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''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
in the family
Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell. The ...
. It contains about 150 species of
annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year ** Yearbook ** Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), ...
and
perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...
herbaceous or semi-woody
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...
s. The majority of the species are
native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...
to the Americas and Asia; however, ''
Verbena officinalis ''Verbena officinalis'', the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to 70 cm high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, and the delicate spikes hold clusters of two-lipped mau ...
'', the common vervain or common verbena, is the
type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specim ...
and native to Europe.


Naming

In English, the name ''Verbena'' is usually used in the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas elsewhere the terms ''verveine'' or ''vervain'' are in use. When used alone, the terms usually refer to common verbena.


Description

Verbena is an
herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition o ...
flowering plant, belonging to the Verbenaceae
family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...
, and may be annual or perennial depending on the
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriat ...
. The leaves are usually opposite, simple, and in many species hairy, often densely so. The flowers are small, with five petals, and borne in dense spikes. Typically some shade of blue, they may also be white, pink, or purple, especially in
cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...
s. The genus can be divided into a
diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectiv ...
North American and a
polyploid Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of ( homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei ( eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set conta ...
South American lineage, both with a base
chromosome number Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectivel ...
of seven. The European species is derived from the North American lineage. It seems that verbena as well as the related
mock vervain ''Glandularia'', common name mock vervain or mock verbena, is a genus of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Verbenaceae. They are native to the Americas. Description These plants, like their relatives the vervains ...
s (''Glandularia'') evolved from the assemblage provisionally treated under the genus name ''
Junellia ''Junellia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena and vervain family Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable ...
''; both other genera were usually included in the Verbenaceae until the 1990s. Intergeneric
chloroplast A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight, converts it, and stores it i ...
gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). HG ...
by an undetermined mechanism – though probably not hybridization – has occurred at least twice from vervains to ''Glandularia'', between the ancestors of the present-day South American lineages and once more recently, between '' V. orcuttiana'' or '' V. hastata'' and '' G. bipinnatifida''. In addition, several species of verbena are of natural hybrid origin; the well-known garden vervain/verbena has an entirely muddy history. The relationships of this close-knit group are therefore hard to resolve with standard methods of
computational phylogenetics Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic
.


Cultivation

Some species, hybrids and cultivars of verbena are used as ornamental plants. They are drought-resistant, tolerating full to partial sun, and enjoy well-drained, average soils. Plants are usually grown from seed. Some species and hybrids are not
hardy Hardy may refer to: People * Hardy (surname) * Hardy (given name) * Hardy (singer), American singer-songwriter Places Antarctica * Mount Hardy, Enderby Land * Hardy Cove, Greenwich Island * Hardy Rocks, Biscoe Islands Australia * Hardy, Sout ...
and are treated as half-hardy annuals in
bedding Bedding, also known as bedclothes or bed linen, is the materials laid above the mattress of a bed for hygiene, warmth, protection of the mattress, and decorative effect. Bedding is the removable and washable portion of a human sleeping environm ...
schemes. They are valued in butterfly gardening in suitable climates, attracting Lepidoptera such as the Hummingbird hawk-moth, Chocolate albatross, or the
Pipevine swallowtail ''Battus philenor'', the pipevine swallowtail or blue swallowtail, Retrieved April 19, 2018. is a swallowtail butterfly found in North America and Central America. This butterfly is black with iridescent-blue hindwings. They are found in many di ...
, and also hummingbirds, especially ''V. officinalis'', which is also grown as a honey plant. The hybrid cultivars "Silver Anne" and "
Sissinghurst Sissinghurst is a small village in the borough of Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England. Originally called ''Milkhouse Street'' (also referred to as ''Mylkehouse''), Sissinghurst changed its name in the 1850s, possibly to avoid association with the sm ...
" have gained the
Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...
's
Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...
.


