Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks

The trade route from the Varangians to the Romans was a medieval trade route that connected

Scandinavia

, Kievan Rus' and the

Eastern Roman Empire

. The route allowed merchants along its length to establish a direct prosperous trade with the Empire, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day

Belarus

,

Russia

and

Ukraine

. The majority of the route comprised a long-distance

waterway

, including the

Baltic Sea

, several rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, and rivers of the

Dnieper

river system, with

portage

s on the drainage divides. An alternative route was along the

Dniestr

river with stops on the Western shore of

Black Sea

. These more specific sub-routes are sometimes referred to as the Dnieper trade route and Dniestr trade route, respectively.

The route began in Scandinavian trading centers such as

Birka

, Hedeby, and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea, entered the Gulf of Finland, and followed the

Neva River

into

Lake Ladoga

. Then it followed the Volkhov River upstream past the towns of

Staraya Ladoga

and Velikiy Novgorod, crossed Lake Ilmen, and continued up the Lovat River, the Kunya River and possibly the . From there, a

portage

led to the and downstream to the Western Dvina River. From the Western Dvina, the ships went upstream along the Kasplya River and were portaged again to the Katynka River (near Katyn), a tributary of the Dnieper. It seems probable that once the route was established, the goods were unloaded onto land transport to cross the portage and reloaded onto other waiting ships on the Dnieper. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major rapids and passed through

Kiev

. After entering the

Black Sea

, it followed its west coast to

Constantinople

.

History

The route from the Varangians to the Greeks was first mentioned in the ''Primary Chronicle'', but its effects were reported much earlier, in the early ninth century when the

Byzantines

noted newcomers in their regions, the ''Varangians''. Though this has come to mean "Vikings" to many, the term for the Byzantines meant all Scandinavians and their kindred living in what is now Russia.

The route was probably established in the late 8th and early 9th centuries, when Varangian explorers searched for plunder but also for slaves and lucrative goods. The route gained significant importance from the 10th until the first third of the 11th century, concurrently with the Volga trade route and the trade route from the Khazars to the Germans.

According to Constantine VII, the Krivichs and other tribes dependent on

Kiev

transported hollowed-out sailboats, or '' monoxyla'', which could accommodate thirty to forty people, to places along the rivers. These sailboats were then transported along the Dnieper to Kiev. There they were sold to the Varangians who re-equipped them and loaded them with merchandise.

Routes and places

Places named include

Smolensk

(Μιλινισκα), Liubech (Τελιουτζα), Chernihiv (Τζερνιγωγα), Vyshhorod (Βουσεγραδε), Vytachiv (Vitichev, Βιτετζεβη), and

Kiev

(Κια ��α). Some of these cities had alternate names in Old Norse, and Constantine quotes some of them: So

Novgorod

(Νεμογαρδα) is the same as Hólmgarðr (‘Island Enclosure’) and Nýgarðr (‘New Enclosure’);

Kiev

is equally called Kœnugarðr (‘Boatyard’) or Σαμβατας, which might derive from Norse Sandbakki-áss (‘Sandbank Ridge’). Though Constantine Zuckerman suggests a more obvious etymology, from the Turkic (Khazar) roots ''sam'' and ''bat'' (literally, ‘upper fortress’).Sorlin I. ''Voies commerciales, villes et peuplement de la Rusia au Xe siècle d'après le De administrando imperio de Constantin Porphyrogénète''. Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient ed. M. Kazanski, D. Nercessian, C. Zuckerman (Réalités byzantines 7). - Paris, 2000. -P. 337–355 The runestone N 62 preserves the name Vitaholmr (‘demarcation islet’) for Vytachiv.

Dnieper route

On the

Dnieper

, the Varangians had to

portage

their ships around seven rapids, where they had to be on guard from

Pecheneg

nomads. The rapids began below

Dnipro

where the river turns south and fell 50 meters in 66 kilometers. They no longer exist, as a chain of basins was established starting from the 1950s to the 1970s.

Below the rapids, they had to pass a narrow rocky spot called the ''Ford of Vrar'' (Russian: ''Krariyskaya'' crossing), where the Varangians were often attacked by the Pechenegs. The Varangians stopped at St. George Island. Then they equipped their ships with sails in the Dnieper estuary and continued to navigate along the western shore of the

Black Sea

all the way to

Constantinople

(

Slavic

: Tsargrad, Old Norse: Miklagarðr).

