reserve officer

A military reserve force is a military organization whose members have military and civilian occupations. They are not normally kept under arms, and their main role is to be available when their military requires additional manpower. Reserve forces are generally considered part of a permanent standing body of armed forces, and allow a nation to reduce its peacetime military expenditures and maintain a force prepared for war.

In countries with a volunteer military, such as Canada, Spain, the United States and the United Kingdom, reserve forces are civilians who maintain military skills by training periodically (typically one weekend per month). They may do so as individuals or as members of standing reserve regiments—for example, the UK's Army Reserve. A militia, home guard, state guard or state military may constitute part of a military reserve force, such as the United States National Guard, Swedish and Danish Home Guard. In some countries (including Colombia, Israel, Norway, Singapore, South Korea, Sweden, and Taiwan), reserve service is compulsory for a number of years after completing national service. In countries with conscription, such as Switzerland and Finland, reserve forces are citizens who have completed active duty military service but have not reached the upper age limit established by law. These citizens are subject to mandatory mobilization in wartime and short-term military training in peacetime.

In countries which combine conscription and a volunteer military, such as Russia, "military reserve force" has two meanings. In a broad sense, a military reserve force is a group of citizens who can be mobilized as part of the armed forces (russian: Запас Вооружённых Сил). In a narrow sense, a military reserve force is a group of citizens who have signed contracts to perform military service as reservists, who were appointed to positions in particular military units, and who are involved in all operational, mobilization, and combat activities of these units (active reserve) (russian: мобилизационный людской резерв). Other citizens who do not sign a contract (the inactive reserve) can be mobilized and deployed on an involuntary basis (russian: мобилизационный людской ресурс).

The deployment of military units composed of reservists generally takes little time and does not require retraining. Mobilization of non-reservists involves the formation of new military units, requiring more time. A military reserve force differs from a reserve formation (sometimes called a military reserve), which is a group of military personnel (or units) not committed to a battle by their commander and available to address unforeseen situations, bolster defences, or perform other tasks.

History

Some countries' 18th-century military systems included practices and institutions which functioned as a reserve force, even if they were not designated as such. For example, the half-pay system in the British Army provided the country with trained, experienced officers not on active duty during peacetime but available during wartime. The Militia Act of 1757 gave Britain an institutional structure for a reserve force. Although contemporaries debated the effectiveness of the British militia, its mobilization in several conflicts increased Britain's strategic options by freeing regular forces for overseas theaters.

Reservists first played a significant role in Europe after the Prussian defeat in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt. On 9 July 1807, in the Treaties of Tilsit, Napoleon forced Prussia to drastically reduce its military strength and cede large amounts of territory. The Prussian army was limited to a maximum of 42,000 men.

The '' Krumpersystem'', introduced to the Prussian Army by military reformer Gerhard von Scharnhorst, gave recruits a brief period of training which could be expanded during wartime. Prussia could draw upon a large number of trained soldiers in subsequent wars, and the system was retained by the Imperial German Army into the First World War. By the time of the German Empire, reservists were given "war arrangements" after completion of their military service with instructions for the conduct of reservists in wartime.

Sources of reserves

In countries such as the United States, reservists are often former military members who reached the end of their enlistment or resigned their commission. Service in the reserves for a number of years after leaving active service is required in the enlistment contracts and commissioning orders of many nations.

Reservists can also be civilians who undertake basic and specialized training in parallel with regular forces while retaining their civilian roles. They can be deployed independently, or their personnel may make up shortages in regular units. Ireland's Army Reserve is an example of such a reserve.

With universal conscription, most of the male population may be reservists. All men in Finland belong to the reserve until 60 years of age, and 80 percent of each age cohort are drafted and receive at least six months of military training. Ten percent of conscripts are trained as reserve officers. Reservists and reserve officers are occasionally called up for refresher exercises, but receive no monthly salary or position. South Korean males who finish their national service in the armed forces or in the national police are automatically placed on the reserve roster, and are obligated to take several days of annual military training for seven years.

