wine bottle nomenclature
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A wine bottle is a bottle, generally a glass bottle, that is used for holding wine. Some wines are fermented in the bottle while others are bottled only after fermentation. Recently the bottle has become a standard unit of volume to describe sales in the wine industry, measuring . Wine bottles are produced, however, in a variety of volumes and shapes. Wine bottles are traditionally sealed with a
cork Cork or CORK may refer to: Materials * Cork (material), an impermeable buoyant plant product ** Cork (plug), a cylindrical or conical object used to seal a container ***Wine cork Places Ireland * Cork (city) ** Metropolitan Cork, also known as G ...
, but screw-top caps are becoming popular, and there are several other methods used to seal a bottle.


Sizes

Many traditional wine bottle sizes are named for
Biblical The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a ...
kings and historical figures. The chart below lists the sizes of various wine bottles in multiples relating to a standard bottle of wine, which is (six 125 mL servings). The "wineglassful"—an official unit of the apothecaries' system of weights—is much smaller at . Most champagne houses are unable to carry out secondary fermentation in bottles larger than a magnum due to the difficulty in
riddling The traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Port ...
large, heavy bottles. After the secondary fermentation completes, the champagne must be transferred from the magnums into larger bottles, which results in a loss of pressure. Some believe this re-bottling exposes the champagne to greater oxidation and therefore results in an inferior product compared to champagne which remains in the bottle in which it was fermented. * For many years, the US standard (non-metric) wine and
liquor Liquor (or a spirit) is an alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruits, vegetables, or sugar, that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation. Other terms for liquor include: spirit drink, distilled beverage or hard ...
bottle was the "fifth", meaning one-fifth of a US gallon, or . Some beverages also came in tenth-gallon [], eighth-gallon [1 US pint, or ], sixth-gallon [], fourth-gallon [1 US quart, or ], half-gallon [] and one-gallon [] sizes. In 1979, the US adopted the metric system for liquor bottles, with the basic wine bottle becoming 750 mL, as in Europe.


Shapes

Wine producers in Portugal, Italy, Spain, France and Germany follow the tradition of their local areas in choosing the shape of bottle most appropriate for their wine. * Port, sherry, and Bordeaux varieties: straight-sided and high-shouldered with a pronounced punt. Port and sherry bottles may have a bulbous neck to collect any residue. * Burgundies and Rhône varieties: tall bottles with sloping shoulders and a smaller punt. * Schlegel variety, predominantly used in German wine growing regions: similar to Burgundy bottles, but more slender and elongated. * Rhine (also known as
hock Hock may refer to: Common meanings: * Hock (wine), a type of wine * Hock (anatomy), part of an animal's leg * To leave an item with a pawnbroker People: * Hock (surname) * Richard "Hock" Walsh (1948-1999), Canadian blues singer Other uses: * A t ...
or hoch), Mosel, and Alsace varieties: narrow and tall with little or no punt. * Champagne and other sparkling wines: thick-walled and wide with a pronounced punt and sloping shoulders. * German wines from Franconia: the Bocksbeutel bottle. * The Chianti and some other Italian wines: the ''
fiasco Fiasco may refer to: * a failure or humiliating situation * Fiasco (bottle), a traditional Italian straw-covered wine bottle often associated with Chianti wine Media * ''Fiasco'' (novel), a 1987 science-fiction novel by Stanisław Lem * ''F ...
'', a round-bottomed flask encased in a straw basket. This is more often used for everyday table wines; many of the higher-grade Chianti producers have switched to Bordeaux-type bottles. Many North and South American, South African, and Australasian wine producers select the bottle shape with which they wish to associate their wines. For instance, a producer who believes his wine is similar to Burgundy may choose to bottle his wine in Burgundy-style bottles. Other producers (both in and out of Europe) have chosen idiosyncratic bottle styles for marketing purposes. Pere-Anselme markets its Châteauneuf-du-Pape in bottles that appear half-melted. The Moselland company of Bernkastel-Kues in Germany has a Riesling with a bottle in the shape of a stylized cat. The British company
Garçon Wines Garçon Wines is a British manufacturer of wine bottles and related packaging. Founded in 2016, the company produces a wine bottle that, with its packaging, can fit through a letter box opening. History The company was founded by Joe Revell and ...
makes a flat wine bottle from recycled PET which is flat enough to fit through a letterbox and hence can be delivered by post. The home wine maker may use any bottle, as the shape of the bottle does not affect the taste of the finished product. The sole exception is in producing sparkling wine, where thicker-walled bottles should be used to handle the excess pressure. Most wine bottles standards have a bore (inner neck) diameter of 18.5 mm at the mouth of the bottle and increase to 21 mm before expanding into the full bottle. File:Clos Haut Peyraguey 1986.jpg, A bottle from Bordeaux: (a bordelaise) File:Burgundy bottles.jpg, A bottle from
Burgundy Burgundy (; french: link=no, Bourgogne ) is a historical territory and former administrative region and province of east-central France. The province was once home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century. The c ...
: (a bourguignonne) File:Feuillatte 002.jpg, Bottles from Champagne: (champagnes) File:Gewurztraminer Alsace4.jpg, A bottle from Alsace: (a flute) File:Wine bottle Provence.jpg, A bottle from Provence: (a flute with corset, or flute provençale, or flute quille) File:Jura Arbois Traminer 2006 bottle.jpg, A bottle from Jura
(a jurassienne) File:Vin Jaune.jpg, A bottle of yellow wine from Jura: (a ''clavelin'') File:Bouteille type muscadet 1.jpg, A bottle from Muscadet: (a muscadet) File:Gaillacoise.jpg, Bottles from Gaillac: (some gaillacoises) File:4 Garrafões.jpg, Bottles of Vinho Verde in plastic (of ''garrafões'') File:Bocksbeutels.jpg, Bottles from Franconia: (a bocksbeutel) File:Fiasco di vino rosso da tavola Monteriggioni.jpg, A bottle from Chianti (a
fiasco Fiasco may refer to: * a failure or humiliating situation * Fiasco (bottle), a traditional Italian straw-covered wine bottle often associated with Chianti wine Media * ''Fiasco'' (novel), a 1987 science-fiction novel by Stanisław Lem * ''F ...
) File:Blaxsta Vidal Icewine 2005 bottle.jpg, A bottle of ice wine


