A protectorate, in the context of international relations, is a
state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a
dependent territory that enjoys
autonomy over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the
suzerainty
Suzerainty () is the rights and obligations of a person, state or other polity who controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state, while allowing the tributary state to have internal autonomy. While the subordinate party is ca ...
of a more powerful
sovereign state
A sovereign state or sovereign country, is a political entity represented by one central government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined ter ...
without being a possession.
In exchange, the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations depending on the terms of their arrangement.
[ Usually protectorates are established ]de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legall ...
by a treaty.[ Under certain conditions—as with Egypt under British rule (1882–1914)—a state can also be labelled as a de facto protectorate or a veiled protectorate.
A protectorate is different from a colony as it has local rulers, is not directly possessed, and rarely experiences colonization by the suzerain state. A state that is under the protection of another state while retaining its "international personality" is called a "protected state", not a protectorate.
]
History
Protectorates are one of the oldest features of international relations, dating back to the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...
. ''Civitates foederatae'' were cities that were subordinate to Rome for their foreign relations. In the Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
, Andorra was a protectorate of France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
and Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
. Modern protectorate concepts were devised in the nineteenth century.
Typology
Foreign relations
In practice, a protectorate often has direct foreign relations only with the protector state, and transfers the management of all its more important international affairs to the latter.[ Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.
Protectorates differ from League of Nations mandates and their successors, United Nations Trust Territories, whose administration is supervised, in varying degrees, by the international community. A protectorate formally enters into the protection through a bilateral agreement with the protector, while international mandates are stewarded by the world community-representing body, with or without a administering power.
]
Protected state
A protected state has a form of protection where it continues to retain an "international personality" and enjoys an agreed amount of independence in conducting its foreign policy.
For political and pragmatic reasons, the protection relationship is not usually advertised, but described with euphemisms such as "an independent state with special treaty relations" with the protecting state. A protected state appears on world maps just as any other independent state.
International administration of a state can also be regarded as an internationalized form of protection, where the protector is an international organisation rather than a state.
Colonial protection
Multiple regions—such as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
Colonial Nigeria was ruled by the British Empire from the mid-nineteenth century until 1960 when Nigeria achieved independence. British influence in the region began with the prohibition of slave trade to British subjects in 1807. Britain an ...
, the Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, and similar—were subjects of colonial protection. Conditions of protection are generally much less generous for areas of colonial protection. The protectorate was often reduced to a condition similar to a colony, but with the pre-existing native state continuing as the agent of indirect rule. Occasionally, a protectorate was established by another form of indirect rule: a chartered company, which becomes a state in its European home state (but geographically overseas), allowed to be an independent country with its own foreign policy and generally its own armed forces.
In fact, protectorates were often declared despite no agreement being duly entered into by the state supposedly being protected, or only agreed to by a party of dubious authority in those states. Colonial protectors frequently decided to reshuffle several protectorates into a new, artificial unit without consulting the protectorates, without being mindful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain a protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreement
The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire. Represented at t ...
of February 26, 1885, allowed European colonial powers to establish protectorates in Black Africa (the last region to be divided among them) by diplomatic notification, even without actual possession on the ground. This aspect of history is referred to as the Scramble for Africa. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as ''colony'' and ''protectorate'' for an amalgamation—convenient only for the colonizer or protector—of adjacent territories, over which it held () sway by protective or "raw" colonial power.
Amical protection
In amical protection—as of United States of the Ionian Islands by Britain—the terms are often very favourable for the protectorate. The political interest of the protector is frequently moral (a matter of accepted moral obligation, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, or dynastic, historical, or ethnocultural ties). Also, the protector's interest is in countering a rival or enemy power—such as preventing the rival from obtaining or maintaining control of areas of strategic importance. This may involve a very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations but may not constitute any real sacrifice, as the protectorate may not have been able to have a similar use of them without the protector's strength.
Amical protection was frequently extended by the great powers to other Christian (generally European) states, and to states of no significant importance. After 1815, non-Christian states (such as the Chinese Qing dynasty) also provided amical protection of other, much weaker states.
In modern times, a form of amical protection can be seen as an important or defining feature of microstates. According to the definition proposed by Dumienski (2014): "microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints".
Argentina's protectorates
* Liga Federal
Liga or LIGA may refer to:
People
* Līga (name), a Latvian female given name
* Luciano Ligabue, more commonly known as Ligabue or ''Liga'', Italian rock singer-songwriter
Sports
* Liga ACB, men's professional basketball league in Spain
* Liga ...
