History
The punk subculture emerged in the United Kingdom in the mid-1970s. Exactly which region originated punk has long been a matter of controversy within the movement. Some suggest the name "_Music
_Ideologies
_Fashion
_Gender_and_gender_expression
_Body_and_appearance
For_some_punks,_the_body_was_a_symbol_of_opposition,_a_political_statement_expressing_disgust_of_all_that_was_"normal"_and_socially_accepted._The_idea_was_to_make_others_outside_of_the_subculture_question_their_own_views,_which_made_gender_presentation_and_gender_identity_a_popular_factor_to_be_played_with._In_some_ways,_punk_helped_to_tear_apart_the_normalised_view_of_gender_as_a_dichotomy._There_was_a_notable_amount_of_cross-dressing_in_the_punk_scene;_it_was_not_unusual_to_see_men_wearing_ripped-up_skirts,_fishnet_tights,_and_excessive_makeup,_or_to_see_women_with_shaved_heads_wearing_oversized_plaid_shirts_and_jean_jackets_and_heavy_combat_boots._Punk_created_a_new_cultural_space_for_androgyny_and_all_kinds_of_gender_expression. In_trying_to_reject_societal_norms,_punk_embraced_one_societal_norm_by_deciding_that_strength_and_anger_was_best_expressed_through_masculinity,_defining_masculine_as_the_"default",_where_gender_did_not_exist_or_had_no_meaning._Riot_grrrl
Riot_grrrl_is_an_ underground__Visual_art
Punk_aesthetics_determine_the_type_of_art_punks_enjoy,_usually_with___Dance
_Literature
_Film
_Perspectives_on_drugs_and_alcohol
_Inhalable_solvents
" sniffing">luesniffing_was_adopted_by_punks_because_public_perceptions_of_sniffing_fitted_in_with_their_self-image._Originally_used_experimentally_and_as_a_cheap_high,_adult_disgust_and_hostility_encouraged_punks_to_use_glue_sniffing_as_a_way_of_shocking_society."_Model_airplane_glue_and_contact_cement_were_among_the_numerous_solvents_and_inhalants_used_by_punks_to_achieve_euphoria_and_intoxication._Glue_was_typically_inhaled_by_placing_a_quantity_in_a_plastic_bag_and_"huffing"_(inhaling)_the_vapour._Liquid_solvents_were_typically_inhaled_by_soaking_a_rag_with_the_solvent_and_inhaling_the_vapour._While_users_inhale_solvents_for_the_intoxicating_effects,_the_practice_can_be_harmful_or_fatal._Straight_edge
_Lifestyle_and_community
_Authenticity
In_the_punk_and_hardcore_subcultures,_members_of_the_scene_are_often_evaluated_in_terms_of_the__Interactions_with_other_subcultures
Some_of_the_first_hip_hop_ MCs_called_themselves_punk_rockers,_and_some_ punk_fashions_have_found_their_way_into_hip_hop_dress_and_vice_versa.__Persecution
_East_Germany
The_punk_scene_began_to_emerge_in_socialist_ East_Germany_in_the_late_1970’s._It_shared_many_similarities_with_that_of_the_West_and_was_considered_by_the_ruling_authorities_to_be_a_spread_of_an_international_youth_sub-culture_which_had_its_roots_in_the_U.S.A._and_Western_Europe._Indeed,_this_was_an_assessment_many_East_German_punks_shared_themselves._According_to_one,_Mario_Schulz,_"The_start_was_that_I_liked_the_music._I_did_not_quite_understand_the_English_texts,_but_this_ostentatious_experience_as_an_outsider,_this_capacity_to_shock,_that_pleased_me._I_was_already-_someone_else_would_probably_express_it_differently-_an_awkward_sod." By_the_authorities,_punk_was_seen_as_representing_a_way_of_life_which_was_contrary_in_nature_to_existing_social_conventions_and_values._Punks_were,_however,_not_the_only_youth_sub-culture_to_be_considered_‘negative_decadent’__and_a_threat_to_the_stability_of_socialist_society:_heavy_metallers,_skinheads,_and_goths_were_also_targeted._Whilst_it_is_hard_to_ascertain_an_exact_figure,_the_punk_scene_in_East_Germany_in_the_early_1980s_was_still_relatively_small._For_example,_‘In_1981,_the__Global_perspectives
The_punk_subculture_has_spread_to_many_countries_around_the_world._The_fluidity_of_musical_expression_in_particular_makes_it_an_ideal_medium_for_this_cross-cultural_interpretation._Mexico
In_Mexico,_punk_culture_is_primarily_a_phenomenon_among_the_upper-middle_class,_many_of_whom_were_first_exposed_to_punk_music_through_travel_to_England,_but_rapidly_shifted_to_the_lower-class_youth._South_Africa
Punk_arrived_slowly_in_South_Africa_during_the_1970s_when_waves_of_British_tradesmen_welcomed_by_the_then-_Peru
In_Peru_punk_traces_its_roots_to_the_band__Cuba
A_punk_subculture_originated_in_ Cuba_in_the_1980s,_referred_to_as_ Los_Frikis._As_Cuban_radio_stations_rarely_played_rock_music,_Frikis_often_listened_to_music_by_picking_up_radio_frequencies_from_stations_in_nearby_Florida._See_also
_References