Colors

Colouration of wine bottles was traditionally helped with protecting certain wines from solar radiation and to ensure wines age appropriately. Over time, regional variations in glass colouration has led to the emergence of "traditional" colours that are associated with certain types of wine. These are not absolute rules, and it is common to find bottle colours that deviate from what might be traditional. Some examples of traditional colouration include: * Green for wines from Mosel or Champagne, or Rieslings * Darker green glass for Bordeaux wines * A lighter "dead leaf" green for Burgandy chardonnays * Clearer bottles for wines that are not meant to be aged * Amber bottles being more common for white wines


Foils and netting

Commercial corked wine bottles typically have a protective sleeve called a foil (commonly referred to as a "capsule") covering the top of the bottle, the purpose of which is to protect the
cork Cork or CORK may refer to: Materials * Cork (material), an impermeable buoyant plant product ** Cork (plug), a cylindrical or conical object used to seal a container ***Wine cork Places Ireland * Cork (city) ** Metropolitan Cork, also known as G ...
from being gnawed away by rodents or infested with the
cork weevil Cork or CORK may refer to: Materials * Cork (material), an impermeable buoyant plant product ** Cork (plug), a cylindrical or conical object used to seal a container ***Wine cork Places Ireland * Cork (city) ** Metropolitan Cork, also known as ...
and to serve as collar to catch small drips when pouring. The foil also serves as a decorative element of the bottle's label. Foils were historically made of lead, but research showed that trace amounts of toxic lead could remain on the lip of the bottle and mix with the poured wine, so lead foil wrapping was slowly phased out, and by the 1990s, most foils were made of tin, heat-shrink plastic ( polyethylene, PVC), aluminium or polylaminate aluminium. Sealing wax is sometimes used, or the foil can be omitted entirely. In the US, the FDA officially banned lead foils on domestic and imported wine bottles as of 1996. Some bottles of wine have a paper strip beneath the foil, as a seal of authenticity, which must be broken before the bottle can be uncorked. Bottles of high-end Rioja wine may have a covering of gold wire netting, Spaniard Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga, Marqués de Riscal founded a winery in Rioja, in 1858, naming it after his own noble title, which had been created in 1708 by
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. He produced award-winning wines which became the preferred wines of King Alfonso XII. Camilo Hurtado de Amézaga invented a wire netting that covered his bottle, thereby preventing counterfeiters from substituting the wine, since it was impossible to remove the netting without breaking it. Modern day bottles of Rioja carry a much finer wire netting as a decoration.