(1815–1820)
* Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = National seal
, national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...
(1820–1822)
* Riograndense Republic
The Riograndense Republic, often called the Piratini Republic ( pt, República Rio-Grandense or ), was a ''de facto'' state that seceded from the Empire of Brazil and roughly coincided with the present state of Rio Grande do Sul. It was proc ...
(1836-1845)
* Juliana Republic (1839-1845)
* Gobierno del Cerrito (1843–1851)
* Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...
(1876)
''De facto''
* Republic of Tucumán (1820–1821)
* National Territory of Misiones (1865–1954)
* National Territory of the Gran Chaco (1874–1884)
* National Territory of the Patagonia (1878–1884)
* National Territory of the Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands (1884–1991)
Brazil's protectorates
* Republic of Acre (1899-1903)
British Empire's protectorates and protected states
Americas
* (1655–1860; over Central America's Miskito Indian nation)
Europe
* Malta Protectorate (1800–1813); Crown Colony of Malta proclaimed in 1813) (de jure part of the Kingdom of Sicily but under British protection)
* Ionian islands (1815–1864) (a Greek state and amical protectorate of Great Britain between 1815 and 1864)
* British Cyprus
British Cyprus was the island of Cyprus under the dominion of the British Empire, administered sequentially from 1878 to 1914 as a British protectorate, from 1914 to 1925 as a unilaterally annexed military occupation, and from 1925 to 1960 as a ...
(1871–1914) (put under British military administration 1914–22 then proclaimed a Crown Colony 1922–60)
South Asia
* Cis-Sutlej states
The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in the modern Punjab and Haryana states of northwestern India during the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the ...
(1809–1862)
* (1816–1923; protected state)
* Princely states (1857–1947; vassal states)
* (1861–1947)
* Maldive Islands (1887–1965)
* (1879–1919; protected state)
* (1910–1947; protected state)
Western Asia
* British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1822–1971); headquarters based in Bushire, Persia
** , protected state (1880–1971)
** Sheikhdom of Kuwait
)
, image_map = kuwait in its region 1913-1922.jpg
, image_map_caption =
, capital = Kuwait City
, latd =
, latm =
, latNS =
, longd = ...
, protected state (1899–1961)
** Qatar, protected state (1916–1971)
** ; precursor state of the UAE, protected states (1892–1971)
*** Abu Dhabi (1820–1971)
*** Ajman
Ajman ( ar, عجمان, '; Gulf Arabic: عيمان ʿymān) is the capital of the emirate of Ajman in the United Arab Emirates. It is the fifth-largest city in UAE after Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and Al Ain. Located along the Persian Gulf, ...
(1820–1971)
*** Dubai
Dubai (, ; ar, wikt:دبي, دبي, translit=Dubayy, , ) is the List of cities in the United Arab Emirates#Major cities, most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, the most populated of the 7 ...
(1835–1971)
*** Fujairah
Fujairah City ( ar, الفجيرة) is the capital of the emirate of Fujairah in the United Arab Emirates. It is the seventh-largest city in UAE, located on the Gulf of Oman (part of the Indian Ocean). It is the only Emirati capital city on the ...
(1952–1971)
*** Ras Al Khaimah (1820–1971)
*** Sharjah
Sharjah (; ar, ٱلشَّارقَة ', Gulf Arabic: ''aš-Šārja'') is the third-most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, after Dubai and Abu Dhabi, forming part of the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area.
Sharjah is the capital ...
(1820–1971)
**** Kalba (1936–1951)
*** Umm al-Qaiwain
Umm Al Quwain is the capital and largest city of the Emirate of Umm Al Quwain in the United Arab Emirates.
The city is located on the peninsula of Khor Al Bidiyah, with the nearest major cities being Sharjah to the southwest and Ras Al Kha ...
(1820–1971)
** (1892–1971; informal, protected state)
* Aden Protectorate (1872–1963); precursor state of South Yemen
** Eastern Protectorate States (mostly in Haudhramaut); later the Protectorate of South Arabia
The Protectorate of South Arabia consisted of various states located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula under treaties of protection with Britain. The area of the former protectorate became part of South Yemen after the Radfan upri ...
(1963–1967)
*** Kathiri
Kathiri ( ar, ٱلْكَثِيْرِي, al-Kathīrī), officially the Kathiri State of Seiyun ( ar, ٱلسَّلْطَنَة ٱلْكَثِيْرِيَّة - سَيْؤُوْن, al-Salṭanah al-Kathīrīyah - Sayʾūn), was a sultanate in the ...
