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In
grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes domain ...
, an oblique (
abbreviated An abbreviation (from Latin ''brevis'', meaning ''short'') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase; for example, the word ''abbrevia ...
; from la, casus obliquus) or objective case ( abbr. ) is a nominal case other than the
nominative case In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or (in Latin and formal variants of Engl ...
, and sometimes, the
vocative In grammar, the vocative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed, or occasionally for the noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numer ...
. A noun or pronoun in the oblique case can generally appear in any role except as subject, for which the
nominative case In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or (in Latin and formal variants of Engl ...
is used. The term ''objective case'' is generally preferred by modern English grammarians, where it supplanted
Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...
's dative and accusative. When the two terms are contrasted, they differ in the ability of a word in the oblique case to function as a possessive attributive; whether English has an oblique rather than an objective case then depends on how "
proper Proper may refer to: Mathematics * Proper map, in topology, a property of continuous function between topological spaces, if inverse images of compact subsets are compact * Proper morphism, in algebraic geometry, an analogue of a proper map for ...
" or widespread one considers the dialects where such usage is employed. An oblique case often contrasts with an
unmarked In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant defau ...
case, as in English oblique ''him'' and ''them'' versus nominative ''he'' and ''they''. However, the term ''oblique'' is also used for languages without a nominative case, such as ergative–absolutive languages; in the Northwest Caucasian languages, for example, the oblique-case marker serves to mark the ergative, dative, and applicative case roles, contrasting with the
absolutive case In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative� ...
, which is unmarked.


Hindustani

Hindustani (
Hindi Hindi ( Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been ...
and
Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
'' noun A noun () is a word that generally functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.Example nouns for: * Living creatures (including people, alive, ...
s,
pronoun In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated ) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but some modern theorists would not c ...
s and
postpositions Prepositions and postpositions, together called adpositions (or broadly, in traditional grammar, simply prepositions), are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (''in'', ''under'', ''towards'', ''before'') or mark various ...
decline for an oblique case which exclusively serves to mark the grammatical case roles using the case-marking postpositions. The oblique case has similarities with the
vocative case In grammar, the vocative case ( abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed, or occasionally for the noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and nume ...
in Hindustani. Some examples of the declension pattern are shown in the tables below:


Bulgarian

Bulgarian, an analytic
Slavic language The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the Ea ...
, also has an oblique case form for
pronoun In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (abbreviated ) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Pronouns have traditionally been regarded as one of the parts of speech, but some modern theorists would not c ...
s: Dative role: * "Give that ball ''to me''" дай тaзи топка на мен (''day tazi topka na men'') (This oblique case is a relic of the original, more complex
proto-Slavic Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages. It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium B.C. through the 6th ...
system of noun cases, and there are remnants of other cases in Bulgarian, such as the
vocative case In grammar, the vocative case ( abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed, or occasionally for the noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and nume ...
of direct address)


English

An objective case is marked on the English
personal pronoun Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as ''I''), second person (as ''you''), or third person (as ''he'', ''she'', ''it'', ''they''). Personal pronouns may also take dif ...
s and as such serves the role of the accusative and dative cases that other Indo-European languages employ. These forms are often called object pronouns. They serve a variety of grammatical functions which they would not in languages that differentiate the two. An example using first person singular objective pronoun ''me'': *in an accusative role for a direct object (including double object and
oblique Oblique may refer to: * an alternative name for the character usually called a slash (punctuation) ( / ) *Oblique angle, in geometry *Oblique triangle, in geometry * Oblique lattice, in geometry * Oblique leaf base, a characteristic shape of the b ...
ditransitives): ::''Do you see me?'' ::''The army sent me to Korea.'' *in a dative role for an indirect object: ::''Kim passed the pancakes to me.'' ::''Kim passed me the pancakes.'' *as the object of a preposition ( except in possessives): ::''That picture of me was blurry.'' ::(cf. English possessive#Double genitive as in ''That picture of mine was stolen.'') *in copular deixis: :: eferring to a photograph''This is me on the beach.'' *in existentials (sometimes, but not always, replaceable by the nominative—in very formal style): ::''It's me again.'' ::(''cf. Once again, it is I.'' ormal ::''Who is it?—It's me.'' ::(''cf. It is I '' 'to whom you are speaking'') ::It's me who should fix it.'' ::(''cf. Since I made it, it is I who should fix it.'') *in a nominative role with predicate or verbal ellipsis: ::''Who made this bicycle?—Me.'' ::(''cf. Who made this bicycle?—I did.'') ::''I like him.—Hey, me too.'' ::(''cf. I like him.—Hey, I do too.'') ::''Who's gonna clean up this mess?—Not me!'' *in coordinated nominals: ::''Me and him are going to the store.'' (only in colloquial speech) ::(''cf. Is he going? Yes, he and I are going.'') *as a
disjunctive Disjunctive can refer to: * Disjunctive population, in population ecology, a group of plants or animals disconnected from the rest of its range * Disjunctive pronoun * Disjunctive set * Disjunctive sequence * Logical disjunction In logic, ...
topic marker: ::''Me, I like French.'' The pronoun ''me'' is not inflected differently in any of these uses; it is used for all grammatical relationships except the genitive case of possession (in standard English) and a non-disjunctive
nominative case In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or (in Latin and formal variants of Engl ...
as the subject. *It may also be used as a comedic stylistic effect of blatant error ( nonstandard, pidgin, baby or foreigner talk or " broken English"): :: poken_by_
poken_by_Cookie_Monster">Cookie_Monster.html"_;"title="poken_by_Cookie_Monster">poken_by_Cookie_Monster''Me_so_hungry.''_ ::(''the_above_example_also_employs_copula_deletion_to_similar_effect'')