Uses

In wartime, reserves may provide replacements for combat losses or be used to form new units. Reservists can provide garrison duty, manning air defense, internal security and guarding of important points such as supply depots, prisoner of war camps, communications nodes, air and sea bases and other vital areas, freeing regular troops for service on the front.

In peacetime, reservists can be used for internal-security duties and disaster relief, sparing the regular military forces. In many countries where military roles outside warfare are restricted, reservists are exempted from these restrictions.

Personnel

Enlisted personnel

In countries with a volunteer army, reserve enlisted personnel are soldiers, sailors, and airmen who have signed contracts to perform military service on a part-time basis. They have civilian status, except for the days when they are carrying out their military duties (usually two or three days each month and attendance at a two-to-four-week military training camp once per year). Most reserve enlisted personnel are former active duty soldiers, sailors, and airmen, but some join the reserve without an active-duty background. When their contract expires, a reserve soldier, sailor or airman becomes a retired soldier, sailor or airman.

In countries with conscription, reserve enlisted personnel are soldiers, sailors, and airmen who are not on active duty and have not reached the upper age limit established by law. In addition to the upper age limit, intermediate age limits determine the priority of wartime mobilization (younger ages are more subject to mobilization). These limits divide the reserve into categories, such as the Swiss Auszug, Landwehr, and Landsturm. Reserve soldiers, sailors, and airmen are subject to mandatory short-term military training in peacetime, as regulated by law. Reserve soldiers, sailors, and airmen have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. A reserve soldier, sailor or airman becomes a retired soldier, sailor or airman at the upper age limit.

In countries which combine conscription and a volunteer military, reserve soldiers, sailors, and airmen are divided into two categories: reservists and reserve enlisted personnel. Reservists sign a contract to perform military service on a part-time basis. Reserve enlisted personnel are not on active duty, have not signed a contract to perform military service as reservists, and have not reached the upper age limit. Reservists have civilian status, except when they are performing military duties. Reserve enlisted personnel have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. Reservists are first subject to mobilization in wartime. Reserve enlisted soldiers, sailors, and airmen are divided into categories which determine the priority of wartime mobilization (younger personnel are mobilized first), such as ''Первый разряд'' (first category), ''Второй разряд'' (second category) and ''Третий разряд'' (third category) in Russia. A reservist becomes a reserve soldier, sailor or airman when their contract expires, and retires at the upper age limit.

Non-commissioned officers

In countries with a volunteer military, reserve non-commissioned officers are military personnel with relevant rank who have contracted to perform military service on a part-time basis. They have civilian status, except for military duty. Most reserve non-commissioned officers are former active-duty NCOs, but some become reserve NCOs without an active-duty background. When the contract expires, a reserve NCO becomes a retired NCO. The main sources of reserve NCOs are:
* Movement from active-duty to reserve service, preserving NCO rank
* Military schools, which prepare career NCOs who join the reserve after their active-duty service
* Promotion from enlisted rank during reserve service
* Reserve NCO courses

In countries with conscription, reserve NCOs are military personnel with relevant rank who are not on active duty and have not reached the upper age limit. In addition to the upper age limit, intermediate age limits determine the priority of wartime mobilization (younger ages are subject to mobilization first). Reserve NCOs are subject to mandatory short-term military training in peacetime. They have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. A reserve NCO becomes a retired NCO at the upper age limit. Their main sources of NCOs are:
* Promotion from enlisted rank during active-duty service, following demobilization
* Promotion from enlisted rank during short-term military training in peacetime
* Military schools
* Reserve NCO courses

In countries which combine conscription and a volunteer military, reserve NCOs are divided into two categories: non-commissioned officers-reservists and reserve non-commissioned officers. Non-commissioned officers-reservists have signed a contract to perform military service on a part-time basis. Reserve non-commissioned officers are not on active duty, have not signed a contract to perform military service as reservists, and have not reached the upper age limit. Non-commissioned officers-reservists have civilian status, except for the days when they are carrying out their military duties. Reserve non-commissioned officers have civilian status, except for military training in peacetime and wartime mobilization. Non-commissioned officers-reservists are subject to mobilization in wartime first. Reserve non-commissioned officers (non-reservists) are divided into categories which determine the priority of wartime mobilization (younger ages are subject to mobilization first)''Первый разряд'', ''Второй разряд'', and ''Третий разряд'' in Russia. Upon expiration of the contract, a non-commissioned officer-reservist becomes a reserve non-commissioned officer. A reserve NCO becomes a retired NCO at the upper age limit. The main sources of reserve NCOs are:
* Promotion from enlisted rank during active duty service, following demobilization
* Promotion from enlisted rank during short-term military training in peacetime
* Military schools
* Promotion from enlisted rank during reserve service
* Reserve NCO courses