*** Mahra
*** Qu'aiti
*** Upper Yafa
Upper Yafa or Upper Yafa'i ( ar, يافع العليا ''),'' officially State of Upper Yafa ( ar, دولة يافع العليا '')'', was a military alliance in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia. It was rul ...
(consisted of five Sheikhdoms: Al-Busi
Al-Bu`si, Busi, Bo'sī, ( ''Bu`sī''), or the Bu`si Sheikhdom ( ''Mashyakhat al-Bu`sī''), was a small state in the British Aden Protectorate. It was one of the states of Upper Yafa.
History
Busi was established around the 18th century.
Protector ...
, Al-Dhubi
Al-Dhubi, Al-Dubi ( ''Dhubī''), or the Dhubi Sheikhdom ( ''Mashyakhat ad-Dhubī''), was a small state in the British Aden Protectorate. Dhubi was located between Mawsata in the southwest, Hadrami in the northeast, Lower Yafa in the south and U ...
, Hadrami, Maflahi
Muflihi, Muflahi ( '), Muflihi or the Muflahi Sheikhdom ( '), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate.
Its last sheikh, Kassim Abdulrahaman Al-Muflihi, was deposed in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and the area ...
, and Mawsata
Mawsata, Mausata (), or the Mawsata State ( '), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate. Mawsata was located in the western and southwestern part of Upper Yafa. The main mountain in the area is Jabal Darfan.
Mawsata was the most populated of ...
)
*** Hawra
*** Irqa
Irqa (Arabic: العرقة) is a village in the Shabwah Governorate in Yemen. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it was an independent city-state known as the Sheikhdom of al-`Irqa. In December 2011, during the Yemeni Revolution
The Yemeni R ...
** Western Protectorate States; later the Federation of South Arabia
The Federation of South Arabia ( ar, اتحاد الجنوب العربي ') was a federal state under British protection in what would become South Yemen. Its capital was Aden.
It was formed on 4 April 1962 from the 15 protected states of ...
(1959/1962–1967), including Aden Colony
*** Wahidi Sultanates (these included: Balhaf
Balhaf is an industrial port town and an oasis in an area of coastal dunes in the Burum Coastal Area of Yemen. It has palm trees and white sand, which gives way to fields of black lava and to the fishing port of Bir-Ali. Qana, a major point of depa ...
, Azzan, Bir Ali, and Habban)
*** Beihan
*** Dhala
Dhale or Dhala, also spelled Dali and Dhalea and sometimes prefixed with Al or Ad ( ar, الضالع, Aḍ-Ḍāliʿ), is the capital town of Dhale Governorate in south-western Yemen. It is located at around , in the elevation of around 1500 metr ...
and Qutaibi
*** Fadhli
Fadhli ( ar, فضلي '), or the Fadhli Sultanate ( ar, السلطنة الفضلية '), was an independent sultanate on the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula from the 17th century until 1967.
*** Lahej
*** Lower Yafa
*** Audhali
Audhali ( ' or '), or the Audhali Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة العوذلي '), was a state in the British Aden Protectorate. It was a founding member of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South in 1959 and its successor, the Federation of Sou ...
*** Haushabi
*** Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
The Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom ( ') was a state in the British Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia. Its capital was Sa'id. The area of the former state is now central part ...
*** Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
The Upper Aulaqi Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة العوالق العليا ') was a state in the British Aden Protectorate and the Federation of South Arabia. Its capital was Nisab.
History
The Lower Aulaqi sultans separated from the Upper Aulaq ...
*** Lower Aulaqi
Lower Aulaqi ( '), or the Lower Aulaqi Sultanate ( ar, سلطنة العوالق السفلى '), was a state in the Aden Protectorate, the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and its successor, the Federation of South Arabia. Its capital w ...
*** Alawi
*** Aqrabi
*** Dathina
*** Shaib
Shaib or Sha‘ib ( ar, شعيب '), or the Sheikhdom of Shaib ( ar, مشيخة الشعيب '), was a state in the Aden Protectorate, South Arabia. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen.
History
The Sha`ib Sheikhdom was established at an ...
