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''Viburnum'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of about 150–175
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...
of
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...
s in the moschatel
family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
Adoxaceae Adoxaceae, commonly known as moschatel family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, now consisting of five genera and about 150–200 species. They are characterised by opposite toothed leaves, small five- or, more rare ...
. Its current classification is based on
molecular phylogeny Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
. It was previously included in the
honeysuckle Honeysuckles are arching shrubs or twining vines in the genus ''Lonicera'' () of the family Caprifoliaceae, native to northern latitudes in North America and Eurasia. Approximately 180 species of honeysuckle have been identified in both con ...
family
Caprifoliaceae The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species, in 33, to 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and ...
. The member species are
evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, whic ...
or
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...
shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from tree ...
s or (in a few cases) small trees native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America and southeast Asia. In Africa, the genus is confined to the
Atlas Mountains The Atlas Mountains are a mountain range in the Maghreb in North Africa. It separates the Sahara Desert from the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean; the name "Atlantic" is derived from the mountain range. It stretches around through ...
.


Name

The generic name ''Viburnum'' originated in
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
, where it referred to '' V. lantana''.


Description

The
leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, st ...
are opposite, simple, and entire, toothed or lobed; cool temperate species are
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...
, while most of the warm temperate species are
evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, whic ...
. Some species are densely hairy on the shoots and leaves, with star-shaped hairs. The
flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanis ...
s are produced in
corymb Corymb is a botanical term for an inflorescence with the flowers growing in such a fashion that the outermost are borne on longer pedicels than the inner, bringing all flowers up to a common level. A corymb has a flattish top with a superficial ...
s 5–15 cm across, each flower white to cream or pink, small, 3–5 mm across, with five petals, strongly fragrant in some species. The
gynoecium Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) '' pist ...
has three connate
carpel Gynoecium (; ) is most commonly used as a collective term for the parts of a flower that produce ovules and ultimately develop into the fruit and seeds. The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower; it consists of (one or more) '' pistils' ...
s with the
nectary Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualist ...
on top of the gynoecium. Some species also have a fringe of large, showy sterile flowers around the perimeter of the corymb to act as a pollinator target. The
fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in partic ...
is a spherical, oval, or somewhat flattened
drupe In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is an indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part ( exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the ''pit'', ''stone'', or ''pyrena'') of hardened endocarp with a seed (''kernel ...
, red to purple, blue, or black, and containing a single
seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosper ...
; some are edible for humans, but many others are mildly
poison Poison is a chemical substance that has a detrimental effect to life. The term is used in a wide range of scientific fields and industries, where it is often specifically defined. It may also be applied colloquially or figuratively, with a broa ...
ous. The leaves are eaten by the
larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. ...
e of many Lepidoptera species. Birds eat the berries of ''Viburnum obovatum'' (also called Walter Viburnum after Thomas Walter).