_Bibliography
*_ *_ *_ *_ *_ * *___Further_reading_
*_ *_Savage,_Jon._''England's_Dreaming:_The_Sex_Pistols_and_Punk_Rock''._ Faber_and_Faber,_1991.__External_links
*_ {{Authority_control * 1970s_in_the_United_Kingdom Australian_culture Motorcycling_subculture Music_and_politics Musical_subcultures Punk Stereotypes Youth_culture_in_the_United_Kingdomhtml" "title="Punk]. Retrieved 18 April 2009. The punk subculture influenced otherMusic
The punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually played by bands consisting of a vocalist, one or two electric guitarists, an electric bassist, and a drummer. In some bands, the musicians contribute backup vocals, which typically consist of shouted slogans, choruses, or football-style chants. While most punk rock uses distorted guitars and noisy drumming sounds derived from 1960s garage rock and 1970s pub rock, some punk bands incorporate elements from other subgenres, such asIdeologies
Punk political ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom andFashion
Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect: ripped clothing was held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape; ordinary clothing was customised by embellishing it with marker or adorning it with paint; a blackGender and gender expression
In the United Kingdom, the advent ofBody and appearance
For some punks, the body was a symbol of opposition, a political statement expressing disgust of all that was "normal" and socially accepted. The idea was to make others outside of the subculture question their own views, which made gender presentation and gender identity a popular factor to be played with. In some ways, punk helped to tear apart the normalised view of gender as a dichotomy. There was a notable amount of cross-dressing in the punk scene; it was not unusual to see men wearing ripped-up skirts, fishnet tights, and excessive makeup, or to see women with shaved heads wearing oversized plaid shirts and jean jackets and heavy combat boots. Punk created a new cultural space for androgyny and all kinds of gender expression. In trying to reject societal norms, punk embraced one societal norm by deciding that strength and anger was best expressed through masculinity, defining masculine as the "default", where gender did not exist or had no meaning. However, the main reasoning behind this argument equates femininity with popular conceptions of beauty. Everything that was normally supposed to be hidden was brought to the front, both literally and figuratively. This could mean anything from wearing bras and underwear on top of clothing to wearing nothing but a bra and underwear. Although that act can seem sexualised, to punks it was just a way of self-expression. Punk seemed to allow people to sexualize themselves and still be taken seriously. The nature of punk allowed many to create a non-gender-conforming style. Punks could be free to use femininity or masculinity to make what they were doing even more shocking to their audience. It became popular for some punks to accentuate societal norms. At one concert,Riot grrrl
Riot grrrl is an undergroundVisual art
Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually with underground,Dance
Two dance styles associated with punk are pogo dancing and moshing. The pogo is a dance in which the dancers jump up and down, while either remaining on the spot or moving around; the dance takes its name from its resemblance to the use of a pogo stick, especially in a common version of the dance, where an individual keeps their torso stiff, their arms rigid, and their legs close together. Pogo dancing is closely associated with punk rock and is a precursor to moshing. Moshing or slamdancing is a style of dance where participants push or slam into each other, typically during a live music show. It is usually associated with "aggressive" music genres, such as hardcore punk andLiterature
Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own underground press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews. Some zines take the form ofFilm
Many punk-themed films have been made. The No Wave Cinema andPerspectives on drugs and alcohol
Inhalable solvents
" sniffing">luesniffing was adopted by punks because public perceptions of sniffing fitted in with their self-image. Originally used experimentally and as a cheap high, adult disgust and hostility encouraged punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society." Model airplane glue and contact cement were among the numerous solvents and inhalants used by punks to achieve euphoria and intoxication. Glue was typically inhaled by placing a quantity in a plastic bag and "huffing" (inhaling) the vapour. Liquid solvents were typically inhaled by soaking a rag with the solvent and inhaling the vapour. While users inhale solvents for the intoxicating effects, the practice can be harmful or fatal.Straight edge
Straight edge is a philosophy of hardcore punk culture, adherents of which refrain from using alcohol, tobacco, and other recreational drugs, in reaction to the excesses of punk subculture. For some, this extends to refraining from engaging in promiscuous sex, following a vegetarian orLifestyle and community
Punks come from all culture and economic classes. Compared to some subcultures, punk ideology is much closer to gender equality. Although the punk subculture is mostlyAuthenticity
In the punk and hardcore subcultures, members of the scene are often evaluated in terms of theInteractions with other subcultures
Some of the first hip hop MCs called themselves punk rockers, and some punk fashions have found their way into hip hop dress and vice versa.Persecution
East Germany
The punk scene began to emerge in socialist East Germany in the late 1970’s. It shared many similarities with that of the West and was considered by the ruling authorities to be a spread of an international youth sub-culture which had its roots in the U.S.A. and Western Europe. Indeed, this was an assessment many East German punks shared themselves. According to one, Mario Schulz, "The start was that I liked the music. I did not quite understand the English texts, but this ostentatious experience as an outsider, this capacity to shock, that pleased me. I was already- someone else would probably express it differently- an awkward sod." By the authorities, punk was seen as representing a way of life which was contrary in nature to existing social conventions and values. Punks were, however, not the only youth sub-culture to be considered ‘negative decadent’ and a threat to the stability of socialist society: heavy metallers, skinheads, and goths were also targeted. Whilst it is hard to ascertain an exact figure, the punk scene in East Germany in the early 1980s was still relatively small. For example, ‘In 1981, theGlobal perspectives
The punk subculture has spread to many countries around the world. The fluidity of musical expression in particular makes it an ideal medium for this cross-cultural interpretation.Mexico
In Mexico, punk culture is primarily a phenomenon among the upper-middle class, many of whom were first exposed to punk music through travel to England, but rapidly shifted to the lower-class youth. Because of low fees at public universities in Mexico, a significant majority of Mexican punks are university students. It is estimated approximately 5,000 young people are active punks in Mexico City, hosting two or three underground shows a week. These young people often form chavos banda—youth gangs—that organized subculture activity by creating formal meeting spaces and rituals and practices. Oral nicknames are a distinguishing feature of Mexican punk, where the tradition of oral culture has influenced the development of nicknames for almost all Mexican punks. Patches are widely used as an inexpensive way to alter clothing and express identity. Though English-language bands like theSouth Africa
Punk arrived slowly in South Africa during the 1970s when waves of British tradesmen welcomed by the then-Peru
In Peru punk traces its roots to the bandCuba
A punk subculture originated in Cuba in the 1980s, referred to as Los Frikis. As Cuban radio stations rarely played rock music, Frikis often listened to music by picking up radio frequencies from stations in nearby Florida. While many Frikas in the early-1990s entered AIDS clinics by knowingly injecting HIV-positive blood into them, others began congregating at ''El patio de María'', a community centre in Havana that was one of the few venues in the city that allowed rock bands to play. Some Frikis also participate inSee also
References
Bibliography
* * * * * * *Further reading
* * Savage, Jon. ''England's Dreaming: The Sex Pistols and Punk Rock''. Faber and Faber, 1991.External links