Africa
* (1884–1960)
* Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885–1966)
* Protectorate (1889–1964)
* Nyasaland Protectorate (1893–1964) ( British Central Africa Protectorate from 1889 until 1907)
* (1890–1963)
* Gambia Colony and Protectorate* (1894–1965)
* Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962)
* East Africa Protectorate (1895–1920)
* Sierra Leone Protectorate
The Colony and Protectorate of Sierra Leone (informally British Sierra Leone) was the British colonial administration in Sierra Leone from 1808 to 1961, part of the British Empire from the abolitionism era until the decolonisation era. The Cro ...
* (1896–1961)
* Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
* (1914-1960)
* Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
* Swaziland (1903–1968)
* Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914)
* Northern Territories of the Gold Coast (British protectorate)
The Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, commonly known as the Northern Territories, was a British protectorate in Africa from 1901 until 1957.’The Location of Administrative Capitals in Ashanti, Ghana, 1896-1911’ by R. B. Bening in The ...
(1901–1957)
* Sultanate of Egypt (1914–1922)
* Kenya Protectorate* (1920–1963)
* (1922–1936)
* (1924–1964)
*protectorates which existed alongside a colony of the same name
De facto
* Khediviate of Egypt (1882–1913)
Oceania
* (1884–1888)
* Tokelau (1877–1916)
* Cook Islands
)
, image_map = Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg
, capital = Avarua
, coordinates =
, largest_city = Avarua
, official_languages =
, lan ...
(1888–1893)
* (1892–1916)
* British Solomon Islands (1893–1978)
* Niue
Niue (, ; niu, Niuē) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Zealand. Niue's land area is about and its population, predominantly Polynesian, was about 1,600 in 2016. Niue is located in a triangle between T ...
(1900–1901)
* (1900–1970)
East and Southeast Asia
* British North Borneo (1888–1946)
* (1888–1984)
* (1888–1946)
* Federation of Malaya (1948–1957)
** (1895–1946)
*** (1888–1895)
**** Sungai Ujong (1874–1888)
**** Jelebu
The Jelebu District ( Negeri Sembilan Malay: ''Jolobu'') is the second largest district in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia after Jempol, with a population over 40,000. Jelebu borders on the Seremban District to its west and Kuala Pilah District t ...
(1886–1895)1946)
*** (1888–1895)
*** (1874–1895)
*** (1874–1895)
** Unfederated Malay States (1904/09–1946)
*** (1914–1946)
**** Muar (1897–1909)
*** (1909–1946)
**** Kulim (1894–1909)
*** (1909–1946)
*** (1909–1946)
*** (1909–1946)
China's protectorates
* Han dynasty
The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by th ...
:
** Protectorate of the Western Regions
* Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
:
** Protectorate General to Pacify the West
** Protectorate General to Pacify the North
** Protectorate General to Pacify the East
* Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
:
** Goryeo (1270–1356)
* Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...
:
** Tibet
Dutch Empire's protectorates
Various sultanates in the Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia):
Sumatra
* Trumon Sultanate (1770?)
* Langkat Sultanate (26 October 1869)
* Deli Sultanate (22 August 1862)
* Asahan Sultanate (27 September 1865)
* Kota Pinang Sultanate (1865 - 1942)
* Siak Sultanate (1 February 1858)
* Indragiri Sultanate (1838?)
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
* Jogjakarta Sultanate (13 February 1755)
* Mataram Empire and Surakarta Sunanate (26 February 1677)
* Duchy of Mangkunegara (24 February 1757)
* Duchy of Paku Alaman (22 June 1812)
Lesser Sunda Islands
* Sumbawa Sultanate (?)
* Bima Sultanate
The Sultanate of Bima (كسلطانن بيما) was a Muslim state in the eastern part of Sumbawa in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day regency of Bima. It was a regionally important polity which formed the eastern limit of Islam in thi ...
(8 December 1669)
Borneo
* Pontianak Sultanate (16 August 1819)
* Sambas Sultanate (1819)
* Kubu Sultanate (4 June 1823)
* Landak Sultanate (?)
* Mempawah Sultanate (?)
* Matan Sultanate (?)
* Sanggau Sultanate (?)
* Sekadau Sultanate (?)
* Simpang Sultanate (?)
* Sintang Sultanate (1822)
* Sukadana Sultanate (?)
* Kota Waringin Sultanate (?)
* Kutai Kertanegara Sultanate (8 August 1825)
* Gunung Tabur Sultanate (?)
* Bulungan Sultanate (?)
Celebes
* Gowa Sultanate (1669)
* Bone Sultanate
Bone (also ''Boni'', or ''Bone Saoraja'') was a sultanate in the south-west peninsula of what is now Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day Indonesia. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the Bone Regency.
Co ...
(?)