Warrant officers

In countries with a volunteer military, reserve warrant officers are military personnel with relevant rank who have signed a contract to perform military service on a part-time basis. They have civilian status, except for the days when they are carrying out their military duties. Most reserve warrant officers are former active duty warrant officers. The main sources of reserve warrant officers are military schools and reserve warrant-officers courses.

In countries with conscription, reserve warrant officers are military personnel with the relevant rank who are not on active duty and have not reached the upper age limit. In addition to the upper-age limit, intermediate age limits determine wartime mobilization priority; younger officers are mobilized first. The main sources of reserve warrant officers are promotion during active-duty service or short-term peacetime training, assessment after demobilization, military schools, and reserve warrant-officer courses.

Commissioned officers

In countries with a volunteer military, reserve officers are personnel with an officer's commission who have signed a contract to perform part-time military service. They have civilian status, except when carrying out their military duties. Most reserve officers are former active-duty officers, but some become reserve officers after promotion. The main sources of reserve officers are:
* Military schools, colleges and academies, which prepare career officers (who join the reserve after concluding active duty)
* Military educational units in civilian higher-education institutions of higher education, such as the US' Reserve Officers' Training Corps
* Reserve officer's courses
* Direct commission

In countries with conscription, reserve officers are officers who are not on active duty and have not reached the upper age limit. The main sources of reserve officers are:
* Training and assessment at the end of conscript service. About eight percent of Finnish conscripts become reserve officers after one year of service.
* Military educational units in civilian higher-education institutions, such as military departments ( uk, військова кафедра) in Ukraine and military faculties ( be, ваенны факультэт) in Belarus
* Military schools, colleges and academies, which prepare career officers (who join the reserve after concluding active duty)
* Reserve-officer courses

In countries with conscription and volunteers, the main sources of reserve officers are:
* Military educational units in civilian higher-education institutions such as Russia's military training centers (russian: военный учебный центр), which prepare officers (who join the reserve after graduation or after concluding active duty)
* Military schools, colleges and academies, which prepare career officers (who join the reserve after concluding active duty)
* Reserve-officer courses
* Training and assessment at the conclusion of conscript service

Advantages

Military reserves quickly increase available manpower substantially with trained personnel. Reservists are often experienced combat veterans who can increase the quantity and quality of a force. A large reserve pool can allow a government to avoid the costs, political and financial, of new recruits or conscripts. Reservists are usually more economically effective than regular troops, since they are called up as needed. Preparations to institute a call-up (obvious to adversaries) can display determination. Reservists also tend to have training in professions outside the military, and skills attained in a number of professions are useful in the military. In many countries, reserves have capable people who would not otherwise consider a career in the military. They see voluntary training as a hobby, and are inexpensive to train. The skills of reservists have been valuable in peacekeeping because they can be employed for the reconstruction of infrastructure, and tend to have better relations with the civilian population than career soldiers.

Disadvantages

Reservists are usually provided with second-line equipment which is no longer used by the regular army, or is an older version of that in current service. Reservists also have little experience with newer weapons systems. Reservists who are retired service personnel are sometimes considered less motivated than regular troops. Reservists who combine a military and civilian career, such as members of the United Kingdom's Army Reserve, experience time demands not experienced by regular troops which affect their availability and length of service.