Species

Around 165 species are described. A 2014 phylogenetic study proposed the following phylogenetic scheme and sections: *'' V. clemensiae'' Kern Lentago – Eastern North America except for ''V. elatum'' in Mexico *'' V. cassinoides'' L. – Witherod viburnum, wild raisin, Appalachian tea *'' V. elatum'' Benth *'' V. lentago'' L. – nannyberry *'' V. nudum'' L. – possumhaw *'' V. obovatum'' Walter – Small-leaf Virbunum *'' V. prunifolium'' L. – blackhaw *'' V. rufidulum'' Raf. – rusty blackhaw Punctata *'' Viburnum lepidotulum'' Merr. & Chun *'' Viburnum punctatum'' Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don Euviburnum *'' V. bitchiuense'' Makino *'' V. buddleifolium'' *'' V. burejaeticum'' Regel et Herder *'' V. carlesii'' Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – Korean spice viburnum *'' V. cotinifolium'' D. Don *'' V. lantana'' L. – wayfaring tree, hoarwithy *'' V. macrocephalum'' Fortune – Chinese viburnum (琼花) *'' V. mongolicum'' (Pall.)Rehder *'' V. rhytidophyllum'' Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – wrinkled viburnum *'' V. schensianum'' Maxim. *'' V. utile'' Hemsl. – service viburnum *'' V. veitchii'' C.H. Wright Pseudotinus – Asia, except ''V. lantanoides'' in Eastern North America *'' V. furcatum'' Blume ex Hook.f. & Thomson – forked viburnum, scarlet leaved viburnum *'' V. lantanoides'' Michx. – hobble-bush, American wayfaring tree *'' V. nervosum'' D. Don *'' V. sympodiale'' Graebn. Solenotinus – Asia, extending west to India and south to Indonesia *'' V. awabuki'' Hort.Berol. Ex K. Koch *'' V. brachybotryum'' Hemsl. *'' V. chingii'' P.S. Hsu *'' V. corymbiflorum'' P.S. Hsu & S.C. Hsu *'' V. erubescens'' Wall *'' V. farreri'' Stearn – Farrer's viburnum *'' V. foetens'' *'' V. grandiflorum'' Wall. Ex DC – Himalayan viburnum *'' V. henryi'' Hemsl. *'' V. odoratissimum'' Ker-Gawl. – sweet viburnum *'' V. oliganthum'' Batalin *'' V. sieboldii'' Miq. – Siebold's viburnum *'' V. subalpinum'' Hand.-Mazz. *'' V. suspensum'' Lindl. – Sandankwa viburnum *'' V. taitoense Hayata Lutescentia (excluding Tomentosa) *'' V. amplifolium'' *'' V. colebrookeanum'' Wall. Ex DC *'' V. garrettii'' *'' V. junghunii'' *'' V. laterale'' *'' V. lutescens'' Blume *'' V. pyramidatum'' Tomentosa – China, Japan *'' V. plicatum'' Thunberg – Japanese snowball *'' V. hanceanum'' Amplicrenotinus (excluding Crenotinus) *'' V. amplificatum'' J. Kern Urceolata *'' V. taiwanianum'' Hayata *'' V. urceolatum'' Siebold & Zucc. Tinus – Asia, except ''V. tinus'' in Europe *'' V. atrocyaneum'' C.B. Clarke *'' V. calvum'' Rehder *'' V. cinnamomifolium'' Rehder – cinnamon-leaved viburnum *'' V. davidii'' Franchet – David viburnum *'' V. propinquum'' Hemsl. *'' V. rigidum'' Vent. *'' V. tinus'' M.J. – Laurustinus *'' V. triplinerve'' Corisuccotinus (excluding Succotinus and Coriaceae) *'' V. acerifolium'' L. – maple-leaf viburnum *'' V. kansuense'' Batalin *'' V. orientale'' Pall. Succotinus *'' V. adenophorum'' W.W. Sm. *'' V. annamensis'' Fukouoka *'' V. betulifolium'' Batalin *'' V. brachyandrum'' Nakai *'' V. corylifolium'' Hook.f. & Thomson *'' V. dilatatum'' Thunberg – linden viburnum *'' V. erosum'' Thunberg *'' V. flavescens'' W.W. Sm. *'' V. foetidum'' (Graebn.) Rehder *'' V. formosanum'' Hayata *'' V. hupehense'' Rehder *'' V. ichangense'' Rehder *'' V. integrifolium'' Hayata *'' V. japonicum'' Spreng *'' V. lobophyllum'' *'' V. luzonicum'' Rolfe *'' V. melanocarpum'' Hsu in Chen et al. *'' V. mullaha'' Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don *'' V. parvifolium'' Hayata *'' V. sempervirens'' K. Koch *'' V. setigerum'' M.J. Donoghue – tea viburnum *'' V. tashiroi'' Nakai *'' V. wrightii'' Miquel – Wright's viburnum Coriaceae *'' V. coriaceum'' Blume *'' V. cylindricum'' Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don *'' V. hebanthum'' Wight & Arn. Sambucina *'' V. beccarii'' Gamble *'' V. hispidulum'' J. Kern *'' V. inopinatum'' Craib. *'' V. sambucinum'' Reinew. Ex Blume *'' V. vernicosum'' Gibbs *'' V. ternatum'' Rehder Opulus – Circumboreal *'' V. edule'' Raf. – squashberry, mooseberry, pembina, pimbina, lowbush cranberry, ''moosomin'' (
Cree language Cree (also known as Cree– Montagnais– Naskapi) is a dialect continuum of Algonquian languages spoken by approximately 117,000 people across Canada, from the Northwest Territories to Alberta to Labrador. If considered one language, it is th ...
) *'' V. koreanum'' – Korean viburnum *'' V. opulus'' L. – Guelder-rose *'' V. sargentii'' Koehne – Tianmu viburnum (天目琼花) *'' V. trilobum'' Marshall – high bush viburnum Mollotinus *'' V. australe'' C.V. Morton – Mexican arrowwood *'' V. bracteatum'' Rehder – bracted arrowwood, limerock arrowwood *'' V. ellipticum'' Hook. – common viburnum, oval-leaved viburnum *'' V. molle'' Michx. – softleaf arrowwood *'' V. rafinesquianum'' Schult. – downy arrowwood Dentata – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America *'' V. dentatum'' L. – arrowwood viburnum *'' V. recognitum'' Fernald – smooth arrowwood Oreinotinus – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America *'' V. acutifolium'' Benth. *'' V. caudatum'' Greenm. *'' V. costaricanum'' (Oerst.) Hemsl. *'' V. discolor'' Benth. *'' V. disjunctum'' C.V. Morton *'' V. divaricatum'' *'' V. jamesonii'' (Oerst.)Killip & A.C. Sm. *'' V. jucundum'' C.V. Morton *'' V. lautum'' C.V. Morton *'' V. loeseneri'' Graebn. *'' V. stellato-tomentosum'' (Oerst.) Hemsl. *'' V. stenocalyx'' Hemsl. *'' V. sulcatum'' (Oerst.) Hemsl. *'' V. toronis'' Killip & A.C. Sm. *'' V. triphyllum'' Benth. – chuchua, chuque Undetermined *'' V. arboreum'' *'' V. betulifolium'' Batalin *'' V. glomeratum'' *'' V. hondurense'' *'' V. maculatum'' *'' V. molinae'' *'' V. mortonianum'' *''V. phlebotrichum'' *'' V. subpubescens'' *'' V. treleasei'' *'' V. tridentatum'' *''V. venosum'' (or ''V. dentata var venosum'')


