A radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the
radiant flux
In radiometry, radiant flux or radiant power is the radiant energy emitted, reflected, transmitted, or received per unit time, and spectral flux or spectral power is the radiant flux per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spe ...
(power) of
electromagnetic radiation
In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visib ...
. Generally, a radiometer is an
infrared radiation detector or an
ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm (with a corresponding frequency around 30 PHz) to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation ...
detector.
Microwave radiometers operate in the
microwave
Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about one meter to one millimeter corresponding to frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz respectively. Different sources define different frequency ra ...
wavelengths.
While the term ''radiometer'' can refer to any device that measures electromagnetic radiation (e.g. light), the term is often used to refer specifically to a
Crookes radiometer ("light-mill"), a device invented in 1873 in which a rotor (having vanes which are dark on one side, and light on the other) in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light.
A common belief (one originally held even by Crookes) is that the momentum of the absorbed light on the black faces makes the radiometer operate.
If this were true, however, the radiometer would spin away from the non-black faces, since the photons bouncing off those faces impart more momentum than the photons absorbed on the black faces.
Photons do exert radiation pressure on the faces, but those forces are dwarfed by other effects.
The currently accepted explanation depends on having just the right degree of vacuum, and relates to the transfer of heat rather than the direct effect of photons.
A
Nichols radiometer demonstrates photon pressure. It is much more sensitive than the Crookes radiometer and it operates in a complete vacuum, whereas operation of the Crookes radiometer requires an imperfect vacuum.
The
MEMS
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), also written as micro-electro-mechanical systems (or microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems) and the related micromechatronics and microsystems constitute the technology of microscopic devices, ...
radiometer can operate on the principles of Nichols or Crookes and can operate over a wide spectrum of wavelength and particle energy levels.
MEMS Radiometer United States Patent 7,495,199
See also
* Active cavity radiometer
Active cavity radiometer is an electrically self-calibrating, cavity pyrheliometer used to measure total and spectral solar irradiance.
See also
* Radiometry
*Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in th ...
* Bolometer
* Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (; pl, Mikołaj Kopernik; gml, Niklas Koppernigk, german: Nikolaus Kopernikus; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulat ...
* His Dark Materials
* Net radiometer
* Photon rocket
* Pyranometer
* Radiation pressure
* Radiometry
Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. Radiometric techniques in optics characterize the distribution of the radiation's power in space, as opposed to photometric techniques, which ch ...
* Solar sail
* Spectroradiometer
References
External links
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teEhoUB-FQE&list=UUXrJjdDeqLgGjJbP1sMnH8A Short video pertinent to the topic.
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Electromagnetic radiation meters
Radiometry