Pedunculagin is an

ellagitannin The ellagitannins are a diverse class of hydrolyzable tannins, a type of polyphenol formed primarily from the oxidative linkage of galloyl groups in 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose. Ellagitannins differ from gallotannins, in that their galloyl group ...

. It is formed from

casuarictin Casuarictin is an ellagitannin, a type of hydrolysable tannin. It can be found in ''Casuarina'' and ''Stachyurus'' species.Tannins of Casuarina and Stachyurus species. I: Structures of pendunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin, casuariin, ...

via the loss of a gallate group.

Natural occurrence

Pedunculagin is found in plants in orders in the clade Rosidae. It can be found the pericarp of

pomegranate The pomegranate (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the family Lythraceae, subfamily Punicoideae, that grows between tall. The pomegranate was originally described throughout the Mediterranean Basin, Mediterranean re ...

s (''Punica granatum''), in the family Lythraceae, in the order Myrtales. It is also found in plants in the order Fagales such as

walnut A walnut is the edible seed of a drupe of any tree of the genus ''Juglans'' (family Juglandaceae), particularly the Persian or English walnut, '' Juglans regia''. Although culinarily considered a "nut" and used as such, it is not a true ...

s (''Juglans regia'') in the family Juglandaceae, in ''

Alnus sieboldiana ''Alnus sieboldiana'' (オオバヤシャブシ in Japanese) is an alder species found on the islands of Honshū, Shikoku, and Suwanose-jima in Japan. ''A. sieboldiana'' contains the ellagitannins alnusiin, tellimagrandin I, pedunculagin, ...

'' and in the Manchurian alder ('' Alnus hirsuta var. microphylla''), both species in the family Betulaceae and it is one of the main

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

wood ellagitannins along with castalagin, vescalagin, grandinin and roburins A-E (genus ''Quercus'', in the family Fagaceae). It is also found in the Indian gooseberry (''

Phyllanthus emblica ''Phyllanthus emblica'', also known as emblic, emblic myrobalan, myrobalan, Indian gooseberry, Malacca tree, or amla, from the Sanskrit आमलकी (āmalakī), is a deciduous tree of the family Phyllanthaceae. Its native range is tropical a ...

''), a plant in the family Phyllanthaceae, in the order Malpighiales.

Galloyl pedunculagin Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid with the formula C6 H2( OH)3CO2H. It is classified as a phenolic acid. It is found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. It i ...

can be found in ''

Platycarya strobilacea ''Platycarya strobilacea'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Juglandaceae, formerly treated as comprising the single living species in ''Platycarya'', though a second living species '' Platycarya longzhouensis'' is now recognized. It ...

''.

Research

Pedunculagin is a highly active

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a class of pharmaceuticals that suppress the activity of carbonic anhydrase. Their clinical use has been established as anti-glaucoma agents, diuretics, antiepileptics, in the management of mountain sickness, ...

in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology an ...

''.

Chemistry

total synthesis Total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a complex molecule, often a natural product, from simple, commercially-available precursors. It usually refers to a process not involving the aid of biological processes, which distinguishes ...

of pedunculagin has been reported. Pedunculagin is an

isomer In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers. Iso ...

terflavin B Terflavin B is an ellagitannin, a type of hydrolysable tannin. It can be found in ''Myrobalanus chebula'' (''Terminalia chebula''), the black chebulic, and in ''Terminalia catappa'', the Indian almond. It is formed from a nonahydroxytriphenic aci ...

References

{{Ellagitannin Ellagitannins Pomegranate ellagitannins Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors