A waterway is any
navigable body of water. Broad distinctions are useful to avoid ambiguity, and disambiguation will be of varying importance depending on the nuance of the equivalent word in other languages. A first distinction is necessary between maritime shipping routes and waterways used by inland water craft. Maritime shipping routes cross oceans and seas, and some lakes, where navigability is assumed, and no engineering is required, except to provide the draft for deep-sea shipping to approach seaports (
channels), or to provide a short cut across an isthmus; this is the function of
ship canals. Dredged channels in the sea are not usually described as waterways. There is an exception to this initial distinction, essentially for legal purposes, see under
international waters.
Where seaports are located inland, they are approached through a waterway that could be termed "inland" but in practice is generally referred to as a "maritime waterway" (examples Seine Maritime,
Loire Maritime, Seeschiffahrtsstraße Elbe). The term "inland waterway" refers to navigable rivers and canals designed to be used by inland waterway craft only, implicitly of much smaller dimensions than seagoing ships.
In order for a waterway to be navigable, it must meet several criteria:
* it must be deep enough to accommodate
vessels loading to the design
draft;
* it must be wide enough to allow passage of the vessels with the design width or
beam;
* it must be free of obstacles to navigation such as
waterfalls and
rapids, or offer a way around them (such as
canal locks or
boat lifts);
* its
current must be mild enough to allow vessels to make headway upstream without undue difficulty;
* the wave height (on lakes) must not exceed the value for which the class of vessel is designed.
Vessels using waterways vary from small
animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and go through an ontogenetic stage ...
-drawn
barges to immense ocean
tankers and
ocean liners, such as
cruise ships.
History
Waterways have been an important part of human activity since prehistoric times and
navigability has allowed
watercraft and
canal
Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface f ...
s to pass through every
body of water. The
Grand Canal (China), a
UNESCO World Heritage Site, the oldest known waterway system in the world, is considered to be one of the world's largest and most extensive project of
engineering.
Example of classification of inland waterways
The
European Conference of Ministers of Transport established in 1953 a classification of waterways that was later expanded to take into account the development of push-towing. Europe is a continent with a great variety of waterway characteristics, which makes this classification valuable to appreciate the different classes in waterway. There is also a remarkable variety of waterway characteristics in many countries of Asia, but there has not been any equivalent international drive for uniformity. This classification is provided by the
UN Economic Commission for Europe, Inland Transport Committee, Working Party on Inland Water Transport. A low resolution version of that map is shown here.
Major waterways
*
Suez Canal
*
Panama Canal
*
Great Lakes Waterway
*
Saint Lawrence Seaway
See also
*
Air draft
Air draft (or air draught) is the distance from the surface of the water to the highest point on a vessel. This is similar to the " deep draft" of a vessel which is measured from the surface of the water to the deepest part of the hull below th ...
*
Flume
*
Inland waterways of the United States
*
International waters
*
List of canals in France
*
List of countries by waterways length
This is a list of countries by total waterways length (km) mostly based on The World Factbook
''The World Factbook'', also known as the ''CIA World Factbook'', is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with alma ...
*
List of waterways
*
Mill race
*
Salish Sea
*
Strait of Magellan
*
Water trail
References
External links
*
Blue Book on European inland waterways- access to the Blue Book database.
Waterscape - Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes
{{Authority control
Bodies of water