* Sidenreng Sultanate (?)
* Soppeng Sultanate (?)
* Butung Sultanate (?)
* Muna Sultanate (?)
* Banggai Sultanate (?)
The Moluccas
The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located ea ...
* Ternate Sultanate (12 October 1676)
* Batjan Sultanate (?)
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torres ...
* Dutch New Guinea
Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea ( nl, Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, id, Nugini Belanda) was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kin ...
:
** Kaimana Sultanate (?)
France's protectorates and protected states
Africa
"Protection" was the formal legal structure under which French colonial forces expanded in Africa between the 1830s and 1900. Almost every pre-existing state that was later part of French West Africa was placed under protectorate status at some point, although direct rule gradually replaced protectorate agreements. Formal ruling structures, or fictive recreations of them, were largely retained—as with the low-level authority figures in the French Cercles—with leaders appointed and removed by French officials.
* Benin traditional states
** Independent of Danhome
The Kingdom of Dahomey () was a List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa, West African kingdom located within present-day Benin that existed from approximately 1600 until 1904. Dahomey developed on the Abomey Plateau amongst the Fon people in th ...
, under French protectorate, from 1889
** Porto-Novo
Porto-Novo (Portuguese: "New Port", , ; yo, Àjàṣẹ́, ), also known as Hogbonu and Ajashe, is the capital of Benin. The commune covers an area of and as of 2002 had a population of 223,552 people.
Situated on an inlet of the Gulf of G ...
a French protectorate, 23 February 1863 – 2 January 1865. Cotonou a French Protectorate, 19 May 1868. Porto-Novo
Porto-Novo (Portuguese: "New Port", , ; yo, Àjàṣẹ́, ), also known as Hogbonu and Ajashe, is the capital of Benin. The commune covers an area of and as of 2002 had a population of 223,552 people.
Situated on an inlet of the Gulf of G ...
French protectorate, 14 April 1882.
* Central African Republic traditional states:
** French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti
Dar or DAR may refer to:
Settlements
* Dar es Salaam, the largest city of Tanzania and East Africa
* Dar, Azerbaijan, a village
* Dar, Iran, a village
People
* Dar (tribe), a Kashmiri tribe in India and Pakistan
* Aleem Dar, Pakistani cricket ...
(1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French), 12 December 1897
** French protectorate over the Sultanate of Bangassou
Bangassou is a city in the south eastern Central African Republic, lying on the north bank of the Mbomou River. It has a population of 24,447 (2003 census) and is the capital of the Mbomou prefecture. It is known for its wildlife, market, and nea ...
, 1894
* Burkina Faso was since 20 February 1895 a French protectorate named Upper Volta (Haute-Volta)
* Chad: Baghirmi
The Sultanate or Kingdom of Bagirmi or Baghermi (french: Royaume du Baguirmi) was a kingdom and Islamic sultanate southeast of Lake Chad in central Africa. It was founded in either 1480 or 1522 and lasted until 1897, when it became a French pro ...
state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate
* Côte d'Ivoire: 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast
* Guinea: 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud).
* Niger, Sultanate of Damagaram ( Zinder), 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled Sarkin Damagaram or Sultan
* Senegal: 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers
* Comoros21 April 1886 French protectorate (Anjouan
Anjouan (; also known as Ndzuwani or Nzwani, and historically as Johanna or Hinzuan) is an autonomous high island in the Indian Ocean that forms part of the Union of the Comoros. Its chief town is Mutsamudu and, , its population is around 277,500 ...
) until 25 July 1912 when annexed.
* Present Djibouti was originally, since 24 June 1884, the Territory of Obock and Protectorate of Tadjoura (Territoires Français d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as French Somaliland (Côte Française des Somalis).
* Mauritania: 12 May 1903 French protectorate; within Mauritania several traditional states:
** Adrar emirate since 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish)
** The Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), since 1905 under French protectorate.
** Brakna confederation's emirate
** Emirate of Trarza
The Emirate of Trarza was a precolonial state in what is today southwest Mauritania. It has survived as a traditional confederation of semi-nomadic peoples to the present day. Its name is shared with the modern Region of Trarza. The population ...
: 15 December 1902 placed under French protectorate status.
* Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to A ...
– most of the sultanate was under French protectorate (30 March 1912 – 7 April 1956) although, in theory, it remained a sovereign state under the Treaty of Fez; this fact was confirmed by the International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ; french: Cour internationale de justice, links=no; ), sometimes known as the World Court, is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN). It settles disputes between states in accordan ...
in 1952.