Pests and diseases

For some verbena pathogens, see
List of verbena diseases This article is a list of diseases of verbena (''Verbena × hybrida''). Fungal diseases Viral diseases {, class="wikitable" style="clear" , Bidens mottle , , genus Potyvirus, Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV) , - , Impatiens necrotic spot , , gen ...
. Cultivated verbenas are sometimes parasitized by sweet potato whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'') and spread this pest to other crops.


Uses

Although verbena ("vervain") has been used in
herbalism Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern reme ...
and
traditional medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...
, usually as an herbal tonic, there is no high-quality evidence for its effectiveness. Verbena has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare
Bach flower remedies Bach flower remedies (BFRs) are solutions of brandy and water—the water containing extreme dilutions of flower material developed by Edward Bach, an English homeopath, in the 1930s. Bach claimed that the dew found on flower petals retains ...
, a kind of
alternative medicine Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or evidence from clinical trials. Complementary medicine (CM), complementary and al ...
promoted for its effect on health. According to
Cancer Research UK Cancer Research UK (CRUK) is the world's largest independent cancer research organization. It is registered as a charity in the United Kingdom and Isle of Man, and was formed on 4 February 2002 by the merger of The Cancer Research Campaign and t ...
, "essence therapists believe that using essences can help to increase your mental, emotional and spiritual wellbeing. However, essences are not used to prevent, control, or cure cancer or any other physical condition." The
essential oil An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the o ...
of various species, mainly common vervain, is traded as "Spanish verbena oil". Considered inferior to oil of lemon verbena (''Aloysia citrodora'') in perfumery, it is of some commercial importance for herbalism.


In culture

Verbena has long been associated with divine and other supernatural forces. It was called "tears of
Isis Isis (; ''Ēse''; ; Meroitic: ''Wos'' 'a''or ''Wusa''; Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎, romanized: ʾs) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kin ...
" in ancient Egypt, and later called "Hera's tears". In ancient Greece it was dedicated to Eos Erigineia. The generic name is the Latin term for a plant sacred to the ancient Romans.
Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ' ...
describes ''verbena'' presented on
Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousand ...
altars; it is not entirely clear if this referred to a verbena rather than the general term for prime sacrificial herbs. Pliny the Elder notes "the Magi especially make the maddest statements about the plant: that mong other thingsa circle must be drawn with iron round the plant". The common names of verbena in many Central and Eastern European languages often associate it with
iron Iron () is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from la, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, right in ...
. These include for example the Dutch ' ("iron-hard"), Danish ' ("medical ironwort"), German ' ("true ironherb"), Slovak ' ("medical ironherb"), and Hungarian ' ("iron grass"). In the early Christian era, folk legend stated that ''V. officinalis'' was used to staunch Jesus' wounds after his removal from the cross. It was consequently called "holy herb" or (e.g. in Wales) "Devil's bane". According to the Wiccan writer
Doreen Valiente Doreen Edith Dominy Valiente (4 January 1922 – 1 September 1999) was an English Wiccan who was responsible for writing much of the early religious liturgy within the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. An author and poet, she also published five b ...
, Vervain flowers signify the goddess Diana and are often depicted on '' cimaruta'', traditional Italian amulets. In the 1870 ''The History and Practice of Magic'' by "Paul Christian" (Jean-Baptiste Pitois) it is employed in the preparation of a mandragora charm. The book also describes its antiseptic capabilities (p. 336), and use as a protection against spells (pp. 339, 414). While common vervain is not native to North America, it has been introduced there and for example the Pawnee have adopted it as an
entheogen Entheogens are psychoactive substances that induce alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior for the purposes of engendering spiritual development or otherwiseRätsch, Christian, ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoac ...
enhancer and in oneiromancy (dream divination), much as ''
Calea zacatechichi ''Calea ternifolia'' (syn. ''Calea zacatechichi'') is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae. It is native to Mexico and Central America. Its English language common names include bitter-grass, Mexican calea, and dream herb ...
'' is used in Mexico. An indeterminate vervain is among the plants on the eighth panel of the
New World Tapestry The New World Tapestry was for a time the largest stitched embroidery in the world. It depicts Kingdom of England, English British colonisation of the Americas, colonisation in North America, Guyanas, and Bermuda between the years 1583 and 1642, wh ...
(''Expedition to Cape Cod''). In the Victorian
language of flowers Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in tradition ...
, verbena held the dual meaning of enchantment and sensibility.


