Slime flux, also known as bacterial slime or bacterial wetwood, is a
bacterial
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...
disease of certain trees, primarily
elm
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus ''Ulmus'' in the plant family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of ...
,
cottonwood,
poplar,
boxelder
''Acer negundo'', the box elder, boxelder maple, Manitoba maple or ash-leaved maple, is a species of maple native to North America. It is a fast-growing, short-lived tree with opposite, compound leaves. It is sometimes considered a weedy or inv ...
,
ash,
aspen
Aspen is a common name for certain tree species; some, but not all, are classified by botanists in the section ''Populus'', of the ''Populus'' genus.
Species
These species are called aspens:
*'' Populus adenopoda'' – Chinese aspen (China ...
, fruitless mulberry and
oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ...
. A wound to the
bark, caused by pruning, insects, poor branch angles or natural cracks and splits, causes sap to ooze from the wound. Bacteria may infect this sap causing it to darken and stain the bark, eventually taking on a foamy appearance and unpleasant odor. This slimy ooze becomes toxic to the bark and eats into the tree. Additionally, the fermented sap attracts insects like flies, ants, and maggots.
Cause
Slime flux occurs when a wound is made in a tree trunk through things such as natural growth cracks, frost, insects, birds, lawn mowers, cat scratches, or pruning wounds, which causal bacteria can enter. Once inside the
xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem. The basic function of xylem is to transport water from roots to stems and leaves, but it also transports nutrients. The word ''xylem'' is derived from ...
, the internal pressure of the tree is raised, from the normal range of up to , due to bacteria
fermenting and emitting a gas mixture of methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. This accumulation of liquid and gas causes that part of the tree to have a damp, dark brown appearance known as wetwood.
Eventually, the pressure will cause the sap and gasses to burst through the xylem and out of cracks in the trunk and ooze down the side of the tree. This sap flux may be further infected by other pathogens once exposed to the air such as air-borne bacteria, yeast, and fungi, at which point it is known as slime flux.
Causal agents
Causal bacteria for the initial wetwood varies depending on the species of tree. The bacteria are commonly found in water and soils.
''
Enterobacter cloacae'' is a causal bacteria of wetwood in
American Elms. ''
Xanthomonas spp.,
Argobacterium spp.,
Acinetobacter spp.,
Corynebacterium spp.,
Bacteroides spp.,
Clostridium spp.,
Edwardsiella spp.,
Klebsiella spp.,
Lactobacillus spp.,
Methanobacterium spp.'', ''
Brevundimonas bullata,
Paracoccus spp. and
Luteimonas aestuarri'' have also been isolated from wetwood in various tree species.
Species of ''
Prototheca
''Prototheca'' is a genus of algae in the family Chlorellaceae. All the species within this genus, even though classified as green algae, have forfeited their photosynthetic ability and have switched to parasitism. Some species can cause the dise ...
'' have been isolated from slime fluxes.
Treatment
There is no cure, but the bark of a tree is like skin. The wound should be disinfected with rubbing alcohol or a household
bleach
Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product that is used industrially or domestically to remove color (whitening) from a fabric or fiber or to clean or to remove stains in a process called bleaching. It often refers specifically, to ...
solution of one part bleach to nine parts water. The excess sap should be wiped from the tree to discourage hungry insects. With prompt and continuous treatment, the tree should survive. In the forest, practices that minimize wounding will reduce the spread of this disease. For urban trees, maintaining vigorous, healthy growing conditions (thorough watering, mulching around the base and adding compost to the drip line) and avoiding wounds will reduce the probability that trees will be affected by this disease. Removing bark from the affected area will reduce damage to an individual tree. Additionally, the “hungry insects” are most likely harmless. The main “pest” you will need to be concerned with are borers.
Background
Slime flux or more commonly known as Wet wood is a seepage of the wood that is unseen by the human eye. The seepage is typically a sour smell that comes from the trunk of the tree.
Significance
The slime flux disease causes a constant odor, and bleeding cankers on the base of the tree. Slime flux can eventually kill a tree. The bacteria and pathogens can spread to surrounding trees. Oozing liquid is a sign that there has been an earlier injury. In some cases, as the outer wound calluses over and the internal methane production decreases, the slime flux may stop in a year or two. In other cases slime flux may reoccur year after year.
Plants which may be affected
References
* {{cite journal , doi=10.1556/038.52.2017.028, title=Isolation and characterization of bacterial agents associated of wetwood disease on elm trees in Iran, year=2017, last1=Alizadeh, first1=M., last2=Khakvar, first2=R., last3=Babai-Ahari, first3=A., journal=Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, volume=52, issue=2, pages=157–168, url=http://real.mtak.hu/70977/1/038.52.2017.028.pdf
slime flux on www.forestpests.org
Bacterial tree pathogens and diseases