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Naturally occurring
ytterbium Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the othe ...
(70Yb) is composed of 7 stable
isotope Isotopes are two or more types of atoms that have the same atomic number (number of protons in their nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemical element), and that differ in nucleon numbers ( mass num ...
s,However, all seven of the isotopes are
observationally stable Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes. Th ...
, meaning that they are predicted to be radioactive but decay has not been observed yet.
168Yb–176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance). Twenty-seven
radioisotope A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferr ...
s have been characterized, with the most stable being 169Yb with a
half-life Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable ...
of 32.026 days, 175Yb with a half-life of 4.185 days, and 166Yb with a half-life of 56.7 hours. All of the remaining
radioactive Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is consi ...
isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 20 minutes. This element also has 12
meta state A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus, in which one or more nucleons (protons or neutrons) occupy higher energy levels than in the ground state of the same nucleus. "Metastable" describes nuclei whose excited states have ...
s, with the most stable being 169mYb (t1/2 46 seconds). The isotopes of ytterbium range in
atomic weight Relative atomic mass (symbol: ''A''; sometimes abbreviated RAM or r.a.m.), also known by the deprecated synonym atomic weight, is a dimensionless physical quantity defined as the ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a giv ...
from 147.967  u (148Yb) to 180.9562 u (181Yb). The primary
decay mode Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is consid ...
before the most abundant stable isotope, 174Yb is
electron capture Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells. ...
, and the primary mode after is
beta emission In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron) is emitted from an atomic nucleus, transforming the original nuclide to an isobar of that nuclide. For exam ...
. The primary
decay product In nuclear physics, a decay product (also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often proceeds via a sequence of steps ( ...
s before 174Yb are
isotopes of thulium Naturally occurring thulium (69Tm) is composed of one stable isotope, 169Tm (100% natural abundance). Thirty-four radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being 171Tm with a half-life of 1.92 years, 170Tm with a half-life of 128 ...
, and the primary products after are
isotopes of lutetium Naturally occurring lutetium (71Lu) is composed of one stable isotope 175Lu (97.41% natural abundance) and one long-lived radioisotope, 176Lu with a half-life of 3.78 × 1010 years (2.59% natural abundance). Thirty-five radioisotopes have been c ...
. Of interest to modern
quantum optics Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons. Photons have ...
, the different ytterbium isotopes follow either
Bose–Einstein statistics In quantum statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics (B–E statistics) describes one of two possible ways in which a collection of non-interacting, indistinguishable particles may occupy a set of available discrete energy states at thermodynamic ...
or
Fermi–Dirac statistics Fermi–Dirac statistics (F–D statistics) is a type of quantum statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac d ...
, leading to interesting behavior in optical lattices.