Species

The following species are accepted: (See also ''
Aloysia ''Aloysia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. They are known generally as beebrushes.
'', '' Glandularia'' and ''
Junellia ''Junellia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena and vervain family Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable ...
'' for species formerly placed here.) *'' Verbena alata'' Otto ex Sweet *''
Verbena alejandrana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' (B.L.Turner) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena × allenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena amoena'' Paxton *'' Verbena andalgalensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena angustilobata'' (Moldenke) Christenh. & Byng *''
Verbena araucana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' Phil. *''
Verbena aristigera ''Verbena aristigera'' (syns. ''Glandularia aristigera'' and ''Verbena tenuisecta''), variously called the moss verbena, desert verbena, fine leafed verbena, wild verbena, tuber vervain, South American mock vervain, Mayne's curse and Mayne's pest ...
'' S.Moore *'' Verbena atacamensis'' Reiche *'' Verbena aurantiaca'' Speg. *'' Verbena bajacalifornica'' Moldenke *''
Verbena balansae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Briq. *''
Verbena barbata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Graham *'' Verbena berteroi'' (Meisn.) Schauer *'' Verbena × bingenensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena bipinnatifida'' Schauer *'' Verbena × blanchardii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena bonariensis'' L. – purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, tall verbena, pretty verbena, South American vervain *'' Verbena brachyrhynchos'' (G.L.Nesom & Vorobik) Christenh. & Byng *''
Verbena bracteata ''Verbena bracteata'' is a species of verbena known by the common names bracted vervain, bigbract verbena, prostrate vervain, and carpet vervain. It is native to North America where it is widespread, occurring throughout the continent except for ...
'' Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. – prostrate vervain, large-bracted vervain *''
Verbena brasiliensis ''Verbena brasiliensis'', the Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain, is a flowering plant species from the vervain family (biology), family (Verbenaceae). It is native to parts of South America, namely Brazil, but has spread its range in recent ...
'' Vell. – Brazilian verbena, Brazilian vervain *''
Verbena cabrerae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Moldenke *'' Verbena californica'' Moldenke – California vervain, Red Hills vervain *'' Verbena calinfera'' G.L.Nesom *''
Verbena canadensis ''Verbena canadensis'' (syn. ''Glandularia canadensis''), commonly known as rose mock vervain, rose verbena, clump verbena or rose vervain is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the verbena family (Verbenaceae) with showy pink to purple flo ...
'' (L.) Britton *'' Verbena canescens'' Kunth – gray vervain *'' Verbena caniuensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena carnea'' Medik. *''
Verbena carolina ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' L. *'' Verbena catharinae'' Moldenke *'' Verbena cheitmaniana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena chiricahensis'' (Umber) Moldenke *'' Verbena × clemensiorum'' Moldenke *''
Verbena cloverae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...
'' Moldenke *'' Verbena corymbosa'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena cuneifolia'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena dalloniana'' Quézel *'' Verbena × deamii'' Moldenke *''
Verbena delicatula ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Mart. & Zucc. *'' Verbena delticola'' Small ex Perry *''
Verbena demissa ''Verbena demissa'' is a species of plant in the family Verbenaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland A grassland is a ...
'' Moldenke *'' Verbena dissecta'' Willd. ex Spreng. *'' Verbena dusenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ehrenbergiana'' Schauer *'' Verbena elegans'' Kunth *'' Verbena × engelmannii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ephedroides'' Cham. *'' Verbena falcata'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena filicaulis'' Schauer *'' Verbena flava'' Gillies & Hook. *'' Verbena glabrata'' Kunth *'' Verbena gooddingii'' Briq. *'' Verbena × goodmanii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena goyazensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena gracilescens'' (Cham.) Herter *'' Verbena gracilis'' Desf. *''
