void type

The void type, in several programming languages, more so curly bracket programming languages derived from C and ALGOL 68, is the return type of a function that returns normally, but provides no result value to its caller. Usually such functions are called for their side effects, such as performing some task or writing to their output parameters. The use of the void data type in such context is comparable to ''procedures'' in Pascal and syntactic constructs which define ''subroutines'' in Visual Basic. It is also similar to the unit type used in functional programming languages and type theory. See Unit type#In programming languages for a comparison.

C and C++ also support the pointer to void type (specified as void *), but this is an unrelated notion. Variables of this type are pointers to data of an ''unspecified'' type, so in this context (but not the others) void * acts roughly like a universal or top type. A program can convert a pointer to any type of data (except a function pointer) to a pointer to void and back to the original type without losing information, which makes these pointers useful for polymorphic functions. The C language standard does not guarantee that the different pointer types have the same size or alignment.

In C and C++

A function with void result type ends either by reaching the end of the function or by executing a return statement with no returned value. The void type may also replace the argument list of a function prototype to indicate that the function takes no arguments. Note that in all of these situations, void is ''not'' a type qualifier on any value. Despite the name, this is semantically similar to an implicit unit type, not a zero or bottom type (which is sometimes confusingly called the "void type"). Unlike a real unit type which is a singleton, the void type lacks a way to represent its value and the language does not provide any way to declare an object or represent a value with type void.

In the earliest versions of C, functions with no specific result defaulted to a return type of int and functions with no arguments simply had empty argument lists. Pointers to untyped data were declared as integers or pointers to char. Some early C compilers had the feature, now seen as an annoyance, of generating a warning on any function call that did not use the function's returned value. Old code sometimes casts such function calls to void to suppress this warning. By the time Bjarne Stroustrup began his work on C++ in 1979–1980, void and void pointers were part of the C language dialect supported by AT&T-derived compilers.

The explicit use of void vs. giving no arguments in a function prototype has different semantics in C and C++, as detailed in this table:

The C syntax to declare a (non-variadic) function with an as-yet-unspecified number of parameters, e.g. void f() above, was deprecated in C99.Bjarne Stroustrup,
C and C++: Case Studies in Compatibility. Reconcilable differences? You decide
', Dr. Dobb's, September 01, 2002
print version
/ref> In C23 (and C++), a function prototype with empty parentheses declares a function with zero parameters.

In Haskell

In contrast to C++, in the functional programming language Haskell, the void type denotes the empty type, which has no inhabitant

A function into the void type does not return results, and a side-effectful program with type signature IO Void does not terminate, or crashes. In particular, there are no Partial function, total functions into the void type.

See also

*Null pointer

References

{{Data types

Data types
Type theory
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