Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of ...
, and before that a
subclass) of
snails and
slug
Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a ...
s characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a
pallial lung instead of a
gill
A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they ar ...
, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The
taxon
In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular n ...
Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
in a molecular study per Jörger ''et al.'', dating from 2010.
Pulmonata are known from the
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carboniferou ...
Period to the present.
Pulmonates have a single
atrium and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a
vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no
operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are
hermaphroditic
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have s ...
, and some groups possess
love darts.
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) was as follows:
Order Pulmonata
Cuvier
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (; 23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in nat ...
in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
*Suborder
Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
***Superfamily
Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily
Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily
Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
*Suborder
Basommatophora
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), whe ...
Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails
***Superfamily
Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
***Superfamily
Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of t ...
J.E. Gray, 1840
***Superfamily
Chilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Ar ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily
Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
***Superfamily
Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily
Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily
Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
*Suborder
Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
**Infraorder
Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
***Superfamily
Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
**Infraorder
Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
***Superfamily
Trimusculoidea
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button sn ...
Zilch, 1959
**Infraorder
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
***Subinfraorder
Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcl ...
***Superfamily
Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
***Superfamily
Cochlicopoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agar ...
Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily
Partuloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agar ...
Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily
Pupilloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* A ...
Turton, 1831
***Subinfraorder
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a lo ...
***Superfamily
Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
F ...
Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily
Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
***Superfamily
Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
Baker, 1960
***Superfamily
Arionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Families
Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:
* Arionidae
* Anadenidae
* Ariolimacidae
* Binneyidae ...
J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
***Superfamily
Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
***Superfamily
Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily
Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. Nord ...
Mörch, 1864
***Superfamily
Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
***Superfamily
Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfamil ...
Tryon, 1866
***Superfamily
Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily
Helixarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
...
Bourguignat, 1877
***Superfamily
Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Ro ...
Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily
Oleacinoidea
The Oleacinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina of the order Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdo ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily
Orthalicoidea
The Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Orthalicoidei of the suborder HelicinaMolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999. Accessed through: W ...
Albers-Martens, 1860
***Superfamily
Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
***Superfamily
Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
***Superfamily
Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Taxonomy
The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within the clade ...
Morse, 1864
***Superfamily
Rhytidoidea
The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...
Pilsbry, 1893
***Superfamily
Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily
Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
***Superfamily
Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
***Superfamily
Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
***Superfamily
Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
***Superfamily
Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
***? Superfamily
Athoracophoroidea
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pat ...
P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
***? Superfamily
Succineoidea
Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina
''Helicina'' is a genus of tropical and subtropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropo ...
Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
2005 taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks. (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and s ...
was as follows:
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata
Informal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila
*Superfamily
Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of t ...
**Family
Amphibolidae
*Superfamily
Siphonarioidea
**Family
Siphonariidae
** † Family
Acroreiidae
= Clade Hygrophila
=
*Superfamily
Chilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Ar ...
**Family
Chilinidae
''Chilina'' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic animal, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Chilinoidea.
''Chilina'' is the only genus in the family Chilinidae.
Distribution
Chilinidae occupies the temp ...
**Family
Latiidae
''Latia'' is a genus of very small, air-breathing freshwater snails or limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Chilinoidea.
''Latia'' is the only genus in the family Latiidae.
Species in this genus are the only ...
*Superfamily
Acroloxoidea
**Family
Acroloxidae
Acroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical shell in the clade Hygrophila.
Acroloxidae is the only fami ...
*Superfamily
Lymnaeoidea
**Family
Lymnaeidae
Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila.
Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superf ...
*Superfamily
Planorboidea
**Family
Planorbidae
Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Unlike most molluscs, the blood of ram's horn snails contains iron-based hemoglobin instea ...
**Family
Physidae
Physidae, common name the bladder snails, is a monophyletic taxonomic family of small air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Lymnaeoidea .MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Physidae ...
Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
*Superfamily
Trimusculoidea
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button sn ...
**Family
Trimusculidae
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the butt ...
*Superfamily
Otinoidea
**Family
Otinidae
**Family
Smeagolidae
''Smeagol'' is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone.Marshall, B.; Rosenberg, G. (2016). Smeagol Climo, 1980. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...
*Superfamily
Ellobioidea
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...
**Family
Ellobiidae
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...
= Clade Systellommatophora ( = Gymnomorpha)
=
*Superfamily
Onchidioidea
**Family
Onchidiidae
*Superfamily
Veronicelloidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, accord ...
**Family
Veronicellidae
The Veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs.
The herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia and Africa.
They act as intermed ...
**Family
Rathouisiidae
Rathouisiidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Veronicelloidea, the leatherleaf slugs and their allies.
This family has no subfamilies according to the ''Taxonomy of ...
= Clade
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
=
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
= Subclade
Elasmognatha
Elasmognatha is a taxonomic grouping, a clade, of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
A number of species in this taxonomic group are endangered.
Taxonomy
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bou ...
=
*Superfamily
Succineoidea
Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina
''Helicina'' is a genus of tropical and subtropical land snails with an operculum, terrestrial gastropo ...
**Family
Succineidae
Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed through: ...
*Superfamily
Athoracophoroidea
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive pat ...
**Family
Athoracophoridae
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Many of the species have an attractive p ...
= Subclade
Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcl ...
=
*Superfamily
Partuloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agar ...
**Family
Partulidae
**Family
Draparnaudiidae
''Draparnaudia'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Partuloidea.
''Draparnaudia'' is the only genus in the family Draparnaudiidae.
Both the family name and the genus name ...
*Superfamily
Achatinelloidea
**Family
Achatinellidae
Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Taxonomy
It was previously the only family in the superfamily Achatinelloidea (according to the taxonom ...
*Superfamily
Cochlicopoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agar ...
**Family
Cochlicopidae
Cochlicopidae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cochlicopoidea.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (accord ...
**Family
Amastridae
Amastridae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Amastridae Pilsbry, 1910. Accessed through: World Register of ...
*Superfamily
Pupilloidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* A ...
**Family
Pupillidae
Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pupillidae W. Turton, 1831. Accessed through: ...
**Family
Argnidae
Argnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Distribution
Distribution of Argnidae include Europe: southern and eastern Alps and Carpathian Mountains.
**Family
Chondrinidae
Chondrinidae is a family of mostly minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in th ...
** † Family
Cylindrellinidae
†Cylindrellinidae is an extinct family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Cylindrellinidae Zilch, 1959 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: ...
**Family
Lauriidae
Lauriidae is a family of land snails. It is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) ...
**Family
Orculidae
Orculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918. Accessed through: World Register ...
**Family
Pleurodiscidae
**Family
Pyramidulidae
**Family
Spelaeodiscidae
Spelaeodiscidae is a family of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
The family Spelaeodiscidae has ...
**Family
Strobilopsidae
Strobilopsidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Taxonomy
The family Strobilopsidae is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the ...
**Family
Valloniidae
Valloniidae is a taxonomic family of small and minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Valloniidae Morse, 1864. Accessed through: World R ...
**Family
Vertiginidae
Vertiginidae, common name the whorl snails, is a family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
Distribution
The distribution of the Vertiginidae is in the ...
*Superfamily
Enoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder ''Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Ag ...
**Family
Enidae
**Family
Cerastidae
= Informal Group
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a lo ...
=
*Superfamily
Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. Nord ...
**Family
Clausiliidae
Clausiliidae, also known by their common name the door snails, are a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Mollusca ...
** † Family
Anadromidae
Anadromidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata (according to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
The family Anadromidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging ...
** † Family
Filholiidae
†Filholiidae is an extinct family of fossil air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial g ...
** † Family
Palaeostoidae
Palaeostoidae is an extinct family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). ...
*Superfamily
Orthalicoidea
The Orthalicoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Orthalicoidei of the suborder HelicinaMolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Simpulopsidae Schileyko, 1999. Accessed through: W ...
**Family
Orthalicidae
Orthalicidae (orthalicid land snails) are a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks are classified in the subfamily Orthalicoidea of the order Stylommatophora. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase ...
**Family
Cerionidae
Cerionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.
Pre-2008 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), the family Cerionidae is ...
**Family
Coelociontidae
** † Family
Grangerellidae
Grangerellidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera within the family Grangerellidae includ ...
**Family
Megaspiridae
Megaspiridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Breure A. S. H. & Romero P. (2012). "S ...
**Family
Placostylidae
Bothriembryontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea.
Taxonomy
This family has been named Placostylidae and had no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of t ...
**Family
Urocoptidae
Urocoptidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
The family Urocoptidae was classified in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the ...
*Superfamily
Achatinoidea
**Family
Achatinidae
Achatinidae (New Latin, from Greek "''agate''") is a family of medium to large sized tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks from Africa.
Well known species include ''Achatina achatina'' the Giant African Snail, and ''Liss ...
**Family
Ferussaciidae
**Family
Micractaeonidae
**Family
Subulinidae
*Superfamily
Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
**Family
Aillyidae
*Superfamily
Testacelloidea
The Testacelloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina of the order Stylommatophora . MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Testacelloidea Gray, 1840. Accessed ...
**Family
Testacellidae
**Family
Oleacinidae
**Family
Spiraxidae
*Superfamily
Papillodermatoidea
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra.
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is the only species in the genus ''Papilloderma'', which is the only ...
**Family
Papillodermatidae
*Superfamily
Streptaxoidea
**Family
Streptaxidae
Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade
Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.
Str ...
*Superfamily
Rhytidoidea
The Rhytidoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...
**Family
Rhytididae
Rhytididae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snails, carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Rhytidoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Rhytididae Pilsbry, 1893. Acces ...
**Family
Chlamydephoridae
''Chlamydephorus'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Chlamydephoridae. It is the only genus within the family Chlamydephoridae.Herbert D. G. (1997). "The terrestrial slugs of KwaZulu- ...
**Family
Haplotrematidae
Haplotrematidae is a taxonomic family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Haplotrematoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Haplotrematidae H. B. Baker, 1925. Accessed th ...
**Family
Scolodontidae
Scolodontidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mol ...
*Superfamily
Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
F ...
**Family
Acavidae
Acavidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this family, the number o ...
**Family
Caryodidae
Caryodidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family is endemic to eastern Aus ...
**Family
Dorcasiidae
Dorcasiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
The family Dorcasiidae has no subfamilies.
Di ...
**Family
Macrocyclidae
Macrocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod m ...
**Family
Megomphicidae
Megomphicidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate g ...
**Family
Strophocheilidae
Strophocheilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Fossil record
The genus '' Eobor ...
*Superfamily
Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Taxonomy
The superfamily Punctoidea is classified within the clade Stylommatophora within the clade ...
**Family
Punctidae
Punctidae, common name the "dot snails" or "pinhead snails", is a family of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of ...
** † Family
Anastomopsidae
Anastomopsidae is an extinct family of fossil gastropods in the superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Taxono ...
**Family
Charopidae
Charopidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails (and semi-slugs such as '' Otoconcha dimidiata''), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Charopidae Hu ...
**Family
Cystopeltidae
Cystopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in ...
**Family
Discidae
Discidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.
Genera
The family Discidae has no subfamilies. Genera within the family Discidae include:
* '' Anguispira'' Morse, ...
**Family
Endodontidae
Endodontidae is a taxonomic family of very small air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.
This family, which includes both snails and slugs, appears to have once been much more ...
**Family
Helicodiscidae
Helicodiscidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
Genera within the family in ...
**Family
Oreohelicidae
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmona ...
**Family
Thyrophorellidae
*Superfamily
Sagdoidea
Sagdoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Helicoidei of the suborder Helicina
''Helicina'' is a genus of tropical and subtropical land snails with an operculum, ter ...
**Family
Sagdidae
Sagdidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks with highest diversity in the Greater Antilles. It has been classified in its own superfamily Sagdoidea and as a member of the superfamily Helicoidea
...
=
limacoid clade
The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina
Distribution
The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be the P ...
=
*Superfamily
Staffordioidea
**Family
Staffordiidae
Staffordiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...
*Superfamily Dyakioidea
**Family
Dyakiidae
Dyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Some of the species in this family are sin ...
*Superfamily
Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfamil ...
**Family
Gastrodontidae
Gastrodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase ...
**Family
Chronidae
Chronidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea within the superorder Eupulmonata. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Chronidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: ...
**Family
Euconulidae
Euconulidae is a taxonomic family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea.
This land snail family is closely allied to the Zonitidae, the glass snails.
...
**Family
Oxychilidae
Oxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of Oxychilidae includes the Nearctic, western-Palearctic, eastern-Palear ...
**Family
Pristilomatidae
Pristilomatidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
According to the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi these snails belong to the " limacoid ...
**Family
Trochomorphidae
Trochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Since 2017, its classification has bee ...
**Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
***Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
***Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
***Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
*Superfamily
Parmacelloidea
Parmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata. These are limacoid or keelback slugs.
Families
Families within the superfamil ...
**Family
Parmacellidae
Parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies (accor ...
**Family
Milacidae
**Family
Trigonochlamydidae
*Superfamily
Zonitoidea
**Family
Zonitidae
Zonitidae, common name the true glass snails, are a family (biology), family of mostly rather small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod Mollusc, mollusks in the superfamily Zonitoidea.
Zonitidae is t ...
*Superfamily
Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
* A ...
**Family
Helicarionidae
**Family
Ariophantidae
**Family
Urocyclidae
*Superfamily
Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Ro ...
**Family
Limacidae
Limacidae, also known by their common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea.
Distribution
The distributio ...
**Family
Agriolimacidae
**Family
Boettgerillidae
''Boettgerilla'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Boettgerillidae.
The generic name ''Boettgerilla'' is named after the German malacologist Oskar Boettger.
Taxonomy
''Boettge ...
**Family
Vitrinidae
Vitrinidae is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Limacoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. ...
= other Sigmurethra
=
Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
*Superfamily
Arionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Families
Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:
* Arionidae
* Anadenidae
* Ariolimacidae
* Binneyidae ...
**Family
Arionidae
Arionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of this family of slu ...
**Family
Anadenidae
Anadenidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Ar ...
**Family
Ariolimacidae
Ariolimacidae is a family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
**Family
Binneyidae
Binneyidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Arou ...
**Family
Oopeltidae
Oopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Subfamilies and genera
The family Oopeltidae ...
**Family
Philomycidae
Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouc ...
*Superfamily
Helicoidea
**Family
Helicidae
Helicidae is a large, diverse family (biology), family of small to large, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails."
A number of species in this family are valued as food items, including ''Cornu aspersum'' (formerly ''Heli ...
**Family
Bradybaenidae
Bradybaeninae is a taxonomic subfamily of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Camaenidae, superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 (1898). ...
**Family
Camaenidae
Camaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families in the clade Stylommatophora.
Th ...
**Family
Cepolidae
The bandfishes, family Cepolidae, are 23 species of marine ray-finned fishes, They are native to the East Atlantic and Indo-Pacific wherethey dig burrows in sandy or muddy seabeds and eat zooplankton.
Taxonomy
The bandfishes belong to the f ...
**Family
Cochlicellidae
**Family
Elonidae
Elonidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.
This family is within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
...
**Family
Epiphragmophoridae
**Family
Halolimnohelicidae
Halolimnohelicidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.
Genera ...
**Family
Helicodontidae
**Family
Helminthoglyptidae
The Helminthoglyptinae are a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the family Xanthonychidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helminthoglyptinae Pilsbry, 1939. Accessed through: World Re ...
**Family
Humboldtianidae
**Family
Hygromiidae
**Family
Monadeniidae
**Family
Pleurodontidae
Pleurodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...
**Family
Polygyridae
**Family
Sphincterochilidae
**Family
Thysanophoridae
**Family
Trissexodontidae
**Family
Xanthonychidae
2010 taxonomy
Jörger ''et al.'' (2010)
analyzed major groups within the
Heterobranchia
Heterobranchia, the ''heterobranchs'' (meaning "different-gilled snails"), is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks.
Heterobranchia is one of the main clades of gastropods. Cur ...
using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was
polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to
Sacoglossa
Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular co ...
and
Acochlidia
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.
Description
Thes ...
. They proposed the more inclusive taxon
Panpulmonata
Panpulmonata is a taxonomic clade of snails and slugs in the clade Heterobranchia within the clade Euthyneura.
Panpulmonata was established as a new taxon by Jörger et al. in October 2010.
The older name "Pulmonata" referred to a group of gas ...
to unite the clades
Siphonarioidea,
Sacoglossa
Sacoglossa, commonly known as the sacoglossans or the "solar-powered sea slugs", are a superorder of small sea slugs and sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks that belong to the clade Heterobranchia. Sacoglossans live by ingesting the cellular co ...
,
Glacidorboidea,
Pyramidelloidea
Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.
This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gastr ...
,
Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of t ...
,
Hygrophila,
Acochlidia
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.
Description
Thes ...
and
Eupulmonata.
References
Further reading
*
*
External links
Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
{{Authority control
Obsolete gastropod taxa
Carboniferous first appearances
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier