A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same

monarch A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College DictionarMonarch Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. Life tenure, for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority ...

while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A

real union Real union is a union of two or more states, which share some state institutions in contrast to personal unions; however, they are not as unified as states in a political union. It is a development from personal union and has historically bee ...

, by contrast, would involve the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions. Unlike the personal union, in a

federation A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government ( federalism). In a federation, the self-govern ...

and a

unitary state A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority. The central government may create (or abolish) administrative divisions (sub-national units). Such units exercise only th ...

, a central (federal) government spanning all member states exists, with the degree of self-governance distinguishing the two. The ruler in a personal union does not need to be a hereditary monarch. The term was coined by German jurist

Johann Stephan Pütter Johann Stephan Pütter (25 June 1725, Iserlohn – 12 August 1807, Göttingen) was a German law lecturer and publicist. He was professor of law at the university of Göttingen from 1746 until his death. He exerted great influence on the law insti ...

, introducing it into ''Elementa iuris publici germanici'' (Elements of German Public Law) of 1760. Personal unions can arise for several reasons, such as: * inheritance through a

dynastic union A dynastic union is a type of union with only two different states that are governed under the same dynasty, with their boundaries, their laws, and their interests remaining distinct from each other. Historical examples Union of Kingdom of Arag ...

, e.g.

Louis X of France Louis X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), known as the Quarrelsome (french: le Hutin), was King of France from 1314 and King of Navarre as Louis I from 1305 until his death. He emancipated serfs who could buy their freedom and readmitted Jews in ...

inherited

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

from his father and

Navarre Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...

from

his mother ''His Mother'' is a 1912 American silent film produced by Kalem Company. It was directed by Sidney Olcott with Gene Gauntier and Jack J. Clark in the leading roles. It was one of more than a dozen films produced by the Kalem Company filmed in Ir ...

decolonization Decolonization or decolonisation is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on separatism, in ...

, ex-colonies install the monarch of the former colonizing power as their own upon becoming independent * autonomization, e.g. instead of annexing

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...

into the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

Alexander I of Russia Alexander I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. The son o ...

prompted to organize his conquest as a new state and act as its

head of state A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...

They can also be codified (i.e., the constitutions of the states clearly express that they shall share the same person as head of state) or non-codified, in which case they can easily be broken (e.g., by the death of the monarch when the two states have different succession laws). The concept of personal union has almost never crossed over from monarchies into republics, but there have been exceptions.

Monarchies in personal union

Africa

Congo Free State and Belgium

*Personal union with Belgium from 1885 to 1908, when the Congo Free State became a Belgian colony. The only sovereign during this period was Leopold II, who continued as king of Belgium until his death a year later in 1909.

Americas

Brazil

* Personal union with Portugal, under Pedro I of Brazil (Pedro IV of Portugal), from 10 March to 28 May 1826. Pedro was the Prince Royal of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves when he declared the independence of Brazil in 1822, becoming its first emperor. When his father ( John VI of Portugal) died, Pedro also became King of Portugal, but abdicated the Portuguese throne 79 days later in favour of his older child Princess Maria da Glória.

Asia

Goryeo

* Personal union with Shenyang in the

Mongol The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

-led

Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fift ...

of China (1308–1313; King Chungseon) ** As King of Goryeo (高麗國王) and King of Shenyang (瀋陽王) in 1308–1310 ** As King of Goryeo and King of Shen (瀋王) in 1310–1313 King Chungseon reigned as King of Goryeo in 1298 and 1308–1313 and as King of Shenyang or King of Shen from 1307 (according to the ''

History of Yuan The ''History of Yuan'' (''Yuán Shǐ''), also known as the ''Yuanshi'', is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the ''Twenty-Four Histories'' of China. Commissioned by the court of the Ming dynasty, in accordance to political ...

'') or 1308 (according to '' Goryeosa'') to 1316. At that time, Goryeo had already become a vassal of Yuan dynasty and the Yuan imperial family and the Goryeo royal family had close relationship by marriages of convenience. Because he was a very powerful man during Emperor Wuzong's reign, he could become the King of Shenyang where many Korean people lived in China. However, he lost his power in the Yuan imperial court after the death of the Emperor Wuzong. Because the

made Chungseon abdicate the crown of the Goryeo in 1313, the personal union was ended. King Chungsuk, Chungseon's eldest son, became the new King of Goryeo. In 1316, the Yuan dynasty made Chungseon abdicate the crown of Shen in favour of Wang Go, one of his nephews, resulting in him becoming the new King of Shen.

Europe

Albania

* Medieval Albanian Kingdom personal union with the

Kingdom of Naples The Kingdom of Naples ( la, Regnum Neapolitanum; it, Regno di Napoli; nap, Regno 'e Napule), also known as the Kingdom of Sicily, was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was ...

(1272–1368) *Personal union with

Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and f ...

(1939–1943).

Andorra

Even though France is now a republic with a president and not a monarchy, it has nevertheless been in personal union with the neighbouring nominal monarchy (non-hereditary) of

Andorra , image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg , symbol_type = Coat of arms , national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stro ...

since 1278.

Austria

* Personal union with

Lands of the Bohemian Crown The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were a number of incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods connected by feudal relations under the Bohemian kings. The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of ...

(1260–1276, 1306–1307, 1438–1439, 1453–1457, and 1526–1918). * Personal union with

Lands of the Hungarian Crown The "Lands of the Hungarian Crown"Laszlo PéterHungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions in a European Perspective BRILL, 2012, pp. 51–56 was the titular expression of Hungarian pretensions to the various territo ...

(1437–1439, 1444–1457, and 1526–1918). * Personal union with

Austrian Netherlands The Austrian Netherlands nl, Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; french: Pays-Bas Autrichiens; german: Österreichische Niederlande; la, Belgium Austriacum. was the territory of the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire between 1714 and 1797. The p ...

(1714–1795). * Personal union with

Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...

(1519–1521). * Personal union with

(1714–1735),

Kingdom of Sardinia The Kingdom of Sardinia,The name of the state was originally Latin: , or when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica. In Italian it is , in French , in Sardinian , and in Piedmontese . also referred to as the Kingdom of Savoy-S ...

(1714–1720), Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735), Duchy of Parma (1735–1748), Venetia (1797–1805) and

Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ( la, links=no, Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom" ( it, links=no, Regno Lombardo-Veneto, german: links=no, Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land ...

(1814–1859) * Personal union with

Kingdom of Slavonia The Kingdom of Slavonia ( hr, Kraljevina Slavonija, la, Regnum Sclavoniae, hu, Szlavón Királyság, german: Königreich Slawonien, sr-Cyrl, Краљевина Славонија) was a kingdom of the Habsburg monarchy and the Austrian Empi ...

(1699–1868), Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739),

Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria,, ; pl, Królestwo Galicji i Lodomerii, ; uk, Королівство Галичини та Володимирії, Korolivstvo Halychyny ta Volodymyrii; la, Rēgnum Galiciae et Lodomeriae also known as ...

(1772–1918),

Duchy of Bukovina The Duchy of Bukovina (german: Herzogtum Bukowina; ro, Ducatul Bucovinei; uk, Герцогство Буковина) was a constituent land of the Austrian Empire from 1849 and a Cisleithanian crown land of Austria-Hungary from 1867 until 1918 ...

(1774–1918), New Galicia (1795–1809),

Kingdom of Dalmatia The Kingdom of Dalmatia ( hr, Kraljevina Dalmacija; german: Königreich Dalmatien; it, Regno di Dalmazia) was a crown land of the Austrian Empire (1815–1867) and the Cisleithanian half of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). It encompassed the entire ...

(1797–1805 and 1814–1918) and

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...

(1878/1908–1918).

Bohemia

* Personal union with Poland 1003–1004 (

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...

occupied by Poles) * Personal union with Poland 1300–1306 and Hungary 1301–1305 (

Wenceslas II Wenceslaus II Přemyslid ( cs, Václav II.; pl, Wacław II Czeski; 27 SeptemberK. Charvátová, ''Václav II. Král český a polský'', Prague 2007, p. 18. 1271 – 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278–1305), Duke of Cracow (1291–13 ...

and Wenceslas III) * Personal union with Luxembourg 1313–1378 and 1383–1388 * Personal union with Hungary 1419–1439 (

Sigismund of Luxemburg Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 – 9 December 1437) was a monarch as King of Hungary and Croatia ('' jure uxoris'') from 1387, King of Germany from 1410, King of Bohemia from 1419, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his deat ...

and his son in law) and 1490–1526 (

Jagellon dynasty The Jagiellonian dynasty (, pl, dynastia jagiellońska), otherwise the Jagiellon dynasty ( pl, dynastia Jagiellonów), the House of Jagiellon ( pl, Dom Jagiellonów), or simply the Jagiellons ( pl, Jagiellonowie), was the name assumed by a cad ...

) * Personal union with Austria and Hungary 1526–1918 (except years 1619–1620)

Brandenburg

* Personal union with the Principality of Ansbach from 1415 to 1440 and 1470 to 1486. * Personal union with the

Duchy of Prussia The Duchy of Prussia (german: Herzogtum Preußen, pl, Księstwo Pruskie, lt, Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (german: Herzogliches Preußen, link=no; pl, Prusy Książęce, link=no) was a duchy in the region of Prussia establish ...

from 1618, when

Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia Albert Frederick (german: Albrecht Friedrich; pl, Albrecht Fryderyk; 7 May 1553 – 27 August 1618) was the Duke of Prussia, from 1568 until his death. He was a son of Albert of Prussia and Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. He was the sec ...

, died without male heirs and his son-in-law

John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg John Sigismund (german: Johann Sigismund; 8 November 1572 – 23 December 1619) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg from the House of Hohenzollern. He became the Duke of Prussia through his marriage to Duchess Anna, the eld ...

, became ruler of both countries. Brandenburg and Prussia maintained separate governments and seats of power in Berlin and

Königsberg Königsberg (, ) was the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was name ...

respectively until 1701, when

Frederick I Frederick I may refer to: * Frederick of Utrecht or Frederick I (815/16–834/38), Bishop of Utrecht. * Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine (942–978) * Frederick I, Duke of Swabia (1050–1105) * Frederick I, Count of Zoll ...

consolidated them into one government.

Croatia

* Personal union with the

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...

1102–1918

Denmark

* Personal union with

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and t ...

(986–995, 1000–1014, 1028–1035, 1042–1047, 1380–1397, 1397–1523 ( Kalmar Union) and 1524–1814 ( Denmark–Norway)). * Personal union with

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

(1013–1014, 1018–1035 (

North Sea Empire The North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age. This ephemeral Norse-ruled ...

) and 1040–1042). * Personal union with

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

(1397–1523 ( Kalmar Union)). * Personal union with Duchy of Schleswig (1086–1364, 1460–1864) and County/

Duchy of Holstein The Duchy of Holstein (german: Herzogtum Holstein, da, Hertugdømmet Holsten) was the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of Schleswig-Holstein. It originated when King Christian I of Denmark had hi ...

(1460–1864). * Personal union with

County of Oldenburg The County of Oldenburg was a county of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1448 Christian I of Denmark (of the House of Oldenburg), Count of Oldenburg became King of Denmark, and later King of Norway and King of Sweden. One of his grandsons, Adolf, Duk ...

(1667–1773) * Personal union with

Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg The Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg (german: Herzogtum Sachsen-Lauenburg, called ''Niedersachsen'' (Lower Saxony) between the 14th and 17th centuries), was a ''reichsfrei'' duchy that existed from 1296–1803 and again from 1814–1876 in the extreme sou ...

(1814–1864) * Personal union with

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

(1918–1944).

England

* Personal union, as

Kingdom of England The Kingdom of England (, ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 ...

, with

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark ...

(1013–1014, 1018–1035 (

) and 1040–1042). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Duchy of Normandy The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo. The duchy was named for its inhabitants, the Normans. From 1066 until 1204, as a result of the Norman c ...

(1066–1087, 1106–1144, 1154–1204/1259). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with the County of Anjou (1154–1204). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with much of France (

Angevin Empire The Angevin Empire (; french: Empire Plantagenêt) describes the possessions of the House of Plantagenet during the 12th and 13th centuries, when they ruled over an area covering roughly half of France, all of England, and parts of Ireland and W ...

) (1154–1214). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Aquitaine Aquitaine ( , , ; oc, Aquitània ; eu, Akitania; Poitevin-Saintongeais: ''Aguiéne''), archaic Guyenne or Guienne ( oc, Guiana), is a historical region of southwestern France and a former administrative region of the country. Since 1 Janu ...

(1154–1453). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Principality of Wales The Principality of Wales ( cy, Tywysogaeth Cymru) was originally the territory of the native Welsh princes of the House of Aberffraw from 1216 to 1283, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height of 1267–1277. Following the co ...

(1284–1542). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Kingdom of France The Kingdom of France ( fro, Reaume de France; frm, Royaulme de France; french: link=yes, Royaume de France) is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period ...

(1422–1453). See also:

Dual monarchy of England and France The dual monarchy of England and France existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France. It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of ...

. * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Lordship of Ireland The Lordship of Ireland ( ga, Tiarnas na hÉireann), sometimes referred to retroactively as Norman Ireland, was the part of Ireland ruled by the King of England (styled as "Lord of Ireland") and controlled by loyal Anglo-Norman lords between ...

(1171–1542) and

Kingdom of Ireland The Kingdom of Ireland ( ga, label=Classical Irish, an Ríoghacht Éireann; ga, label=Modern Irish, an Ríocht Éireann, ) was a monarchy on the island of Ireland that was a client state of England and then of Great Britain. It existed from ...

(1542–1649, 1660–1707). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Kingdom of Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

(1556–1558). * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Kingdom of Scotland The Kingdom of Scotland (; , ) was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a l ...

(1603–1649, 1660–1707).¹ * Personal union, as Kingdom of England, with

Principality of Orange The Principality of Orange (french: la Principauté d'Orange; oc, Principat d'Aurenja) was, from 1163 to 1713, a feudal state in Provence, in the south of modern-day France, on the east bank of the river Rhone, north of the city of Avignon, an ...

(1689–1702). ''¹: After 1707, see

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is ...

below.''

France

* Personal union, as part of the

, with the

(1154–1214). * Personal union with the Kingdom of England (1422–1453). See also:

. * Personal union with the

under the rule of Charles VIII (1495) and

Louis XII Louis XII (27 June 14621 January 1515), was King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504. The son of Charles, Duke of Orléans, and Maria of Cleves, he succeeded his 2nd cousin once removed and brother in law at the tim ...

(1501–1504). * Personal union with the Duchy of Milan under the rule of

(1499–1500 and 1500–1512) and

Francis I Francis I or Francis the First may refer to: * Francesco I Gonzaga (1366–1407) * Francis I, Duke of Brittany (1414–1450), reigned 1442–1450 * Francis I of France (1494–1547), King of France, reigned 1515–1547 * Francis I, Duke of Saxe-Lau ...

(1515–1521 and 1524–1525). * Personal union with the

under the rule of Francis II (1559–1560). * Personal union with the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi- confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ru ...

under the rule of Henry III (1574–1575). * Personal union with the Kingdom of Navarre (1284–1328 and 1589–1620). * ''Partial'' personal union with

since 1607 (the French head of state is one of the heads of state in Andorra) * Personal union under

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who ...

with

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

and the

Confederation of the Rhine The Confederated States of the Rhine, simply known as the Confederation of the Rhine, also known as Napoleonic Germany, was a confederation of German client states established at the behest of Napoleon some months after he defeated Austria an ...

. Note: The point at issue in the

War of the Spanish Succession The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...

was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on Louis, ''le Grand Dauphin'' — already heir to the throne of France — would create a personal union that would upset the European balance of power; France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire.

Georgia

Kingdom of Iberia In Greco-Roman geography, Iberia (Ancient Greek: ''Iberia''; la, Hiberia) was an exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli ( ka, ქართლი), known after its core province, which during Classical Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages ...

and

Colchis In Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. Its population, the Colchians are generally though ...

were connected power of the monarch in 300–90 years BC ( Pharnavazid dynasty). *

Kingdom of Pontus Pontus ( grc-gre, Πόντος ) was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty (of Persian origin), which possibly may have been directly related to Darius the Great of the Achaemen ...

and

were connected power of the monarch in 109 BC–64 AD. * 1000–1010

Kingdom of Abkhazia The Kingdom of Abkhazia ( ka, აფხაზთა სამეფო, tr; lit. "Kingdom of the Abkhazians"), also known as Abasgia or Egrisi-Abkhazia, was a medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which was established in the 780s. Through dyn ...

and

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...

ruled by Bagrat III. In 1010 it united (together with the annexed Kakheti kingdom) into a single

Kingdom of Georgia The Kingdom of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამეფო, tr), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic ...

. * Kingdom of Kakheti and Hereti were connected power of the monarch in 1020s–1104. *

Principality of Mingrelia The Principality of Mingrelia ( ka, სამეგრელოს სამთავრო, tr), also known as Odishi and as Samegrelo, was a historical state in Georgia ruled by the Dadiani dynasty. History The principality emerged out of ...

and

Principality of Abkhazia The Principality of Abkhazia ( ka, აფხაზეთის სამთავრო, tr) emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the dissolution of t ...

in the 1557–1660 years under the rule of the

House of Dadiani The House of Dadiani ( ka, დადიანი ), later known as the House of Dadiani- Chikovani, was a Georgian family of nobles, dukes and princes, and a ruling dynasty of the western Georgian province of Mingrelia. The House of Dadiani Th ...

Kingdom of Kartli The Kingdom of Kartli ( ka, ქართლის სამეფო, tr) was a late medieval/ early modern monarchy in eastern Georgia, centred on the province of Kartli, with its capital at Tbilisi. It emerged in the process of a triparti ...

and

Kingdom of Kakheti The Second Kingdom of Kakheti ( ka, კახეთის სამეფო, tr; also spelled Kaxet'i or Kakhetia) was a late medieval/ early modern monarchy in eastern Georgia, centered at the province of Kakheti, with its capital first at Grem ...

united under the rule of a single monarch in 1513–1520 (

David X David X ( ka, დავით X) (1482–1526) was a king of the Georgian kingdom of Kartli from 1505 to 1525. Life David was the eldest son of Constantine II, whom he succeeded as king of Kartli in 1505. Although Constantine had recognised the ...

), 1625–1633 ( Teimuraz I), 1648–1658 ( Rostom), 1660–1664 ( Vakhtang V), 1723 ( Constantine II/III), to finally unite the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti in 1762 under the reign of Heraclius II and his descendants. *

Kingdom of Imereti The Kingdom of Imereti ( ka, იმერეთის სამეფო, tr) was a Georgian monarchy established in 1455 by a member of the house of Bagrationi when the Kingdom of Georgia was dissolved into rival kingdoms. Before that time, Im ...

and

Principality of Guria The Principality of Guria ( ka, გურიის სამთავრო, tr) was a historical state in Georgia. Centered on modern-day Guria, a southwestern region in Georgia, it was located between the Black Sea and Lesser Caucasus, and was ...

united under the rule of a single monarch in 1681–1683 ( George IV/III), 1701–1702, 1713–1714 ( Mamia (III)) and 1720 ( George VIII/IV).

Great Britain

''Before 1707, see

and

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the ...

.'' * Personal union with

(1707–1801). * Personal union with Electorate of Hanover (1714–1801). ''After 1801, see

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

below.''

Hanover

* Personal union with

and

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe, north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel (Grea ...

from 1714 to 1801. * Personal union with the

from 1801 to 1807 and again from 1814 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in

Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 216 days was longer than that of any previo ...

ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover. * The personal union was interrupted from 1807 to 1813 when Hanover was merged into the

Kingdom of Westphalia The Kingdom of Westphalia was a kingdom in Germany, with a population of 2.6 million, that existed from 1807 to 1813. It included territory in Hesse and other parts of present-day Germany. While formally independent, it was a vassal state of the ...

during the

Napoleonic Wars The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...

. A few months after the Battle of Leipzig, the

Kingdom of Hanover The Kingdom of Hanover (german: Königreich Hannover) was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Ha ...

was re-established.

Holy Roman Empire

* Personal union with the Kingdom of Sicily from 1194 to 1254 under the

Hohenstaufen dynasty The Hohenstaufen dynasty (, , ), also known as the Staufer, was a noble family of unclear origin that rose to rule the Duchy of Swabia from 1079, and to royal rule in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages from 1138 until 1254. The dynasty ...

. * Personal union with Spain from 1519 to 1556 under

Charles V Charles V may refer to: * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558) * Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain * Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise * Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–1690) * Infa ...

. * Personal union with

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...

1410–1439, 1556–1608, 1612–1740 and 1780–1806. * Personal union with

(1714–1735),

(1714–1720), Kingdom of Sicily (1720–1735)

Hungary

* Personal union with

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

1102–1918 (see above for details). * Personal union with Poland and

1301–1305. * Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign of

Louis the Great Louis I, also Louis the Great ( hu, Nagy Lajos; hr, Ludovik Veliki; sk, Ľudovít Veľký) or Louis the Hungarian ( pl, Ludwik Węgierski; 5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370. ...

. This period in Polish history is sometimes known as the '' Andegawen Poland''. Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle Casimir III. After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the '' szlachta'') decided to end the personal union, since they did not want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter

Jadwiga Jadwiga (; diminutives: ''Jadzia'' , ''Iga'') is a Polish feminine given name. It originated from the old German feminine given name ''Hedwig'' (variants of which include ''Hedwiga''), which is compounded from ''hadu'', "battle", and ''wig'', "fig ...

as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter

Mary Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religious contexts * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also calle ...

. Personal union with Poland for the second time from 1440 to 1444. * Personal union with Naples from 1385 to 1386 under the reign of Charles III of Naples. * Personal union with Bohemia, 1419–1439 and 1490–1918. * Personal union with the Archduchy of Austria, 1437–1439, 1444–1457, and 1526–1806. * Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire, 1410–1439, 1556–1608, 1612–1740 and 1780–1806. * Real union with Austria, 1867–1918 (the ''

dual monarchy Dual monarchy occurs when two separate kingdoms are ruled by the same monarch, follow the same foreign policy, exist in a customs union with each other, and have a combined military but are otherwise self-governing. The term is typically use ...

