Science (journal)

''Science'', also widely referred to as ''Science Magazine'', is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
It was first published in 1880, is currently circulated weekly and has a subscriber base of around 130,000. Because institutional subscriptions and online access serve a larger audience, its estimated readership is over 400,000 people.

''Science'' is based in Washington, D.C., United States, with a second office in Cambridge, UK.

Contents

The major focus of the journal is publishing important original scientific research and research reviews, but ''Science'' also publishes science-related news, opinions on science policy and other matters of interest to scientists and others who are concerned with the wide implications of science and technology. Unlike most scientific journals, which focus on a specific field, ''Science'' and its rival ''Nature'' cover the full range of scientific disciplines. According to the '' Journal Citation Reports'', ''Science''s 2020 impact factor was 47.728.

Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that some high-prestige journals including ''Science'' "publish significantly substandard structures", and overall "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".

Although it is the journal of the AAAS, membership in the AAAS is not required to publish in ''Science''. Papers are accepted from authors around the world. Competition to publish in ''Science'' is very intense, as an article published in such a highly cited journal can lead to attention and career advancement for the authors. Fewer than 7% of articles submitted are accepted for publication.

History

''Science'' was founded by New York journalist John Michels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell. (Edison received favorable editorial treatment in return, without disclosure of the financial relationship, at a time when his reputation was suffering due to delays producing the promised commercially viable light bulb.) However, the journal never gained enough subscribers to succeed and ended publication in March 1882. Alexander Graham Bell and Gardiner Greene Hubbard bought the magazine rights and hired young entomologist Samuel H. Scudder to resurrect the journal one year later. They had some success while covering the meetings of prominent American scientific societies, including the AAAS. However, by 1894, ''Science'' was again in financial difficulty and was sold to psychologist James McKeen Cattell for .

In an agreement worked out by Cattell and AAAS secretary Leland O. Howard, ''Science'' became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900. During the early part of the 20th century important articles published in ''Science'' included papers on fruit fly genetics by Thomas Hunt Morgan, gravitational lensing by Albert Einstein, and spiral nebulae by Edwin Hubble. After Cattell died in 1944, the ownership of the journal was transferred to the AAAS.

After Cattell's death in 1944, the journal lacked a consistent editorial presence until Graham DuShane became editor in 1956. In 1958, under DuShane's leadership, ''Science'' absorbed ''The Scientific Monthly'', thus increasing the journal's circulation by over from 38,000 to more than 61,000. Physicist Philip Abelson, a co-discoverer of neptunium, served as editor from 1962 to 1984. Under Abelson the efficiency of the review process was improved and the publication practices were brought up to date. During this time, papers on the Apollo program missions and some of the earliest reports on AIDS were published.

Biochemist Daniel E. Koshland, Jr. served as editor from 1985 until 1995. From 1995 until 2000, neuroscientist Floyd E. Bloom held that position. Biologist Donald Kennedy became the editor of ''Science'' in 2000. Biochemist Bruce Alberts took his place in March 2008. Geophysicist Marcia McNutt became editor-in-chief in June 2013. During her tenure the family of journals expanded to include ''Science Robotics'' and ''Science Immunology'', and open access publishing with ''Science Advances''. Jeremy M. Berg became editor-in-chief on July 1, 2016.

In February 2001, draft results of the human genome were simultaneously published by ''Nature'' and ''Science'' with ''Science'' publishing the Celera Genomics paper and ''Nature'' publishing the publicly funded Human Genome Project. In 2007 ''Science ''(together with ''Nature'') received the Prince of Asturias Award for Communications and Humanity. In 2015 Rush D. Holt, Jr., chief executive officer of the AAAS and executive publisher of ''Science'', stated that the journal was becoming increasingly international: " ternationally co-authored papers are now the norm—they represent almost 60 percent of the papers. In 1992, it was slightly less than 20 percent."

Former Washington University in St. Louis Provost Holden Thorp was named editor-in-chief on Monday, August 19, 2019.

Availability

The latest editions of the journal are available online, through the main journal website, only to subscribers, AAAS members, and for delivery to IP addresses at institutions that subscribe; students, K–12 teachers, and some others can subscribe at a reduced fee. However, research articles published after 1997 are available for free (with online registration) one year after they are published i.e. delayed open access. Significant public-health related articles are also available for free, sometimes immediately after publication. AAAS members may also access the pre-1997 Science archives at the ''Science'' website, where it is called "Science Classic". Institutions can opt to add Science Classic to their subscriptions for an additional fee. Some older articles can also be accessed via JSTOR and ProQuest.

The journal also participates in initiatives that provide free or low-cost access to readers in developing countries, including HINARI, OARE, AGORA, and Scidev.net.

Other features of the ''Science'' website include the free "ScienceNow" section with "up to the minute news from science", and "ScienceCareers", which provides free career resources for scientists and engineers. ''Science Express'' (Sciencexpress) provides advance electronic publication of selected ''Science'' papers.

Affiliations

''Science'' received funding for COVID-19-related coverage from the Pulitzer Center and the Heising-Simons Foundation.

See also

* AAAS publications
* Breakthrough of the Year
* List of scientific journals

References

AAAS references

External links

*

{{Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities

1880 establishments in the United States
American Association for the Advancement of Science academic journals
English-language journals
Multidisciplinary academic journals
Multidisciplinary scientific journals
Publications established in 1880
Weekly journals