** The northern part of Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to A ...
was under Spanish protectorate in the same period.
* Traditional Madagascar States
** Kingdom of Imerina
The Merina Kingdom, or Kingdom of Madagascar, officially the Kingdom of Imerina (–1897), was a pre-colonial state off the coast of Southeast Africa that, by the 19th century, dominated most of what is now Madagascar. It spread outward from ...
under French protectorate, 6 August 1896. French Madagascar colony, 28 February 1897.
* Tunisia
)
, image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa
, image_map2 =
, capital = Tunis
, largest_city = capital
, ...
(12 May 1881 – 20 March 1956): became a French protectorate by treaty
Americas
* Second Mexican Empire (1863-1867), established by Emperor Napoleon III
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A neph ...
during the Second French intervention in Mexico and ruled by the Austrian-born, French puppet monarch Maximilian I
Asia
* French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
until 1953/54:
** Annam and Tonkin 6 June 1884
** Cambodia
Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailand ...
11 August 1863
** Laos 3 October 1893
** Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...
6 June 1884
Europe
* Rhenish Republic
The Rhenish Republic (german: Rheinische Republik) was proclaimed at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923 during the occupation of the Ruhr by troops from France and Belgium (January 19231925) and subjected itself to French protectorate. I ...
(1923–1924)
* Saar Protectorate (1947–1956), not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany that would by referendum return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former League of Nations mandate. Most French protectorates were colonial.
Oceania
* French Polynesia, mainly the Society Islands (several others were immediately annexed). All eventually were annexed by 1889.
** Otaheiti
Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austr ...
(native king styled Ari`i rahi) becomes a French protectorate known as Tahiti, 1842–1880
** Raiatea and Tahaa
Taha’a (sometimes spelled as "Tahaa") is an island located among the western group, the Leeward Islands, of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. The islands of Taha’a and neighboring ...
(after temporary annexation by Otaheiti; (title Ari`i) a French protectorate, 1880)
** Mangareva (one of the Gambier Islands; ruler title `Akariki) a French protectorate, 16 February 1844 (unratified) and 30 November 1871
* Wallis and Futuna:
** Wallis declared to be a French protectorate by King
King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts. The female equivalent is queen regnant, queen, which title is also given to the queen consort, consort of a king.
*In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contempora ...
of Uvea and Captain Mallet, 4 November 1842. Officially in a treaty becomes a French protectorate, 5 April 1887.
** Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate on 16 February 1888.
Germany's protectorates and protected states
The German Empire
The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...
used the word ', literally protectorate, for all of its colonial possessions until they were lost during World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
, regardless of the actual level of government control. Cases involving indirect rule included:
* German New Guinea (1884–1914), now part of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
* German South West Africa (1884–1914), present-day Namibia
Namibia (, ), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and ea ...
* Togoland
Togoland was a German Empire protectorate in West Africa from 1884 to 1914, encompassing what is now the nation of Togo and most of what is now the Volta Region of Ghana, approximately 90,400 km2 (29,867 sq mi) in size. During the period ...
(1884–1914), now part of Ghana and Togo
* North Solomon Islands (1885–1914), now part of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
and the Solomon Islands
* Wituland (1885–1890), now part of Kenya
)
, national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Nairobi
, coordinates =
, largest_city = Nairobi
, ...
* Ruanda-Urundi (1894–1916)
* German Samoa
German Samoa (german: Deutsch-Samoa) was a German protectorate from 1900 to 1920, consisting of the islands of Upolu, Savai'i, Apolima and Manono, now wholly within the independent state of Samoa, formerly ''Western Samoa''. Samoa was the la ...
(1900–1914), present-day Samoa
* Marshall Islands
The Marshall Islands ( mh, Ṃajeḷ), officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( mh, Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ),'' () is an independent island country and microstate near the Equator in the Pacific Ocean, slightly west of the Inte ...
* Nauru, various officials posted with the Head Chiefs
* Gando Emirate (1895-1897)
* Gulmu (1895-1897)
Before and during World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
designated the rump of occupied Czechoslovakia
, rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי,
, common_name = Czechoslovakia
, life_span = 1918–19391945–1992
, p1 = Austria-Hungary
, image_p1 ...
and Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark
, establish ...
as protectorates:
* Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939–1945)
* Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark
, establish ...
(1940–1943)
India's protectorates
* Bhutan (1947–present; protected state).
* Kingdom of Sikkim
The Kingdom of Sikkim (Classical Tibetan and sip, འབྲས་ལྗོངས།, ''Drenjong''), officially Dremoshong (Classical Tibetan and sip, འབྲས་མོ་གཤོངས།) until the 1800s, was a hereditary monar ...
(1950–1975), later acceded to India as State of Sikkim.
Italy's protectorates and protected states
* The Albanian Republic (1917–1920) and the Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)
* Monaco
Monaco (; ), officially the Principality of Monaco (french: Principauté de Monaco; Ligurian: ; oc, Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Lig ...
under amical Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia 20 November 1815 to 1860.
* Ethiopia
Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
: 2 May 1889 Treaty of Wuchale, in the Italian language
Italian (''italiano'' or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. Together with Sardinian, Italian is the least divergent language from Latin. Spoken by about 8 ...
version, stated that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. When the differences in the versions came to light, Emperor
An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother ( ...
Menelik II abrogated first the article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the First Italo-Ethiopian War
The First Italo-Ethiopian War, lit. ''Abyssinian War'' was fought between Italy and Ethiopia from 1895 to 1896. It originated from the disputed Treaty of Wuchale, which the Italians claimed turned Ethiopia into an Italian protectorate. Full ...
, in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896.
* Libya: on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared over Cirenaica
Cyrenaica ( ) or Kyrenaika ( ar, برقة, Barqah, grc-koi, Κυρηναϊκή ��παρχίαKurēnaïkḗ parkhíā}, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Cyrenaica includes all of the eastern part of Libya between ...
(Cyrenaica) until 17 May 1919.
* Benadir Coast in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Italian protectorate (in the northeast; unoccupied until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 when it changed to Italian Somaliland.
** Majeerteen Sultanate since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 April 1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony.
** Sultanate of Hobyo since December 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 April 1895), then in October 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as ''Obbia'').
Japan's protectorates
* Korean Empire (1905–1910)
* Manchukuo (1932–1945)
* Mengjiang (1939–1945)
Poland's protectorates
* Kaffa (1462–1475)
Portugal's protectorates
* Cabinda (Portuguese Congo) (1885–1974), Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in the February 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco
The Treaty of Simulambuco was signed in 1885 by representatives of the Portuguese government and officials in the N'Goyo Kingdom. The agreement was drafted and signed in response to the Treaty of Berlin, which was an agreement between the colo ...
, which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of the Portuguese Crown under the request of "the princes and governors of Cabinda".
* Kingdom of Kongo (1857–1914)
* Gaza Empire (1824–1895), now part of Mozambique
* Angoche Sultanate (1903–1910)
Russia's and the Soviet Union's protectorates and protected states
* Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1783–1801)
* Kingdom of Imereti (1804–1810)
* Revolutionary Serbia
Revolutionary Serbia ( sr, Устаничка Србија / Ustanička Srbija), or Karađorđe's Serbia ( sr, Карађорђева Србија / Karađorđeva Srbija), refers to the state established by the Serbian revolutionaries in Ottoman ...
(1807–1812)
* Principality of Serbia (1826–1856), now part of Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hu ...
* Moldavia (1829–1856), now part of Moldova
Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The unrecognised state of Transnistri ...
, Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
and Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inva ...
* Wallachia (1829–1856)
* Emirate of Bukhara (1873–1920)
* Khanate of Khiva (1873–1920)
* Uryankhay Krai (1914)
* Second East Turkestan Republic
The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a short-lived satellite state of the Soviet Union in northwest Xinjiang (East Turkestan), between November 12, 1944, and December 22, 1949. To differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (193 ...
(1944–1949), now part of Xinjiang
Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwes ...
, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...
''De facto''
Some sources mention the following territories as ''de facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with '' de jure'' ("by l ...
'' Russian protectorates:
* South Ossetia (2008–present)
* Transnistria (1992–present)
* Abkhazia (1994–present)[
* Donetsk People's Republic (2015–2022)
* Luhansk People's Republic (2015–2022)
* Republic of Artsakh (2020–present)
]
Spain's protectorates
* Spanish Morocco protectorate from 27 November 1912 until 2 April 1958 (Northern zone until 7 April 1956, Southern zone (Cape Juby
Cape Juby (, trans. ''Raʾs Juby'', es, link=no, Cabo Juby) is a cape on the coast of southern Morocco, near the border with Western Sahara, directly east of the Canary Islands.
Its surrounding area, including the cities of Tarfaya and Tan-T ...
) until 2 April 1958).
