Valence, or hedonic tone, is the
affective
Affect, in psychology, refers to the underlying experience of feeling, emotion or mood.
History
The modern conception of affect developed in the 19th century with Wilhelm Wundt. The word comes from the German ''Gefühl'', meaning "feeling ...
quality referring to the intrinsic
attractiveness/"good"-ness (positive valence) or
averseness/"bad"-ness (negative valence) of an event, object, or situation. The term also characterizes and categorizes specific
emotions. For example, emotions popularly referred to as "negative", such as
anger
Anger, also known as wrath or rage, is an intense emotional state involving a strong uncomfortable and non-cooperative response to a perceived provocation, hurt or threat.
A person experiencing anger will often experience physical effects, su ...
and
fear
Fear is an intensely unpleasant emotion in response to perceiving or recognizing a danger or threat. Fear causes physiological changes that may produce behavioral reactions such as mounting an aggressive response or fleeing the threat. Fear ...
, have ''negative valence''.
Joy has ''positive valence''. Positively valenced emotions are evoked by positively valenced events, objects, or situations. The term is also used to describe the hedonic tone of
feelings,
affect, certain
behaviors (for example, approach and avoidance), goal attainment or nonattainment, and conformity with or violation of
norms.
Ambivalence can be viewed as conflict between positive and negative valence-carriers.
Theorists taking a valence-based approach to studying
affect, judgment, and choice posit that emotions with the same valence (e.g., anger and fear or
pride
Pride is defined by Merriam-Webster as "reasonable self-esteem" or "confidence and satisfaction in oneself". A healthy amount of pride is good, however, pride sometimes is used interchangeably with "conceit" or "arrogance" (among other words) w ...
and
surprise) produce a similar influence on judgments and choices.
Suffering
Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence of a ...
is negative valence and the opposite of this is
pleasure or
happiness
Happiness, in the context of mental or emotional states, is positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. Other forms include life satisfaction, well-being, subjective well-being, flourishing and eudaimonia.
...
. Suffering can mean all unpleasant emotions.
History of usage
The use of the term in psychology entered English with the translation from German ("Valenz") in 1935 of works of
Kurt Lewin. The original German word suggests "binding," and is commonly used in a grammatical context to describe the ability of one word to semantically and syntactically link another, especially the ability of a verb to require a number of "additions" (eg subject and object) to form a complete sentence. The word has been used in the hard sciences to describe the mechanism by which atoms bind to one another since the nineteenth century (see
chemical valence).
Criterion for emotion
Valence is one criterion used in some definitions of emotion. The possible absence of valence is cited as a reason to exclude
surprise from the list of emotions, though some would include it.
Measurement
Valence could be assigned a number and treated as if it were measured, but the validity of a
measurement based on a
subjective report is questionable. Measurement based on observations of facial expressions, using the
Facial Action Coding System and
microexpressions
A microexpression is a facial expression that only lasts for a short moment. It is the innate result of a voluntary and an involuntary emotional response occurring simultaneously and conflicting with one another, and occurs when the amygdala respo ...
(see
Paul Ekman) or muscle activity detected through
facial electromyography
Facial electromyography (fEMG) refers to an electromyography (EMG) technique that measures muscle activity by detecting and amplifying the tiny electrical impulses that are generated by muscle fibers when they contract.
It primarily focuses on t ...
, or on modern functional
brain imaging may overcome this objection. The perceived emotional valence of a facial expression is represented in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus and medial prefrontal cortex.
See also
*
Optimism bias
*
Sentiment Analysis
*
Vedanā
Vedanā ( Pāli and Sanskrit: वेदना) is an ancient term traditionally translated as either " feeling" or "sensation." In general, ''vedanā'' refers to the pleasant, unpleasant and neutral sensations that occur when our internal sense ...
References
{{Reflist
Emotions