Western Black Sea shores

The Varangian boats were used along the rivers and along the Black Sea shores. According to Constantine VII, the navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Sulina (Danube Delta), Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania). There are some remains of the Varangian presence in this area at Murfatlar Cave Complex near Constantia (today Constanţa, Romania). Numerous runic inscriptions, symbols and even a graffiti of a Viking navy are visible on the walls of the rock church from Murfatlar. A rune stone from the Sjonhem cemetery in Gotland dating from the 11th century commemorates a merchant Rodfos who was traveling to Constantinople and was killed north of the Danube by the Blakumenn (Vlachs).

Trade activities

The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was connected to other waterways of Eastern Europe, such as the

Pripyat

- Bug waterway leading to

Western Europe

, and the Volga trade route, which went down the

Volga

waterway to the

Caspian Sea

. Another offshoot was along the Dnieper and the Usyazh-Buk River towards Lukoml and

Polotsk

.

The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was used to transport different kinds of merchandise.

Wine

,

spices

,

jewelry

,

glass

, expensive fabrics,

icon

s, and books came from the

Byzantine Empire

. Volhyn traded

spinning wheel

s and other items. Certain kinds of weapons and

handicraft

s came from

Scandinavia

. Northern Rus' offered timber, fur, honey, and wax, while the Baltic tribes traded

amber

.

In the second half of the eleventh century, the

Crusades

opened more lucrative routes from Europe to the Orient through the Crusader states of the Middle East. By that time, Rus' had strengthened its commercial ties with Western Europe, and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks gradually lost its significance. For a related military route, see Muravsky Trail.

In popular culture

* A large part of the best-selling Swedish historical novel ''The Long Ships'' (original Swedish ''Röde Orm'') by Frans Gunnar Bengtsson describes the adventures of a Danish ship crew (with a pilot from Gotland) taking this route in the late 10th Century.
* Rosemary Sutcliff's 1976 novel ''Blood Feud'' takes place during the 10th-century, and depicts a half-

Saxon

orphan who joins a

Viking

crew and takes this route, joining the Varangian Guards and ultimately settling in

Constantinople

.
* The second book of Henry Treece's Viking Trilogy, '' The Road to Miklagard'', published in the late 1950s describes a

Viking

voyage through the

Mediterranean

to

Constantinople

, where the main characters are taken as slaves and later become members of the Varangian Guards. They eventually make their way back to their home village via the trade route.
* In Stephen R. Lawhead's novel ''Byzantium'', the main character, a 9th-century Irish

monk

, is taken by Viking raiders from

Scandia

to

Constantinople

via this route.
* In the comic strip Prince Valiant, pages 932 (19 Dec 1954) to 988 (15 Jan 1956), the eponymous main character and company travel on two Viking longships from Constantinople to Scandia via this route, during which they encounter Patzinaks and Cumans, Polotjans.
* Two music albums coincidentally released in 2007 deal with fictional journeys down the trade route, heavy metal music, heavy metal band Rebellion (band), Rebellion's ''Miklagard — The History of the Vikings Volume 2'' and folk metal band Turisas' ''The Varangian Way''.
* Michael Crichton's fictional work ''Eaters of the Dead'' uses the framework of this trade route, in the book's first portion, to explicate a journey from the Middle East all the way to Scandinavia. This book was the basis for the film ''The 13th Warrior''.

See also

*Caspian expeditions of the Rus
*Rus' Khaganate
*Greece Runestones

References

Further reading

*
*
*
*Dixon, D.F., 1998. Varangian-Rus warrior-merchants and the origin of the Russian state. Journal of Macromarketing, 18(1), pp. 50–61.
*Adelson, H.L., 1960. Early medieval trade routes. The American Historical Review, 65(2), pp. 271–287.
*Sverdlov, M.B., 1970. Transit Routes in Eastern Europe in the 9th to 11th Centuries. Soviet Geography, 11(6), pp. 472–479.
*Petrukhin, V.J., 2006. The Dnieper rapids in" De administrando imperio": the trade route and its sacrificial rites. BAR INTERNATIONAL SERIES, 1499, p. 187.
*Jakobsson, Sverrir, ''The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), .

External links

P.M.Zolin

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trade Route From The Varangians To The Greeks
Economy of the Byzantine Empire
Economic history of Ukraine
Economic history of Russia
Former trade routes
Portages
History of Kievan Rus'
Varangians
Medieval economics