'' of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...

) under the reigns of

Franz Joseph Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (german: Franz Joseph Karl, hu, Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his ...

and Charles IV.

Iceland

* Personal union with Denmark from 1918 to 1944, when the country became a republic.

Ireland

* Personal union, as

, with the

(1542–1649 then again following

the restoration Restoration is the act of restoring something to its original state and may refer to: * Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage ** Audio restoration ** Film restoration ** Image restoration ** Textile restoration * Restoration ecology ...

1660–1707). * Personal union, as Kingdom of Ireland, with the

(1603–1649 then again following the restoration 1660–1707). * Personal union, as Kingdom of Ireland, with the

Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

(1707–1801) * Personal union, as

Irish Free State The Irish Free State ( ga, Saorstát Éireann, , ; 6 December 192229 December 1937) was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between ...

(1922–1937) then as

Éire () is Irish for "Ireland", the name of both an island in the North Atlantic and the sovereign state of the Republic of Ireland which governs 84% of the island's landmass. The latter is distinct from Northern Ireland, which covers the remaind ...

(1937–1949), with the

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

. (The period 1937–1949 Head of state of Ireland (1936 to 1949), is disputed).

Italy

* Personal union with Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943), Kingdom of Albania (1939–1943). *Personal union with the Ethiopian Empire (1936–1941)

Lithuania

* Personal union (the Polish-Lithuanian Union) with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 1386–1401, 1447–1492 and 1501–1569; then transformed into a federation,

Luxembourg

* Personal union with

, 1313–1378 and 1383–1388. * Personal union with the Netherlands from 1815 to 1890, when William III of the Netherlands, King and Grand Duke William III died leaving only a daughter, Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Wilhelmina. Since Luxembourg held to Salic Law, Wilhelmina's distant cousin Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Adolphe succeeded to the Grand Duchy, ending the personal union.

Naples

* Personal union with

from 1385 to 1386 under the rule of Charles II of Hungary. * Personal union with Crown of Aragon (1442–1458 and 1504–1516). * Personal union with

under the rule of Charles VIII (1495) and

(1501–1504). * Personal union with

(1516–1714). * Personal union with Holy Roman Empire (1714–1735). * Personal union with Kingdom of Sicily from 1735 to 1806 under the rule of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, House of Bourbon.

Navarre

* Personal union with France from 1285 to 1328 due to the marriage between Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre and the reign of their three sons, and from 1589 to 1620 due to the accession of Henry IV of France, Henry IV, after which

was formally integrated into France.

Netherlands

* Personal union with Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890.

Norway

* Sweyn Forkbeard ruled both Norway and Denmark from 999 to 1014. He also ruled England from 1013 to 1014. * Cnut the Great ruled both England and Denmark from 1018 to 1035. He also ruled Norway from 1028 to 1035. * Personal union with Denmark 1042–1047. Magnus I of Norway ruled both Norway and Denmark, who died of unclear circumstances. * Personal union with Sweden from 1319 to 1343. * Personal union with Sweden from 1449 to 1450. * Personal union with Denmark from 1380 to 1389/97. * The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden from 1389/97 to 1521/23 (sometimes defunct). * Personal union with Denmark 1523 to 1814. * Personal union with Sweden from 1814 (when Norway declared independence from Denmark and Swedish campaign against Norway (1814), was forced into a Union between Sweden and Norway, union with Sweden) to 1905.

Poland

* Personal union with the Kingdom of Bohemia from 1300 to 1306. * Personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, Kingdom of Hungary, 1301–1305, 1370–1382 and 1440–1444 (see Personal union#Hungary, Hungary section above). * Personal union between the Duchy of Płock and Duchy of Wizna in 1345–1351, 1381–1382 and 1435–1495. * Personal union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from Polish–Lithuanian union, 1386 to 1401, 1447 to 1492, and 1501 to 1569. * Personal union with the

from 1574 to 1575. * Personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden from 1592 to 1599. * Personal union with the Treaty of Hadiach, Duchy of Ruthenia (Ukraine) in 1658. * Personal union with the Electorate of Saxony, 1697–1706, 1709–1733 and 1734–1763. * Congress Poland, Personal union with the

from 1815 to 1831.

Pomerania

* Personal union between Pomerania-Stolp and Pomerania-Stargard from 1395 to 1402 and from 1403 to 1478.

