), with a personality of its own, and with '' modernista'' lyricists and composers such as
Enric Granados Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enric Granados in Catalan or Enrique Granados in Spanish, was a composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain ...
or
Enric Morera {{disambiguation Enric Morera may refer to: * Enric Morera i Viura (1865–1942), Catalan musical composer * Enric Morera i Català Enric Morera i Català (; Oliva, Valencia, 3 April 1964) is a Spanish politician who is the leader of the Valenc ...
. In the final years of the 19th century, as ''
modernisme ''Modernisme'' (, Catalan for "modernism"), also known as Catalan modernism and Catalan art nouveau, is the historiographic denomination given to an art and literature movement associated with the search of a new entitlement of Catalan cultur ...
'' emerged, one of the notable ''modernistas'', and one of
Felip Pedrell Felip Pedrell Sabaté (Spanish: Felipe) (19 February 1841 – 19 August 1922) was a Catalan composer, guitarist and musicologist. Life Pedrell was born in Tortosa (Catalonia), and sang as a boy soprano at Tortosa Cathedral from age 9, where h ...
's pupils, Amadeu Vives came onto the Barcelona scene. He contributed to the creation of the Orfeó Català in 1891, along with Lluís Millet. In spite of a success sustained over many years, his musical ambition took him to Madrid, where ''zarzuela'' had a higher profile. Vives became one of the most important ''zarzuela'' composers, with such masterpieces as ''Doña Francisquita''.


''Zarzuela'' in Cuba and Mexico

In Cuba the
afrocubanismo Afrocubanismo was an artistic and social movement in black-themed Cuban culture with origins in the 1920s, as in works by the cultural anthropologist Fernando Ortiz. The Afrocubanismo movement focused on establishing the legitimacy of black identi ...
''zarzuelas'' of Ernesto Lecuona (''María la O''; ''El cafetal''), Eliseo Grenet (''La virgen morena'') and
Gonzalo Roig Gonzalo Roig Lobo (Havana, 20 July 1890 – Havana, 13 June 1970) was a Cuban composer, pianist, violinist and musical director. He was a pioneer of the symphonic movement in Cuba. His most popular works are the zarzuela '' Cecilia Valdés'' a ...
(''
Cecilia Valdés ''Cecilia Valdés'' is both a novel by the Cuban writer Cirilo Villaverde (1812–1894), and a zarzuela based on the novel. It is a work of importance for its quality, and its revelation of the interaction of classes and races in Havana, Cub ...
'', based on Cirilo Villaverde's classic novel) represent a brief golden age of political and cultural importance. These and other works centred on the plight of the
mulata (, ) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese i ...
woman and other black underclasses in Cuban society. The outstanding star of many of these productions was
Rita Montaner Rita Aurelia Fulcida Montaner y Facenda (20 August 1900 – 17 April 1958), known as Rita Montaner, was a Cuban singer, pianist and actress. In Cuban parlance, she was a '' vedette'' (a star), and was well known in Mexico City, Paris, Miami and ...
. Mexico likewise had its own ''zarzuela'' traditions. One example is Carlo Curti's ''La cuarta plana'', starring Esperanza Iris.