Verbena grisea ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' B.L.Rob. & Greenm. *'' Verbena guaibensis'' (P.Peralta & V.Thode) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena guaranitica'' (Tronc.) Moldenke *'' Verbena gynobasis'' Wedd. *'' Verbena halei'' Small – Texas vervain *'' Verbena hassleriana'' Briq. *'' Verbena hastata'' L. – swamp verbena, blue vervain *'' Verbena hatschbachii'' Moldenke *''
Verbena herteri ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...
'' Moldenke *''
Verbena hirta ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...
'' Spreng. *'' Verbena hispida'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena humifusa'' Cham. *'' Verbena × illicita'' Moldenke *'' Verbena incompta'' P.W.Michael *'' Verbena intermedia'' Gillies & Hook. *'' Verbena jessicae'' Nesom & G.S.Hinton *'' Verbena jordanensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena kuntzeana'' Moldenke *''
Verbena laciniata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' (L.) Briq. *'' Verbena landbeckii'' Phil. *''
Verbena lasiostachys ''Verbena lasiostachys'' is a species of verbena known by the common name western vervain. It is native to western North America from Oregon, throughout California, to Baja California. It is widespread and occurs in many types of habitat, incl ...
'' Link – western vervain *'' Verbena lilacina'' Greene *'' Verbena lilloana'' Moldenke *''
Verbena lindbergii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Moldenke *'' Verbena lindmanii'' Briq. *'' Verbena lipozygioides'' Walp. *''
Verbena litoralis ''Verbena litoralis'' is a species of verbena known by the common names seashore vervain and Brazilian vervain, and in Hawaiian, ''ōwī''. It is native to the Americas from Mexico south through Central and South America to Argentina and Chile. ...
'' Kunth – seashore vervain *''
Verbena livermorensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' B.L.Turner & G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena lobata'' Vell. *'' Verbena macdougalii'' A.Heller *''
Verbena macrosperma ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Speg. *'' Verbena madrensis'' G.L.Nesom *''
Verbena malmii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Moldenke *'' Verbena malpaisana'' (T.Van Devender & G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena maritima'' Small *'' Verbena marrubioides'' Cham. *'' Verbena megapotamica'' Spreng. *'' Verbena mendocina'' Phil. *''
Verbena menthifolia ''Verbena menthifolia'' is a species of verbena known by the common name mint-leaved vervain or mint vervain. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it occurs in many types of open, dry habitat such as desert sc ...
'' Benth. – mint vervain *'' Verbena microphylla'' Kunth *''
Verbena moctezumae ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' G.L.Nesom & T.Van Devender *'' Verbena × moechina'' Moldenke *'' Verbena montevidensis'' Spreng. – Uruguayan verbena *'' Verbena moranii'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena multiglandulosa'' Moldenke *'' Verbena nana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena neomexicana'' (A.Gray) Briq. – hillside vervain *''
Verbena officinalis ''Verbena officinalis'', the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to 70 cm high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, and the delicate spikes hold clusters of two-lipped mau ...
'' L. – common vervain, simpler's joy, holy herb, mosquito plant, wild hyssop, herb of the cross (type species) *'' Verbena × ostenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ovata'' Cham. *'' Verbena paraguariensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena paranensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena parodii'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *'' Verbena paulensis'' Moldenke *''
Verbena perennis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' Wooton – pinleaf vervain *'' Verbena × perriana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena × perturbata'' Moldenke *''
Verbena peruviana ''Verbena peruviana'' (syn. ''Glandularia peruviana''), the Peruvian mock vervain, is a species of flowering plant in the family Verbenaceae. It is native to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, but not Peru, and ...