Formerly placed here

*'' Hydrangea arborescens'' L. (as ''V. alnifolium'' Marshall, or ''V. americanum'' Mill.) *''
Hydrangea macrophylla ''Hydrangea macrophylla'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of ...
'' (Thunb.) Ser. (as ''V. macrophyllum'' Thunb.)


Cultivation and uses

Many species of viburnum have become popular as
garden A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate bot ...
or
landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes the ...
plants because of their showy flowers and berries, fragrance, and good autumn colour of some forms. Some popular species, hybrids, and
cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...
s include:Huxley, A., ed. (1992). ''New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan . * The hybrid ''Viburnum'' × ''bodnantense'' (''V. farreri'' × ''V. grandiflorum'') is particularly popular for its strongly scented pink flowers on the leafless
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...
shoots in mid- to late winter. * ''Viburnum'' × ''burkwoodii'' (''V. carlesii'' × ''V. utile'') * ''Viburnum'' × ''carlcephalum'' (''V. carlesii'' × ''V. macrocephalum'') * '' Viburnum carlesii'' has round white flowerheads, strong fragrance, dense structure, and reddish leaves in autumn. * '' Viburnum davidii'' is an evergreen species from China with blue fruit. * ''
Viburnum dentatum ''Viburnum dentatum'', southern arrowwood or arrowwood viburnum or roughish arrowwood, is a small shrub, native to the eastern United States and Canada from Maine south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. Like most '' Viburnum'', it has oppos ...
'' has flat-topped flowers, bluish fruit, and reddish leaves in autumn. It is somewhat salt-tolerant. The cultivar 'Blue Muffin' is more compact than the species and has fruit that are a deeper blue than the species. * ''
Viburnum dilatatum ''Viburnum dilatatum'', commonly known as linden arrowwood or linden viburnum, is a deciduous shrub in the moschatel family (Adoxaceae). It is native to eastern Asia, and can be found as an introduced plant in the mid-Atlantic regions in the U.S ...
'' has flat-topped flowers, reddish leaves in autumn, and bright red fruit that persist into winter. * ''Viburnum'' × ''jackii'' – Jack's viburnum * ''Viburnum × juddii'' (''V. bitchiuense'' × ''V. carlesii'') * ''
Viburnum plicatum ''Viburnum plicatum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae (formerly Caprifoliaceae), native to mainland China, Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. The Latin specific epithet ''plicatum'' means “pleated”, referring to the texture of ...
'' has white flowers, textured leaves, reddish-black fruit, and can grow quite large under ideal conditions. The species can tolerate shade, but not drought. * ''Viburnum × '' (''V. rhytidophyllum'' × ''V. utile'') * ''Viburnum × rhytidophylloides'' (''V. lantana'' × ''V. rhytidophyllum'')popular evergreen shrub, drought resistant. Shiny green leafs, white flowers. * '' Viburnum rhytidophyllum'' is a popular
evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, whic ...
species, grown mainly for its foliage effect of large, dark green leathery leaves with strongly wrinkled surface. This is the parent species of two popular hybrid cultivars known as 'Alleghany' and ''. 'Alleghany' was selected from a hybrid between ''V. rhytidophyllum'' and ''V. lantana'' 'Mohican' (in 1958, at the US National Arboretum). * '' Viburnum setigerum'' has upright, coarse structure and orange to reddish-orange fruit. * ''
Viburnum sieboldii ''Viburnum sieboldii'', or Siebold's viburnum, is a plant in the muskroot family, Adoxaceae. Description ''Viburnum sieboldii'' is a large shrub or small tree with opposite, simple leaves A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principa ...
'' has coarse, open structure, flat-topped flowers, reddish-black fruit, and can grow as a small tree. * '' Viburnum tinus'' is a widely grown garden and landscape shrub. The cultivars '' and 'Eskimo', of mixed or uncertain parentage, have won the
Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...
's
Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...
.


Other uses

In
prehistory Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The us ...
, the long, straight shoots of some viburnums were used for
arrow An arrow is a fin-stabilized projectile launched by a bow. A typical arrow usually consists of a long, stiff, straight shaft with a weighty (and usually sharp and pointed) arrowhead attached to the front end, multiple fin-like stabilizers ...
-shafts, as those found with
Ötzi the Iceman Ötzi, also called the Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived some time between 3350 and 3105 BC, discovered in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi") on the border between Austria and Italy. Ötzi is believed to ...
. The fruit of some species (e.g. ''V. lentago''Plants for a future
''Viburnum lentago''
/ref>) are edible and can be eaten either raw or for making jam, while other species (e.g. ''V. opulus''Plants for a future
''Viburnum opulus''
/ref>) are mildly toxic and can cause vomiting if eaten in quantity. The
bark Bark may refer to: * Bark (botany), an outer layer of a woody plant such as a tree or stick * Bark (sound), a vocalization of some animals (which is commonly the dog) Places * Bark, Germany * Bark, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland Arts, e ...
of some species is used in
herbal medicine Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remedie ...
, as an
antispasmodic An antispasmodic (synonym: spasmolytic) is a pharmaceutical drug or other agent that suppresses muscle spasms. Smooth muscle spasm One type of antispasmodics is used for smooth muscle relaxation, especially in tubular organs of the gastrointest ...
and to treat
asthma Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, co ...
.


Cultural references

In
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...
'' Viburnum opulus'' is an important element of their traditional folk cultures. In
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...
, '' Viburnum opulus'' (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol, an emblem for both the
Koliada Koliada or koleda (Cyrillic: коляда, коледа, колада, коледе) is the traditional Slavic name for the period from Christmas to Epiphany or, more generally, to Slavic Christmas-related rituals, some dating to pre-Christian ...
festivities and the concept of young girl's love and tenderness. It is the key element of the Ukrainian traditional wreath. Number of folk songs are dedicated to Kalyna as well as very popular song '" ''Oi u Luzi Chervona Kalina''"''


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q158492 Dipsacales genera