''Zarzuela'' in the Philippines

In the
Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...
, the ''Zarzuela Musical Theatre'' has been widely adapted by Filipinos in their native cultures, notably in urban areas. The theatre was only introduced by the Spanish in 1878, despite being part of the
Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
since the middle of the 16th century. During this time, the plays were performed only by Spanish people. By 1880, majority of the performers and writers were Filipinos, notably Philippine national hero,
José Rizal José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (, ; June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896) was a Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath active at the end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. He is considered the national h ...
, who was fond of the play. Afterwards, local languages, instead of Spanish, were used to perform the complex theatre, with additions from multiple cultures throughout the archipelago. When the Philippines was colonized by the Americans in the early 20th century, the humor from the ''moro-moro play'' was added into the Philippine zarzuela, while moving away from the traditional Spanish zarzuela. The theatre afterwards was used by Filipinos to express freedom from discrimination and colonial rule, depicting the Filipino people triumphant against the Spanish and Americans by the end of each play. The revolutionary overtones of the play prompted the American colonialists to arrest various performers and writers of the Philippine zarzuela, to the extent of forcefully shutting down entire zarzuela companies in the Philippines. In the 1920s, due to the introduction of the cinema, the zarzuela became widely popular in the rural areas, disabling the Americans from stopping the plays from spreading. The Philippine zarzuela evolved into a kind of comedy of manners distinct to the Filipino taste. In 2011, the performing art was cited by the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts The National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines ( fil, Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at mga Sining, ceb, Nasodnong Komisyon alang sa Budaya ug mga Arte) is the official government agency for culture in the Philippines. ...
as one of the intangible cultural heritage of the Philippines under the performing arts category that the government may nominate in the
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists UNESCO established its Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage with the aim of ensuring better protection of important intangible cultural heritages worldwide and the awareness of their significance.Compare: This list is published by the Intergover ...
. In 2012, through a partnership with UNESCO, the Philippine government established the documents needed for the safeguarding of the Philippine zarzuela. UNESCO has cited the Philippine zarzuela as the national theatre and opera of the Philippines.


Recorded ''zarzuela''

From 1950 onwards, ''zarzuela'' prospered in a series of LP recordings from EMI, Hispavox and others, with worldwide distribution. A series produced by the Alhambra company of Madrid, the majority conducted by the leading Spanish conductor Ataulfo Argenta had particular success. Many featured singers soon to become world-famous, such as Teresa Berganza, Alfredo Kraus and Pilar Lorengar; and later,
Montserrat Caballé Montserrat Caballé i Folch or Folc (full name: María de Montserrat Bibiana Concepción Caballé i Folch (, , ; (12 April 1933 – 6 October 2018), known simply as Montserrat Caballé, was a Catalan Spanish operatic soprano. She sang a wide v ...
and
Plácido Domingo José Plácido Domingo Embil (born 21 January 1941) is a Spanish opera singer, conductor, and arts administrator. He has recorded over a hundred complete operas and is well known for his versatility, regularly performing in Italian, French ...
. Less known performers such as Ana María Iriarte, Inés Ribadeneira, Toñy Rosado, Carlos Munguía, Renato Cesari, and others frequently lent their voices to the recordings. The choirs of Orfeón Donostiarra and Singers' Choir of Madrid also contributed, rounding out the overall quality of the works. After Argenta's death others such as Indalecio Cisneros and Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos continued in his footsteps. There were also recordings made conducted by the composers themselves, such as Pablo Sorozábal and Federico Moreno Torroba. Many well-known singers, including Victoria de los Ángeles and Montserrat Caballé, have recorded albums of zarzuela songs and arias. Many zarzuela productions are now to be seen on DVD and
Blu-ray The Blu-ray Disc (BD), often known simply as Blu-ray, is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 2005 and released on June 20, 2006 worldwide. It is designed to supersede the DVD format, and capable of st ...
disc. In March 2009, EuroArts released ''Amor, Vida de Mi Vida'', a recording on Blu-ray disc of an August 2007 zarzuela concert by Plácido Domingo and Ana María Martínez, with the
Mozarteum Orchestra of Salzburg The Mozarteum Orchestra Salzburg is an Austrian orchestra, based in the town and state of Salzburg. The orchestra gives concerts in several Salzburg venues, including the '' Großes Festspielhaus'', the Great Hall of the Stiftung Mozarteum. ...
conducted by
Jesús López-Cobos Jesus ( AD 30 or 33) was a Jewish preacher and religious leader who most Christians believe to be the incarnation of God and Muslims believe was a prophet. Jesus may also refer to: People Religious figures * Elymas Bar-Jesus, a Jew in the ''Ac ...
. In April 2009, BBC/Opus Arte released a Blu-ray disc of a July 2006 performance of Federico Moreno Torroba's ''Luisa Fernanda'' with Plácido Domingo and Nancy Herrera, recorded at the Teatro Real de Madrid with Jesús López-Cobos conducting. In the United States, the Jarvis Conservatory of Napa, California, between 1996 and 2005, mounted several full zarzuela productions, subsequently issued on DVD and online. The series includes '' La dolorosa''; ''La Gran Via''; '' Luisa Fernanda''; ''
La verbena de la Paloma ' (''The Fair of the Virgin of la Paloma'') —subtitled ''El boticario y las chulapas y celos mal reprimidos''— is an 1894 zarzuela with a libretto by and music by Tomás Bretón. It premiered on 17 February 1894 in Teatro Apolo, Madrid. It ...
''; ''La Rosa del Azafrán''; '' La revoltosa''; ''Agua, Azucarillos y Aguardiente''; '' Doña Francisquita''; ''Gigantes y Cabezudos''; ''La alegría de la huerta''; ''La chulapona''; ''Luis Alonso'' (Giménez, 1896); and ''
El barberillo de Lavapiés ''El barberillo de Lavapiés'' is a zarzuela in three acts (Op.56) by Francisco Asenjo Barbieri. The libretto, in Spanish, is by Luis Mariano de Larra. The first performance took place at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid on 18 December 1874, ...
''.