List of isotopes

, - , 148Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 78 , 147.96742(64)# , 250# ms , β+ , 148Tm , 0+ , , , - , 149Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 79 , 148.96404(54)# , 0.7(2) s , β+ , 149Tm , (1/2+, 3/2+) , , , - , 150Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 80 , 149.95842(43)# , 700# ms 200 ns, β+ , 150Tm , 0+ , , , - , rowspan=2, 151Yb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 81 , rowspan=2, 150.95540(32) , rowspan=2, 1.6(5) s , β+ , 151Tm , rowspan=2, (1/2+) , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+, p (rare) , 150Er , - , rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" , 151m1Yb , rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 750(100)# keV , rowspan=2, 1.6(5) s , β+ , 151Tm , rowspan=2, (11/2−) , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+, p (rare) , 150Er , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 151m2Yb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1790(500)# keV , 2.6(7) μs , , , 19/2−# , , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 151m3Yb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2450(500)# keV , 20(1) μs , , , 27/2−# , , , - , rowspan=2, 152Yb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 82 , rowspan=2, 151.95029(22) , rowspan=2, 3.04(6) s , β+ , 152Tm , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+, p (rare) , 151Er , - , rowspan=3, 153Yb , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" , 83 , rowspan=3, 152.94948(21)# , rowspan=3, 4.2(2) s , α (50%) , 149Er , rowspan=3, 7/2−# , rowspan=3, , rowspan=3, , - , β+ (50%) , 153Tm , - , β+, p (.008%) , 152Er , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 153mYb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2700(100) keV , 15(1) μs , , , (27/2−) , , , - , rowspan=2, 154Yb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 84 , rowspan=2, 153.946394(19) , rowspan=2, 0.409(2) s , α (92.8%) , 150Er , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+ (7.119%) , 154Tm , - , rowspan=2, 155Yb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 85 , rowspan=2, 154.945782(18) , rowspan=2, 1.793(19) s , α (89%) , 151Er , rowspan=2, (7/2−) , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , β+ (11%) , 155Tm , - , rowspan=2, 156Yb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 86 , rowspan=2, 155.942818(12) , rowspan=2, 26.1(7) s , β+ (90%) , 156Tm , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , α (10%) , 152Er , - , rowspan=2, 157Yb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 87 , rowspan=2, 156.942628(11) , rowspan=2, 38.6(10) s , β+ (99.5%) , 157Tm , rowspan=2, 7/2− , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , α (.5%) , 153Er , - , rowspan=2, 158Yb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 70 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 88 , rowspan=2, 157.939866(9) , rowspan=2, 1.49(13) min , β+ (99.99%) , 158Tm , rowspan=2, 0+ , rowspan=2, , rowspan=2, , - , α (.0021%) , 154Er , - , 159Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 89 , 158.94005(2) , 1.67(9) min , β+ , 159Tm , 5/2(−) , , , - , 160Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 90 , 159.937552(18) , 4.8(2) min , β+ , 160Tm , 0+ , , , - , 161Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 91 , 160.937902(17) , 4.2(2) min , β+ , 161Tm , 3/2− , , , - , 162Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 92 , 161.935768(17) , 18.87(19) min , β+ , 162Tm , 0+ , , , - , 163Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 93 , 162.936334(17) , 11.05(25) min , β+ , 163Tm , 3/2− , , , - , 164Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 94 , 163.934489(17) , 75.8(17) min , EC , 164Tm , 0+ , , , - , 165Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 95 , 164.93528(3) , 9.9(3) min , β+ , 165Tm , 5/2− , , , - , 166Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 96 , 165.933882(9) , 56.7(1) h , EC , 166Tm , 0+ , , , - , 167Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 97 , 166.934950(5) , 17.5(2) min , β+ , 167Tm , 5/2− , , , - , 168Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 98 , 167.933897(5) , colspan=3 align=center,
Observationally Stable Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes. Th ...
Believed to undergo α decay to 164Er or β+β+ decay to 168Er with a
half-life Half-life (symbol ) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long stable ...
over 130×1012 years
, 0+ , 0.0013(1) , , - , 169Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 99 , 168.935190(5) , 32.026(5) d , EC , 169Tm , 7/2+ , , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 169mYb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 24.199(3) keV , 46(2) s , IT , 169Yb , 1/2− , , , - , 170Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 100 , 169.9347618(26) , colspan=3 align=center, Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 166Er , 0+ , 0.0304(15) , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 170mYb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1258.46(14) keV , 370(15) ns , , , 4− , , , - , 171Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 101 , 170.9363258(26) , colspan=3 align=center, Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 167Er , 1/2− , 0.1428(57) , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 171m1Yb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 95.282(2) keV , 5.25(24) ms , IT , 171Yb , 7/2+ , , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 171m2Yb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 122.416(2) keV , 265(20) ns , , , 5/2− , , , - , 172Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 102 , 171.9363815(26) , colspan=3 align=center, Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 168Er , 0+ , 0.2183(67) , , - , 173Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 103 , 172.9382108(26) , colspan=3 align=center, Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 169Er , 5/2− , 0.1613(27) , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 173mYb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 398.9(5) keV , 2.9(1) μs , , , 1/2− , , , - , 174Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 104 , 173.9388621(26) , colspan=3 align=center, Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 170Er , 0+ , 0.3183(92) , , - , 175Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 105 , 174.9412765(26) , 4.185(1) d , β , 175Lu , 7/2− , , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 175mYb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 514.865(4) keV , 68.2(3) ms , , , 1/2− , , , - , 176Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 106 , 175.9425717(28) , colspan=3 align=center, Observationally StableBelieved to undergo α decay to 172Er or ββ decay to 176Hf with a half-life over 160×1015 years , 0+ , 0.1276(41) , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 176mYb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1050.0(3) keV , 11.4(3) s , , , (8)− , , , - , 177Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 107 , 176.9452608(28) , 1.911(3) h , β , 177Lu , (9/2+) , , , - , style="text-indent:1em" , 177mYb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 331.5(3) keV , 6.41(2) s , IT , 177Yb , (1/2−) , , , - , 178Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 108 , 177.946647(11) , 74(3) min , β , 178Lu , 0+ , , , - , 179Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 109 , 178.95017(32)# , 8.0(4) min , β , 179Lu , (1/2−) , , , - , 180Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 110 , 179.95233(43)# , 2.4(5) min , β , 180Lu , 0+ , , , - , 181Yb , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 111 , 180.95615(43)# , 1# min , β , 181Lu , 3/2−# , , , - , 182YbCluster decay daughter of ''232Th'' , style="text-align:right" , 70 , style="text-align:right" , 112 , , > 160 ns , β , 182Lu , 0+ , ,


References

* Isotope masses from: ** * Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: ** ** * Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. ** ** ** {{Authority control Ytterbium
Ytterbium Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is a metal, the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the othe ...