Forces by country

Australia

* Royal Australian Naval Reserve
* Australian Army Reserve
* Royal Australian Air Force Reserves

Austria

* Austrian Armed Forces Militia

Brazil

* Brazilian Military Police
* Military Firefighters Corps

Canada

* Primary Reserve
** Canadian Forces Naval Reserve (NAVRES)
** Canadian Army Reserve
** Canadian Forces Air Reserve
** Canadian Forces Health Services Reserve
* Canadian Forces Supplementary Reserve
* Canadian Rangers
* Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service

People's Republic of China

* Chinese Paramilitary Forces

Colombia

* Army Reserve Professional Corps
* Navy Reserve Professional Corps
* Air Force Reserve Professional Corps

Czech Republic

* Active reserves

Denmark

* Royal Danish Air force Reserve
* Army Reserve
* Navy Reserve
* Defence Health Reserve
* Home Guard

Estonia

* Estonian Defence League

Finland

* Territorial Forces

France

* La réserve Marine
* La réserve Air
* La réserve Gendarmerie
* La réserve Armement

Greece

* Voluntary Reservist

Indonesia

* Indonesian National Armed Forces Reserve Component

India

* Indian Territorial Army

Ireland

* Reserve Defence Forces
** Army Reserve
** Naval Service Reserve

Israel

* Israel Defense Forces Reserve Service

Italy

* Riserva Selezionata (Army, Navy, Air Force and Carabinieri)

Latvia

* Latvian National Guard

Lithuania

* National Defence Volunteer Forces

Malaysia

* Rejimen Askar Wataniah
* Pasukan Simpanan Sukarela Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia
* Pasukan Simpanan Sukarela Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia

Singapore

*National Servicemen
*SAF Volunteer Corps

Netherlands

* National Reserve Corps
* Netherlands Air Force Reserve
* Netherlands Navy Reserve
* Netherlands Marechaussee Reserve

New Zealand

* Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve
* New Zealand Army Reserve

Norway

* Norwegian Home Guard

Pakistan

*Army National Guard

Philippines

* Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command
* Army Reserve Command, PA
* Air Reserve Command, PAF
* Naval Reserve Command, PN
* Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary

Russia

* Mobilization Human Reserve

South Africa

* South African National Defence Force Reserve Force Component
* South African Army Reserves
* South African Air Force Reserves
* South African Navy Reserves
* South African Military Health Service Reserves

South Korea

* Republic of Korea Reserve Forces

Former Soviet Union

*Reserve Front
*Reserve of the Supreme High Command
* Reserve armies

Spain

* Voluntary Reservist

Sri Lanka

* Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force
** Sri Lanka National Guard
* Sri Lanka Volunteer Naval Force
* Sri Lanka Volunteer Air Force

Sweden

* Swedish Home Guard

Switzerland

* Swiss Reserve

Taiwan

* Armed Forces Reserve Command, MND

Thailand

* Student Army Reserve Force

United Kingdom

* Volunteer Reserves:
** Royal Naval Reserve (including the University Royal Naval Unit)
** Royal Marines Reserve
** Army Reserve (including the Officers' Training Corps)
** Royal Auxiliary Air Force
** Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (incl. University Air Squadron)
* Regular Reserves:
** Royal Fleet Reserve
** Army Reserve (Regular)
** Air Force Reserve
* Sponsored Reserves:
** Royal Fleet Auxiliary
** Mobile Meteorological Unit

Ukraine

* Territorial Defense Forces

United States

* United States Army Reserve
* United States Air Force Reserve
* United States Marine Corps Reserve
* United States Navy Reserve
* United States Coast Guard Reserve
* National Guard of the United States
** Air National Guard of the United States

Yugoslavia

* Territorial Defense (TO)

See also

* Military reserve
* National Guard
* State defense force
* Militia

References

Further reading

* Ben-Dor, Gabriel, et al
"I versus We: Collective and Individual Factors of Reserve Service Motivation during War and Peace."
''Armed Forces & Society'', Vol. 34, No. 4
* Ben-Dor, Gabriel, Ami Pedahzur, and Badi Hasisi
"Israel's National Security Doctrine under Strain: The Crisis of the Reserve Army."
''Armed Forces & Society'', Vol. 28, No. 1
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*
*
* Losky-Feder, Edna, Nir Gazit, and Eyal Ben-Ari
"Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants: Moving between the Civilian and Military Worlds."
''Armed Forces & Society'', Vol. 34, No. 4
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{{Authority control

Reserve forces