''Zarzuela'' composers


Spanish zarzuelas selection (including zarzuela-style operas)

*''Adiós a la bohemia'' (1933) Pablo Sorozábal *''Agua, azucarillos y aguardiente'' (1898) Federico Chueca *''La alegría de la huerta'' (1900) Federico Chueca *''Alma de Dios'' (1907) José Serrano *''El año pasado por agua'' (1889 ) Federico Chueca *''El asombro de Damasco'' (1916) Pablo Sorozábal *''
El barberillo de Lavapiés ''El barberillo de Lavapiés'' is a zarzuela in three acts (Op.56) by Francisco Asenjo Barbieri. The libretto, in Spanish, is by Luis Mariano de Larra. The first performance took place at the Teatro de la Zarzuela in Madrid on 18 December 1874, ...
'' (1874) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri *''El bateo'' (1901) Federico Chueca *''Black, el payaso'' (1942) Pablo Sorozábal *''La boda de Luis Alonso'' (1896) Gerónimo Giménez *''Bohemios'' (1904) Vives *''La bruja'' (1889)
Ruperto Chapí Ruperto Chapí y Lorente (27 March 1851 – 25 March 1909) was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers. Biography Chapí was born at Villena, the son of a Valencian barber. He trained in his home to ...
*''Los burladores'' (1948) Pablo Sorozábal *''La calesera'' (1925) Francisco Alonso *''La canción del olvido'' (1928) José Serrano *''El caserío'' (1926)
Jesús Guridi Jesús Guridi Bidaola (25 September 1886 – 7 April 1961) was a Spanish Basque composer who was a key player in 20th-century Spanish and Basque music. His style fits into the late Romantic idiom, directly inherited from Wagner, and with a stron ...
*''El chaleco blanco'' (1890) Federico Chueca *''La chulapona'' (1934) Federico Moreno Torroba *''Los claveles'' (1929) José Serrano *''La corte de Faraón'' (1910) Vicente Lleó *'' Los diamantes de la corona'' (1854) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri *''La Dogaresa'' (1916) Rafael Millán *'' La dolorosa'' (1930) José Serrano *''Don Gil de Alcalá'' (1932)
Manuel Penella Manuel Penella Moreno (July 31, 1880, in Valencia – January 24, 1939, in Cuernavaca) was a Spanish composer. His father was the composer :es:Manuel Penella Raga, Manuel Penella Raga. His daughter Magdalena Penella Silva married the poli ...
*''Don Manolito'' (1943) Pablo Sorozábal *'' Doña Francisquita'' (1923)
Amadeo Vives Amadeu Vives i Roig (; 18 November 1871 – 2 December 1932) was a Spanish musical composer, creator of over a hundred stage works. He is best known for '' Doña Francisquita'', which Christopher Webber has praised for its "easy lyricism, fluen ...
*''El dúo de La africana'', (1893)
Manuel Fernández Caballero Manuel Fernández Caballero (Murcia, 14 March 1835 – Madrid, 26 February 1906) was a Spanish composer, notably of zarzuelas. His works were seminal works in the young Género chico form of zarzuela. The success of ''Los bandos de villafr ...
*''La fiesta de San Antón'' (1898) Tomás Torregrosa *''La fontana del placer'' José Castel *''Los gavilanes'' (1923) Jacinto Guerrero *''La generala'' (1912)
Amadeo Vives Amadeu Vives i Roig (; 18 November 1871 – 2 December 1932) was a Spanish musical composer, creator of over a hundred stage works. He is best known for '' Doña Francisquita'', which Christopher Webber has praised for its "easy lyricism, fluen ...
*'' Gigantes y cabezudos'' (1898)
Manuel Fernández Caballero Manuel Fernández Caballero (Murcia, 14 March 1835 – Madrid, 26 February 1906) was a Spanish composer, notably of zarzuelas. His works were seminal works in the young Género chico form of zarzuela. The success of ''Los bandos de villafr ...
*''Las golondrinas'' (1914) José María Usandizaga *'' La Gran Vía'' (1886) Federico Chueca *''El huésped del Sevillano'' (1926) Jacinto Guerrero *'' Jugar con fuego'' (1855) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri *'' El juramento'' (1854) Joaquín Gaztambide *''Katiuska'' (1931) Pablo Sorozábal *''Las Leandras'' (1931) Francisco Alonso *'' Luisa Fernanda'' (1932) Federico Moreno Torroba *''La del manojo de rosas'' (1934) Pablo Sorozábal *''Marina'' (1855/71) Emilio Arrieta *''Maruxa'' (1914)
Amadeo Vives Amadeu Vives i Roig (; 18 November 1871 – 2 December 1932) was a Spanish musical composer, creator of over a hundred stage works. He is best known for '' Doña Francisquita'', which Christopher Webber has praised for its "easy lyricism, fluen ...
*''La leyenda del beso'' (1924) Reveriano Soutullo and Juan Vert *''Me llaman la Presumida'' (1935) Francisco Alonso *''Molinos de viento'' (1910)
Pablo Luna Pablo Luna Carné (May 21, 1879 Alhama de Aragón – January 28, 1942 Madrid) was a Spanish composer.Vincent J. Cincotta Zarzuela, the Spanish lyric theatre: a complete reference 2003 "Along with Amadeo Vives, Jose Serrano, Francisco Alonso an ...
*''La montería'' (1923) Jacinto Guerrero *''El niño judío'' (1918)
Pablo Luna Pablo Luna Carné (May 21, 1879 Alhama de Aragón – January 28, 1942 Madrid) was a Spanish composer.Vincent J. Cincotta Zarzuela, the Spanish lyric theatre: a complete reference 2003 "Along with Amadeo Vives, Jose Serrano, Francisco Alonso an ...
*''Pan y toros'' (1864) Francisco Asenjo Barbieri *''La parranda '' (1928) Francisco Alonso *''La patria chica'' (1909)
Ruperto Chapí Ruperto Chapí y Lorente (27 March 1851 – 25 March 1909) was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers. Biography Chapí was born at Villena, the son of a Valencian barber. He trained in his home to ...
*''La pícara molinera'' (1928)
Pablo Luna Pablo Luna Carné (May 21, 1879 Alhama de Aragón – January 28, 1942 Madrid) was a Spanish composer.Vincent J. Cincotta Zarzuela, the Spanish lyric theatre: a complete reference 2003 "Along with Amadeo Vives, Jose Serrano, Francisco Alonso an ...
*'' La revoltosa'' (1897)
Ruperto Chapí Ruperto Chapí y Lorente (27 March 1851 – 25 March 1909) was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers. Biography Chapí was born at Villena, the son of a Valencian barber. He trained in his home to ...
*''El rey que rabió'' (1890)
Ruperto Chapí Ruperto Chapí y Lorente (27 March 1851 – 25 March 1909) was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers. Biography Chapí was born at Villena, the son of a Valencian barber. He trained in his home to ...
*''La rosa del azafrán'' (1930) Jacinto Guerrero *''El santo de la Isidra'' (1898) Tomás Torregrosa *''El señor Joaquín'' (1900)
Manuel Fernández Caballero Manuel Fernández Caballero (Murcia, 14 March 1835 – Madrid, 26 February 1906) was a Spanish composer, notably of zarzuelas. His works were seminal works in the young Género chico form of zarzuela. The success of ''Los bandos de villafr ...
*''Los sobrinos del capitán Grant'' (1877)
Manuel Fernández Caballero Manuel Fernández Caballero (Murcia, 14 March 1835 – Madrid, 26 February 1906) was a Spanish composer, notably of zarzuelas. His works were seminal works in the young Género chico form of zarzuela. The success of ''Los bandos de villafr ...
*''La del Soto del Parral'' (1927) Reveriano Soutullo and Juan Vert *''La tabernera del puerto'' (1936) Pablo Sorozábal *''La tempestad'' (1882)
Ruperto Chapí Ruperto Chapí y Lorente (27 March 1851 – 25 March 1909) was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers. Biography Chapí was born at Villena, the son of a Valencian barber. He trained in his home to ...
*''La tempranica'' (1900) Gerónimo Giménez *''
La verbena de la Paloma ' (''The Fair of the Virgin of la Paloma'') —subtitled ''El boticario y las chulapas y celos mal reprimidos''— is an 1894 zarzuela with a libretto by and music by Tomás Bretón. It premiered on 17 February 1894 in Teatro Apolo, Madrid. It ...
'' (1894)
Tomás Bretón Tomás Bretón y Hernández (29 December 1850 – 2 December 1923) was a Spanish conductor and composer. Biography Tomás Bretón was born in Salamanca. He completed his musical studies at the School of Fine Arts in his hometown, where he ea ...
*''La viejecita'' (1897)
Manuel Fernández Caballero Manuel Fernández Caballero (Murcia, 14 March 1835 – Madrid, 26 February 1906) was a Spanish composer, notably of zarzuelas. His works were seminal works in the young Género chico form of zarzuela. The success of ''Los bandos de villafr ...
*''La villana'' (1927)
Amadeo Vives Amadeu Vives i Roig (; 18 November 1871 – 2 December 1932) was a Spanish musical composer, creator of over a hundred stage works. He is best known for '' Doña Francisquita'', which Christopher Webber has praised for its "easy lyricism, fluen ...