'' (L.) Britton *'' Verbena phlogiflora'' Cham. *'' Verbena pinetorum'' Moldenke *'' Verbena platensis'' Spreng. *''
Verbena plicata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...
'' Greene *'' Verbena polyantha'' (Umber) Moldenke *'' Verbena porrigens'' Phil. *''
Verbena pumila ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...
'' Rydb. *'' Verbena quadrangulata'' A.Heller *'' Verbena racemosa'' Eggert *'' Verbena radicata'' Moldenke *'' Verbena recta'' Kunth *'' Verbena rectiloba'' Moldenke *'' Verbena regnelliana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena reitzii'' Moldenke *''
Verbena ribifolia ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' Walp. *''
Verbena rigida ''Verbena rigida'', known as slender vervain or tuberous vervain, is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Verbenaceae. It is native to Brazil and Argentina, and is not fully hardy in temperate climates, where consequently it is ...
'' Spreng. – tuberous vervain *''
Verbena rugosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Mill. *'' Verbena × rydbergii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena sagittalis'' Cham. *'' Verbena santiaguensis'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *'' Verbena scabra'' Vahl – sandpaper vervain *''
Verbena scabrella ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' Sessé & Moc. *'' Verbena scrobiculata'' Griseb. *'' Verbena selloi'' Spreng. *''
Verbena sessilis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' (Cham.) Kuntze *''
Verbena simplex ''Verbena simplex'', commonly known as narrowleaf vervain, is a perennial herbaceous plant plant in the Verbenaceae (vervain) family. It is native to central and eastern North America where it is found in open, dry, habitats on calcareous soil. ...
'' Lehm. – narrow-leaved vervain *'' Verbena sphaerocarpa'' L.M.Perry *'' Verbena stellarioides'' Cham. *''
Verbena stricta ''Verbena stricta'', also known as hoary verbena or hoary vervain, is a small purple wildflower native to a large region of the central United States. Region ''Verbena stricta'' is native to Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dako ...
'' Vent. – hoary vervain *''
Verbena strigosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Cham. *'' Verbena × stuprosa'' Moldenke *''
Verbena subincana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' (Tronc.) Shinners *'' Verbena sulphurea'' D.Don *''
Verbena supina ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' L. *'' Verbena tampensis'' Nash *'' Verbena tecticaulis'' Tronc. *''
Verbena tenera ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' Spreng. *'' Verbena teucriifolia'' M.Martens & Galeotti *'' Verbena thymoides'' Cham. *'' Verbena tomophylla'' Briq. *''
Verbena townsendii ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...
'' Svenson *''
Verbena tumidula ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...
'' L.M.Perry *''
Verbena turneri ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the America ...
'' (G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena tweedieana'' Niven ex Hook. *'' Verbena urticifolia'' L. – white vervain *'' Verbena × uruguayensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena valerianoides'' Kunth *'' Verbena venturii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena verecunda'' (Umber) Moldenke *''
Verbena villifolia ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' Hayek *'' Verbena xutha'' Lehm. – gulf vervain


Gallery

File:Verbena obsession cascade pink 163940 02.jpg , Verbena obsession cascade pink File:Verbena bracteata NPS-1.jpg, Large-bracted Vervain ('' V. bracteata'') File:Verbena rigida0.jpg, ''
Verbena rigida ''Verbena rigida'', known as slender vervain or tuberous vervain, is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the family Verbenaceae. It is native to Brazil and Argentina, and is not fully hardy in temperate climates, where consequently it is ...
'' File:Verbena speciosa1.jpg, ''
Verbena speciosa ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...
'' File:Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry.jpg, Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry File:Verbena stricta NPS-001.jpg, Hoary Vervain ('' V. stricta'')


References


External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q165290 Garden plants Verbenaceae genera Medicinal plants