_French

Old_French_had_a_nominative_case_and_an_oblique_case,_called__and__respectively. In_Modern_French,_the_two_cases_have_mostly_merged_and_the_''cas_régime''_has_survived_as_the_sole_form_for_the_majority_of_nouns._For_example,_the_word_"''conte''_(tale)": *Old_French:_ **Nominative:_li__(singular),_li__(plural) **Oblique:_le__(singular),_les__(plural) *Modern_French: **_le__(singular),_les__(plural) In_some_cases,_both_the_''cas_sujet''_and_''cas_régime''_of_one_noun_have_survived_but_produced_two_nouns_in_Modern_French_with_different_meanings._For_example,_today's__means_"friend"_and__means_"companion",_but_in_Old_French_these_were_different_declensions_of_the_same_noun.


_Kurdish

poken_by_Cookie_Monster">Cookie_Monster.html"_;"title="poken_by_Cookie_Monster">poken_by_Cookie_Monster''Me_so_hungry.''_ ::(''the_above_example_also_employs_copula_deletion_to_similar_effect'')


_French

Old_French_had_a_nominative_case_and_an_oblique_case,_called__and__respectively. In_Modern_French,_the_two_cases_have_mostly_merged_and_the_''cas_régime''_has_survived_as_the_sole_form_for_the_majority_of_nouns._For_example,_the_word_"''conte''_(tale)": *Old_French:_ **Nominative:_li__(singular),_li__(plural) **Oblique:_le__(singular),_les__(plural) *Modern_French: **_le__(singular),_les__(plural) In_some_cases,_both_the_''cas_sujet''_and_''cas_régime''_of_one_noun_have_survived_but_produced_two_nouns_in_Modern_French_with_different_meanings._For_example,_today's__means_"friend"_and__means_"companion",_but_in_Old_French_these_were_different_declensions_of_the_same_noun.


_Kurdish

Kurdish_languages">Kurdish_ Kurdish_may_refer_to: *Kurds_or_Kurdish_people *Kurdish_languages *Kurdish_alphabets *Kurdistan,_the_land_of_the_Kurdish_people_which_includes: **Southern_Kurdistan **Eastern_Kurdistan **Northern_Kurdistan **Western_Kurdistan _See_also *_Kurd_(dis_...
_has_an_oblique_for_pronouns,_objects,_and_for_objects_of_Ezāfe.html" ;"title="Kurdish_languages.html" "title="Cookie_Monster.html" ;"title="Cookie_Monster.html" ;"title="poken by Cookie Monster">poken by Cookie Monster">Cookie_Monster.html" ;"title="poken by Cookie Monster">poken by Cookie Monster''Me so hungry.'' ::(''the above example also employs copula deletion to similar effect'')


French

Old French had a nominative case and an oblique case, called and respectively. In Modern French, the two cases have mostly merged and the ''cas régime'' has survived as the sole form for the majority of nouns. For example, the word "''conte'' (tale)": *Old French: **Nominative: li (singular), li (plural) **Oblique: le (singular), les (plural) *Modern French: ** le (singular), les (plural) In some cases, both the ''cas sujet'' and ''cas régime'' of one noun have survived but produced two nouns in Modern French with different meanings. For example, today's means "friend" and means "companion", but in Old French these were different declensions of the same noun.


Kurdish

Kurdish languages">Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...
has an oblique for pronouns, objects, and for objects of Ezāfe">Izafe constructs.


See also

*Object pronoun, which in English take the oblique case *Oblique argument *Object (grammar) *Subject pronoun *Disjunctive pronoun *Quirky subject


References

[Waziri Pashtu Dialect] oblique case is also found in Waziri Pashtu dialect of Pashtu, especially people living in Waziristan. For example; kalai is singular nominative and kalee is plural and kalye is oblique plural which means village {{DEFAULTSORT:Oblique Case Grammatical cases