* {{Authority control * 1970s in the United Kingdom Australian culture Motorcycling subculture Music and politics Musical subcultures Punk Stereotypes Youth culture in the United Kingdom>Punk Punk or punks may refer to: Genres, subculture, and related aspects * Punk rock, a music genre originating in the 1970s associated with various subgenres * Punk subculture, a subculture associated with punk rock, or aspects of the subculture s ...Music
The punk subculture is centered on a loud, aggressive genre of rock music called punk rock, usually played by bands consisting of a vocalist, one or two electric guitarists, an electric bassist, and a drummer. In some bands, the musicians contribute backup vocals, which typically consist of shouted slogans, choruses, or football-style chants. While most punk rock uses distorted guitars and noisy drumming sounds derived from 1960s garage rock and 1970s pub rock, some punk bands incorporate elements from other subgenres, such asIdeologies
Punk political ideologies are mostly concerned with individual freedom andFashion
Early punk fashion adapted everyday objects for aesthetic effect: ripped clothing was held together by safety pins or wrapped with tape; ordinary clothing was customised by embellishing it with marker or adorning it with paint; a blackGender and gender expression
In the United Kingdom, the advent ofBody and appearance
For some punks, the body was a symbol of opposition, a political statement expressing disgust of all that was "normal" and socially accepted. The idea was to make others outside of the subculture question their own views, which made gender presentation and gender identity a popular factor to be played with. In some ways, punk helped to tear apart the normalised view of gender as a dichotomy. There was a notable amount of cross-dressing in the punk scene; it was not unusual to see men wearing ripped-up skirts, fishnet tights, and excessive makeup, or to see women with shaved heads wearing oversized plaid shirts and jean jackets and heavy combat boots. Punk created a new cultural space for androgyny and all kinds of gender expression. In trying to reject societal norms, punk embraced one societal norm by deciding that strength and anger was best expressed through masculinity, defining masculine as the "default", where gender did not exist or had no meaning. However, the main reasoning behind this argument equates femininity with popular conceptions of beauty. Everything that was normally supposed to be hidden was brought to the front, both literally and figuratively. This could mean anything from wearing bras and underwear on top of clothing to wearing nothing but a bra and underwear. Although that act can seem sexualised, to punks it was just a way of self-expression. Punk seemed to allow people to sexualize themselves and still be taken seriously. The nature of punk allowed many to create a non-gender-conforming style. Punks could be free to use femininity or masculinity to make what they were doing even more shocking to their audience. It became popular for some punks to accentuate societal norms. At one concert,Riot grrrl
Riot grrrl is an undergroundVisual art
Punk aesthetics determine the type of art punks enjoy, usually with underground,Dance
Two dance styles associated with punk are pogo dancing and moshing. The pogo is a dance in which the dancers jump up and down, while either remaining on the spot or moving around; the dance takes its name from its resemblance to the use of a pogo stick, especially in a common version of the dance, where an individual keeps their torso stiff, their arms rigid, and their legs close together. Pogo dancing is closely associated with punk rock and is a precursor to moshing. Moshing or slamdancing is a style of dance where participants push or slam into each other, typically during a live music show. It is usually associated with "aggressive" music genres, such as hardcore punk andLiterature
Punk has generated a considerable amount of poetry and prose. Punk has its own underground press in the form of punk zines, which feature news, gossip, cultural criticism, and interviews. Some zines take the form ofFilm
Many punk-themed films have been made. The No Wave Cinema andPerspectives on drugs and alcohol
Inhalable solvents