Portugal

* Iberian Union with Spain from 1580 to 1640, under Philip II of Spain, Philip II (also known as Philip I of Portugal), his Philip III of Spain, son and Philip IV of Spain, grandson. * Personal union with Brazil, under Peter I of Brazil (Peter IV of Portugal), from 10 March 1826 to 28 May 1826. Peter was the Prince Royal of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves when he declared the independence of Brazil in 1822, becoming its first emperor. When his father ( John VI of Portugal) died, Peter became also king of Portugal for only a few weeks, after which he abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his older daughter, Queen Maria II of Portugal, Princess Maria da Glória.

Prussia

* Brandenburg-Prussia: personal union between the Margraviate of Brandenburg and

(1618–1701). * Personal union between Kingdom of Prussia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918), Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (later United Baltic Duchy) (1918). * Personal union between Kingdom of Prussia and Canton of Neuchâtel, Principality of Neuchâtel, 1707–1806 and 1814–1848. The King of Prussia exchanged territories with France during the 1806–1814 interim. * Personal union between Kingdom of Prussia and the German Empire, 1871–1918.

Romania

* Personal union between Wallachia and Moldavia from 1859 to 1862 under the rule of Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Russia

* Personal union between the

and the Jever#History, Lordship of Jever from 1793 to 1818

Sardinia

* Personal union with

(1516–1708). * Personal union with Holy Roman Empire (1714–1720). * Personal union with Duchy of Savoy from 1720.

Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha

In 1826, the newly created Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was initially a double duchy, ruled by Duke Ernest I in a personal union. In 1852, the duchies were bound in a political and real union. They were then a quasi-federal unitary state, even though later attempts to merge the duchies failed.

Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach

The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were in personal union from 1741, when the ruling house of Saxe-Eisenach died out, until 1809, when they were merged into the single duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Schleswig and Holstein

''Duchies with peculiar rules for order of succession, succession. See the Schleswig-Holstein Question.'' The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460–1864. (Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire, while Schleswig was a part of Denmark). The situation was complicated by the fact that for some time, the Duchies were divided among collateral branches of the House of Oldenburg (the ruling House in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein). Besides the "main" Duchy of Schleswig-Holstein-Glückstadt, ruled by the Kings of Denmark, there were states encompassing territory in both Duchies. Notably the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and the subordinate Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Beck, Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

The duchies of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen were in personal union from 1909, when Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg, Prince Günther of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt succeeded also to the throne of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, until 1918, when he (and all the other German monarchs) abdicated.

Scotland

* Personal union, as

, with the

during the reign of Francis II (1559–1560), first husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. * Personal union, as Kingdom of Scotland, with the

and

(1603–1707) following the accession of James VI and I, James VI, King of Scots, to the joint English and Irish throne. (All monarchs of Scotland were in a personal union with England and Ireland throughout the period 1603–1707, with the exception of Charles II of England, Charles II, reigning solely as King of Scots 1649–1651, and the subsequent British Interregnum, interregnum between 1651 and restoration of the House of Stuart in 1660)¹ * Personal union, as Kingdom of Scotland, with the Dutch Republic (1689–1702) during the reign of William II of Scotland. ¹: ''After 1707, see

above. After 1801, see

below.''

Sicily

* Union (or Personal Union) with the Holy Roman Empire from 1194 to 1254 under the rule of the Hohenstaufen, House of Hohenstaufen. * Personal union with the Crown of Aragon from 1282 to 1285 and 1409 to 1516 under the rule of the House of Barcelona and the House of Trastámara. * Personal union with the

from 1516 to 1713 under the rule of the House of Habsburg and the House of Bourbon. * Personal union with the Duchy of Savoy from 1713 to 1720 under the rule of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, Victor Amadeus II of Savoy. * Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1720 to 1734 under the rule of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI of Habsburg. * Personal union with the

from 1735 to 1806 under the rule of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, House of Bourbon.

Spain

Leon, Castile and Aragon * Kingdom of León, Kingdom of Galicia and Kingdom of Asturias (914–924). * Kingdom of León and Kingdom of Castile (1037–1065 and 1072–1230). * Crown of Aragon and Kingdom of Navarre (1076–1134). * Crown of Aragon and Kingdom of Sicily (1412–1516). * Crown of Aragon and

(1442–1458 and 1504–1516). * Crown of Castile and Duchy of Burgundy (1506). * Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon from 1516 to 1715, during Habsburg Spain and until the Nueva Planta decrees (1707–1715) annexed the different territories of the Crown of Aragon to the Crown of Castile, converting Spain into a

. Spain * Personal union with Archduchy of Austria and Habsburg monarchy, Austrian dynastic lands (1519–1521). * Personal union with Holy Roman Empire (1519–1556) under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I. * Personal union with

(1516–1714),

(1516–1708), Kingdom of Sicily (1516–1713) and Duchy of Milan (1540–1706). * Personal union with Habsburg Netherlands (1516–1581) and Spanish Netherlands (1581–1714). * Personal union with

(1556–1558). * Personal union (Iberian Union) with Kingdom of Portugal (1580–1640).

Sweden

* Personal union with Norway from 1319 to 1343. * Personal union with Skåneland, Scania from 1332 to 1360. * The Kalmar Union with

and Norway from 1389/97 to 1521/23 (sometimes defunct). * Personal union with Norway from 1449 to 1450. * Personal union with the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1592 to 1599. * Swedish kings united their kingdom with Estonia under Swedish rule, Estonia (1581–1721), Livonia (1629–1721), Kexholm County, Karelia (1617–1721), Scania (1645–1721), Bremen-Verden (1648–1719), Swedish Pomerania, Pomerania (1630–1815), Swedish Wismar, Wismar (1648–1803) and Swedish Ingria, Ingria (1583–1595 and 1617–1721). * Union between Sweden and Norway, Personal union with Norway from 1814 to 1905.

United Kingdom

* Personal union with the Electorate of Hanover (1801–1806). * Personal union with the

(1814–1837). * Personal union with the

(1922–1937) and Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949, Ireland (''de jure'') from 1937 to 1949; * The former Dominions and Commonwealth realms: **Dominion of Newfoundland, Newfoundland (1907–1934), **Union of South Africa, South Africa (1910–1961), **Dominion of India, India (1947–1950), **Dominion of Pakistan, Pakistan (1947–1956), **Dominion of Ceylon, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka; 1948–1972), **Dominion of Ghana, Ghana (1957–1960), **Federation of Nigeria, Nigeria (1960–1963), **Sierra Leone (1961–1971), Sierra Leone (1961–1971), **Tanganyika (1961–1964), Tanganyika (1961–1962), **Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1976), **Uganda (1962–1963), Uganda (1962–1963), **Kenya (1963–1964), Kenya (1963–1964), **Malawi (1964–1966), Malawi (1964–1966), **State of Malta, Malta (1964–1974), **The Gambia (1965–1970), The Gambia (1965–1970), **Guyana (1966–1970), Guyana (1966–1970), **Mauritius (1968–1992), Mauritius (1968–1992), **Dominion of Fiji, Fiji (1970–1987), **Barbados (1966–2021). * Personal union with the current Commonwealth realms: **Canada since 1867, **Australia since 1901, **New Zealand since 1907, **Jamaica since 1962, **The Bahamas since 1973, **Grenada since 1974, **Papua New Guinea since 1975, **Solomon Islands since 1978, **Tuvalu since 1978, **Saint Lucia since 1979, **Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 1979, **Antigua and Barbuda since 1981, **Belize since 1981, **Saint Kitts and Nevis since 1983.

Wales

* Personal union, as

, with

(1284–1542). ''After 1542, see

above.''

Republics in personal union

Because heads of state and government of republics are ordinarily chosen from within the citizens of the state in question, sovereign republics rarely share common leaders. However, there have been exceptions over time: * Uniquely, the President of France is ''ex-officio'' a constitutional monarch (or, more accurately, diarchy, diarch) in neighboring

, with the title of co-prince of Andorra, Co-Prince. This status was inherited from the role of the French monarchs in Andorra. * During the later stages of the Spanish American Wars of Independence, Simón Bolívar was simultaneously President of Gran Colombia (24 February 1819-4 May 1830), President of Peru (10 February 1824–28 January 1827), and President of Bolivia (12 August 1825-29 December 1825). Bolívar had as President and military Commander-in-Chief of Colombia led a Colombian army to secure Peruvian independence in 1824-25, and was given the office of President by the Patriot republican governments of both Peru and Bolivia (renamed in his honor from "Upper Peru") as an emergency measure to help secure independence from Spain. After the end of the war, Bolívar relinquished his Peruvian and Bolivian offices and returned to Colombia. * In 1860 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius was simultaneously elected as the president of South African Republic, Transvaal and Orange Free State. He tried to unify the two countries, but his efforts failed, leading to the Transvaal Civil War.

Notes

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Personal Union Political systems Personal unions,