pummelo

The pomelo ( ), ''Citrus maxima'', is the largest citrus fruit from the family Rutaceae and the principal ancestor of the grapefruit. It is a natural, non-hybrid, citrus fruit, native to Southeast Asia. Similar in taste to a sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly consumed and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast Asia. As with the grapefruit, phytochemicals in the pomelo have the potential for drug interactions.

Etymology and common names

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the etymology of the word "pomelo" is uncertain. It may be derived from Dutch ''pompelmoes''. Its botanical name, ''Citrus maxima'', means "the biggest citrus". In English, the word "pomelo" (also spelled pummelo, pumelo, pomello, pommelo) has become the more common name, although "pomelo" has historically been used for grapefruit.

After introduction to Barbados by 'Captain Shaddock' of the East India Company (apparently Philip Chaddock, who visited the island in the late 1640s), the fruit was called "shaddock" in English. From there the name spread to Jamaica in 1696.American Heritage Dictionary, 1973. The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia. In Nepali, it is known as "bhogate".

Description and uses

The pomelo tree may be tall, possibly with a crooked trunk thick, and low-hanging, irregular branches. Leaf petioles are distinctly winged, with alternate, ovate or elliptic shapes long, with a leathery, dull green upper layer, and hairy underleaf. The flowers — single or in clusters — are fragrant and yellow-white in color.

The fruit is large, in diameter, usually weighing . It has a thicker rind than a grapefruit, and is divided into 11 to 18 segments. The flesh tastes like a mild grapefruit, with little of its common bitterness (the grapefruit is a hybrid of the pomelo and the orange). The enveloping membranes around the segments are chewy and bitter, considered inedible, and usually discarded. There are at least sixty varieties.Pomelos, grapefruit's sweeter and mellower relative, have a wealth of flavor
by Jeanne Kelley, in the ''Los Angeles Times''; published February 12, 2016; retrieved November 19, 2021 (via archive.org)
The fruit generally contains few, relatively large seeds, but some varieties have numerous seeds.

The juice is regarded as delicious, and the rind is used to make preserves or may be candied. In Brazil, the thick skin may be used for making a sweet conserve, while the spongy pith of the rind is discarded. In Sri Lanka, it is often eaten as a dessert, sometimes sprinkled with sugar. In large parts of Southeast Asia where pomelo is native, it is a common dessert, often sprinkled with or dipped in a salt mixture. It is eaten in salads. In the Philippines, a pink beverage is made from pomelo and pineapple juice.

The fruit may have been introduced to China around 100 BCE. In East Asia, especially in Cantonese cuisine, braised pomelo pith is used to make dishes that are high in fibre and nutritional value and low in fat.

Propagation and genetic diversity

The seeds of the pomelo are monoembryonic, producing seedlings with genes from both parents, but they are usually similar to the tree they grow on and therefore pomelo is typically grown from seed in Asia. Seeds can be stored for 80 days at a temperature of and with moderate relative humidity. ''Citrus maxima'' is usually grafted onto other citrus rootstocks outside Asia to produce trees that are identical to the parent; high-quality varieties are propagated by air-layering or by budding onto favored rootstocks.

The physical and chemical characteristics of pomelo vary widely across South Asia.

Varieties

Non-hybrid pomelos

* Dangyuja

Possible non-hybrid pomelos

* Banpeiyu

Hybrids

The pomelo is one of the original citrus species from which cultivated citrus fruits have been hybridized, others being citron, mandarin, and to a lesser extent, papedas and kumquat. In particular, the common orange is presumed to be a naturally occurring hybrid between the pomelo and the mandarin with the pomelo providing the larger size and greater firmness. The grapefruit was originally also presumed to be a naturally occurring hybrid of the pomelo and the mandarin; however, genome analysis conducted more than two centuries after this presumption was made shows that it is actually a backcrossed hybrid between a pomelo and a sweet orange which is why 63% of the grapefruit's genome comes from the pomelo.

The pomelo is employed today in artificial breeding programs:
* The common sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) is a pomelo × mandarin hybrid
* The bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium) is another pomelo × mandarin hybrid
* The tangelo is a hybrid between pomelo or grapefruit and any tangerine; it generally has a thicker skin than a tangerine and is less sweet
** 'K–Early' ('Sunrise Tangelo')
** 'Minneola tangelo': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine
** 'Orlando' (formerly 'Take'): Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine (pollen parent)
** 'Seminole': Bowen grapefruit × Dancy tangerine
** 'Thornton': tangerine × grapefruit, unspecified
** 'Ugli fruit' (Jamaican tangelo): mandarin × grapefruit, probable (wild seedling)
* Grapefruit is a pomelo backcross: pomelo × sweet orange (see above)
* Forbidden fruit another Caribbean pomelo/sweet orange cross
* 'Nova': Clementine × Orlando tangelo cross
* The Oroblanco and Melogold grapefruits are hybrids between ''Citrus maxima'' and the grapefruit
* Mandelos: pomelo × mandarin
* Mato buntan: a variety in Taiwan
* Hyuganatsu is a pomelo hybrid
* Kawachi Bankan: ujukitsu x unidentified

Nutrition

Raw pomelo flesh is 89% water, 10% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). A 100-gram reference amount provides of food energy, and is rich in vitamin C (73% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content (table).

Potential for drug interaction

Pomelo may cause adverse effects, similar to those caused by grapefruit and some other citrus fruits, through the inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of prescription drugs such as anti-hypertensives and anticoagulants.

Gallery

File:Pummelo or Pamplemousse (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.); flowe Wellcome V0042686.jpg, Flowering and fruiting branch with numbered fruit segment and flower section, chromolithograph by P. Depannemaeker, c. 1885, after B. Hoola van Nooten
File:Caligrapefruit.jpg, This white hybrid Pomelo is cushioned with a thick mesocarp layer
File:Pummelos.jpg, Pomelos
File:Pummelo cut.jpg, Pomelo after being cut
File:Pomelos 02.jpg, Pink pomelo juice vesicles
File:Citrus maxima (Pampelmuse) 004.jpg, Pomelo blossom
File:Citrus maxima0.jpg, Pomelo on tree, has fruit and blossoms at the same time
File:Xiancun - pomelo orchards - DSCF4064.JPG, Fujian's Pinghe County is famous in China for its pomelos
File:Vườn bưởi.jpg, Pomelo orchard
File:Pummelo HBuntan Pink1 Asit.jpg, Pink pomelo
File:Pomelo seedling.jpg, Pomelo seedling
File:Citrus maxima (Pampelmuse) 005.jpg, Closeup of pomelo petiole
File:Mid-Autumn Festival 33, Chinatown, Singapore, Sep 06.JPG, Ipoh pomelos on sale at Chinatown, Singapore
File:Tam som-o nam pu.JPG, ''Tam som-o nam pu'': spicy Thai pomelo salad with crab extract
File:Pomelo with rind removed and segments.jpg, alt=A large pomelo with the rind removed and main fruit cut in half. The orange-like segments are visible., The large segments inside a pomelo, containing the fruit’s juice vesicles.

References

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Citrus
Flora of tropical Asia
Plants used in Ayurveda
Fruit trees