" sniffing">luesniffing was adopted by punks because public perceptions of sniffing fitted in with their self-image. Originally used experimentally and as a cheap high, adult disgust and hostility encouraged punks to use glue sniffing as a way of shocking society." Model airplane glue and contact cement were among the numerous solvents and inhalants used by punks to achieve euphoria and intoxication. Glue was typically inhaled by placing a quantity in a plastic bag and "huffing" (inhaling) the vapour. Liquid solvents were typically inhaled by soaking a rag with the solvent and inhaling the vapour. While users inhale solvents for the intoxicating effects, the practice can be harmful or fatal.Straight edge
Straight edge is a philosophy of hardcore punk culture, adherents of which refrain from using alcohol, tobacco, and other recreational drugs, in reaction to the excesses of punk subculture. For some, this extends to refraining from engaging in promiscuous sex, following a vegetarian orLifestyle and community
Punks come from all culture and economic classes. Compared to some subcultures, punk ideology is much closer to gender equality. Although the punk subculture is mostlyAuthenticity
In the punk and hardcore subcultures, members of the scene are often evaluated in terms of theInteractions with other subcultures
Some of the first hip hop MCs called themselves punk rockers, and some punk fashions have found their way into hip hop dress and vice versa.Persecution
East Germany
The punk scene began to emerge in socialist East Germany in the late 1970’s. It shared many similarities with that of the West and was considered by the ruling authorities to be a spread of an international youth sub-culture which had its roots in the U.S.A. and Western Europe. Indeed, this was an assessment many East German punks shared themselves. According to one, Mario Schulz, "The start was that I liked the music. I did not quite understand the English texts, but this ostentatious experience as an outsider, this capacity to shock, that pleased me. I was already- someone else would probably express it differently- an awkward sod." By the authorities, punk was seen as representing a way of life which was contrary in nature to existing social conventions and values. Punks were, however, not the only youth sub-culture to be considered ‘negative decadent’ and a threat to the stability of socialist society: heavy metallers, skinheads, and goths were also targeted. Whilst it is hard to ascertain an exact figure, the punk scene in East Germany in the early 1980s was still relatively small. For example, ‘In 1981, theGlobal perspectives
The punk subculture has spread to many countries around the world. The fluidity of musical expression in particular makes it an ideal medium for this cross-cultural interpretation.Mexico
In Mexico, punk culture is primarily a phenomenon among the upper-middle class, many of whom were first exposed to punk music through travel to England, but rapidly shifted to the lower-class youth. Because of low fees at public universities in Mexico, a significant majority of Mexican punks are university students. It is estimated approximately 5,000 young people are active punks in Mexico City, hosting two or three underground shows a week. These young people often form chavos banda—youth gangs—that organized subculture activity by creating formal meeting spaces and rituals and practices. Oral nicknames are a distinguishing feature of Mexican punk, where the tradition of oral culture has influenced the development of nicknames for almost all Mexican punks. Patches are widely used as an inexpensive way to alter clothing and express identity. Though English-language bands like theSouth Africa
Punk arrived slowly in South Africa during the 1970s when waves of British tradesmen welcomed by the then-Peru
In Peru punk traces its roots to the bandCuba
A punk subculture originated in Cuba in the 1980s, referred to as Los Frikis. As Cuban radio stations rarely played rock music, Frikis often listened to music by picking up radio frequencies from stations in nearby Florida. While many Frikas in the early-1990s entered AIDS clinics by knowingly injecting HIV-positive blood into them, others began congregating at ''El patio de María'', a community centre in Havana that was one of the few venues in the city that allowed rock bands to play. Some Frikis also participate inSee also
References
Bibliography
* * * * * * *Further reading
* * Savage, Jon. ''England's Dreaming: The Sex Pistols and Punk Rock''. Faber and Faber, 1991.External links
* {{Authority control * 1970s in the United Kingdom Australian culture Motorcycling subculture Music and politics Musical subcultures Punk Stereotypes Youth culture in the United Kingdom