Turkey's and the Ottoman Empire's protectorates and protected states
* Aceh Sultanate (1569–1903)
* Maldives
Maldives (, ; dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, translit=Dhivehi Raajje, ), officially the Republic of Maldives ( dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, translit=Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa, label=none, ), is an archipelag ...
(1560–1590)
* Cossack Hetmanate
The Cossack Hetmanate ( uk, Гетьманщина, Hetmanshchyna; or ''Cossack state''), officially the Zaporizhian Host or Army of Zaporizhia ( uk, Військо Запорозьке, Viisko Zaporozke, links=no; la, Exercitus Zaporoviensis) ...
(1669–1685)
''De facto''
* Northern Cyprus (1983–present)
United Nations' protectorates
* United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (1999–2002)
* United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia 1992-1993
* United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo 1999–present
(only ''de jure'' since 2008)
* United Nations Temporary Executive Authority 1962-1963
* United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium 1996-1998
United States' protectorates and protected states
* Liberia (1822–1847)
* Republic of Texas (1836-1845)
* Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribb ...
(1898–1934)
* Republic of Negros (1899–1901)
* Republic of Zamboanga (1899–1903)
* Sultanate of Sulu (1903–1915)
* Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
(1935–1946), under the provisions of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, the territory would become self-governing although its military and foreign affairs would be under the United States.
* Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
(2003–2004)
Contemporary usage by the United States
Some agencies of the United States government, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, still refer to insular areas of the United States—such as Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands—as protectorates. However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) within the United States Department of Interior
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government headquartered at the Main Interior Building, located at 1849 C Street NW in Washington, D.C. It is responsible for the ma ...
, uses only the term "insular area" rather than protectorate. The Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
and (it can be argued via the Platt Amendment) Cuba at the end of Spanish colonial rule were also protectorates. Liberia was the only African nation that was a colony of the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...
; but the US government had no control over the land, as it was controlled by the privately owned American Colonization Society. It was, however, a protectorate from January 7, 1822, until the Liberian Declaration of Independence
The Liberian Declaration of Independence is a document adopted by the Liberian Constitutional Convention on 26 July 1847, to announce that the Commonwealth of Liberia, a colony founded and controlled by the private American Colonization Society, ...
from the American Colonization Society on July 26, 1847.
* Panama Canal Zone (1903–1979)
* Puerto Rico
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Guam
* U.S. Virgin Islands
''De facto''
* Territory of Alaska (1867–1958)
* Territory of Hawaii (1893/1898–1959)
* Haiti (1915–1934)
* Dominican Republic (1916–1924)
Joint protectorates
* Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa ( dlm, Republica de Ragusa; la, Respublica Ragusina; it, Repubblica di Ragusa; hr, Dubrovačka Republika; vec, Repùblega de Raguxa) was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (''Ragusa'' ...
(1684–1798), a joint Habsburg Austrian– Ottoman Turkish protectorate
* The United States of the Ionian Islands and the Septinsular Republic were federal republics of seven formerly Venetian (see Provveditore) Ionian islands ( Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura
Lefkada ( el, Λευκάδα, ''Lefkáda'', ), also known as Lefkas or Leukas (Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς, ''Leukás'', modern pronunciation ''Lefkás'') and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of Gr ...
, Ithaca
Ithaca most commonly refers to:
*Homer's Ithaca, an island featured in Homer's ''Odyssey''
*Ithaca (island), an island in Greece, possibly Homer's Ithaca
*Ithaca, New York, a city, and home of Cornell University and Ithaca College
Ithaca, Ithaka ...
, Cerigo, and Paxos), officially under joint protectorate of the Allied Christian Powers, a British amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864.
* Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)
* Independent State of Croatia (1941–1943)
* Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949)
* Allied-occupied Austria (1945–1955)
See also
* British Protected Person
* Client state
A client state, in international relations, is a state that is economically, politically, and/or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state (called the "controlling state"). A client state may variously be described as satellite sta ...
* European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* EUFOR Althea
* High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina
The High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with the Office of the High Representative (OHR) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, were created in 1995 immediately after the signing of the Dayton Agreement which ended the 1992–1995 Bos ...
* League of Nations mandate
* Peace Implementation Council
The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) is an international body charged with implementing the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Council was established at an implementation conference held in London, United Kingdom on Decemb ...
* Protector (titles for Heads of State and other individual persons)
* Puerto Rico
* Timeline of national independence
* Tribute
Notes
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
{{Authority control
Client state
Constitutional state types