References


Further reading

* Alier, Roger (auct.) "Zarzuela", in L. Macy (ed.). ''
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians. Along with the German-language ''Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', it is one of the largest reference works on the history and theo ...
'' Online. Accessed 4 Jul 05
www.grovemusic.com
* Casares Rodicio, Emilio (ed.). ''Diccionario de la Zarzuela. España e Hispanoamérica''. (two vols.) Madrid, ICCMU, 2002-3 * Cincotta, Vincent J. ''Zarzuela-The Spanish Lyric Theatre''. University of Wollongong Press, rev. ed. 2011,pp. 766

at Zarzuela.net * Pizà, Antoni. '' Antoni Literes. Introducció a la seva obra'' (Palma de Mallorca: Edicions Documenta Balear, 2002) * Salaün, Serge. ''El cuplé (1900-1936)''. (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1990) * Serna, Pierre-René. ''Guide de la Zarzuela - La zarzuela de Z à A''. Bleu Nuit Éditeur, Paris, November 2012, 336 pp, 16,8 x 24 cm, * Young, Clinton D. ''Music Theater and Popular Nationalism in Spain, 1880–1930''. Louisiana State University Press, 2016. * Webber, Christopher. ''The Zarzuela Companion''. Maryland, Scarecrow Press, 2002. Lib. Cong. 2002110168 /


External links


Zarzuela.net
edited by
Christopher Webber Christopher Webber (born 27 May 1953) is an English musicologist, dramatist, actor, theatre director and writer. Biography Webber was born in Bowdon, Cheshire (now Greater Manchester) and educated at The Manchester Grammar School and the Un ...
and Ignacio Jassa Haro
Zarzuela Discography
at operadis-opera-discography.org.uk
Zarzueleros.com
in Spanish.
The Fernández-Shaw saga and the lyrical theatre
{{Music in Spanish Opera genres Opera terminology Philippine culture Spanish culture Spanish music