Punts

A punt, also known as a kick-up, is the dimple at the bottom of a wine bottle. There is no consensus explanation for its purpose. The more commonly cited explanations include: * It is a historical remnant from the era when wine bottles were free blown using a blowpipe and
pontil Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a blowpipe (or blow tube). A person who blows glass is called a ''glassblower'', ''glassmith'', or ''gaffer''. A '' lampworke ...
. This technique leaves a punt mark on the base of the bottle; by indenting the point where the
pontil Glassblowing is a glassforming technique that involves inflating molten glass into a bubble (or parison) with the aid of a blowpipe (or blow tube). A person who blows glass is called a ''glassblower'', ''glassmith'', or ''gaffer''. A '' lampworke ...
is attached, this scar would not scratch the table or make the bottle unstable. * It had the function of making the bottle less likely to topple over—a bottle designed with a flat bottom only needs a small imperfection to make it unstable—the dimple historically allowed for a larger margin of error. * It consolidates sediment deposits in a thick ring at the bottom of the bottle, preventing much/most of it from being poured into the glass; this may be more a historical than a functional attribute since most modern wines contain little or no sediment. * It increases the strength of the bottle, allowing it to hold the high pressure of sparkling wine/champagne. * It provides a grip for
riddling The traditional method is the process used in the Champagne region of France to produce Champagne. It is also the method used in various French regions to produce sparkling wines (not called “Champagne”), in Spain to produce Cava, in Port ...
a bottle of sparkling wine manually in the traditional champagne production process. * It consumes some volume of the bottle, allowing the bottle to appear larger for the same amount of wine, which may impress the purchaser. * In folklore, taverns had a steel pin set vertically in the bar. The empty bottle would be thrust bottom-end down onto this pin, puncturing a hole in the top of the punt, guaranteeing the bottle could not be refilled. * It prevents the bottle from resonating as easily, decreasing the likelihood of shattering during transportation. * It allows bottles to be more easily stacked end to end. * Bottles could be stacked in cargo holds on ships without rolling around and breaking. * It makes the bottle easier to clean prior to filling with wine. When a stream of water is injected into the bottle and impacts the punt, it is distributed throughout the bottom of the bottle and removes residues.


Environmental impact

Glass retains its color on recycling, and the United Kingdom has a large surplus of green glass because it imports a large quantity of wine but produces very little. 1.4 million
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s are sent to
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annually. Glass is a relatively heavy packing material and wine bottles use quite thick glass, so the tare weight of a full wine bottle is a relatively high proportion of its gross weight. The average weight of an empty 750 mL wine bottle is 500 g (and can range from 300 to 900 g), which makes the glass 40% of the total weight of the full bottle. This has led to suggestions that wine should be exported in bulk from producer regions and bottled close to the market. This would reduce the cost of transportation and its
carbon footprint A carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by an individual, event, organization, service, place or product, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Greenhouse gases, including the carbon-containing gases carbo ...
, and provide a local market for recycled green glass. Less radically,
boxed wine Boxed wine (cask wine) is wine sold in a bag-in-box, bag inside a box. The box is made of cardboard or corrugated fiberboard, which supports a plastic wiktionary:bladder, bladder filled with wine. The wine flows out from a plastic push-release ...
is sold in large, light-weight, foil-lined cardboard containers, though its use has been restricted to cheaper products in the past and as such retains a stigma. Following declining sales of wine boxes in the UK, in 2009 the Office for National Statistics removed them from its
Consumer Price Index A consumer price index (CPI) is a price index, the price of a weighted average market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. Changes in measured CPI track changes in prices over time. Overview A CPI is a statistica ...
measure of inflation. Some wine producers are exploring more alternative packagings such as plastic bottles and
tetra pack Tetra Pak is a Swedish–Swiss multinational food packaging and processing company with head offices in Lund, Sweden, and Pully, Switzerland. The company offers packaging, filling machines and processing for dairy, beverages, cheese, ice cream ...
s.


Bibliography

* Jean-Robert Pitte, ''La bouteille de vin: Histoire d'une révolution'', 2013,


See also

* * * , considered the father of the modern wine bottle


References


External links

*
Liquor/Spirits Bottles
at the Society for Historical Archaeology {{DEFAULTSORT:Wine Bottle Alcohol measurement Glass bottles Wine packaging and storage