computer networking A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are ...

, specifically

Internet Relay Chat Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a text-based chat system for instant messaging. IRC is designed for group communication in discussion forums, called ''channels'', but also allows one-on-one communication via private messages as well as chat an ...

(IRC), netsplit is a disconnection between two servers. A split between any two servers splits the entire network into two pieces.

Cause and effects

Consider the graph to the right, which represents the

computer network A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are m ...

. Each line represents an established connection. Therefore, the server ''C'' is connected directly to ''A'', which is also connected to ''B'' and ''D''. If a disruption in the connection between ''C'' and ''A'' occurs, the connection may be terminated as a result. This can occur either by a socket producing an error, or by excessive lag in which the far server ''A'' anticipates this case (which is called a timeout). When the connection between ''A'' and ''C'' is severed, users who were connected to other servers that are no longer reachable on the network appear to quit. For example, if user ''Sara'' is connected to server ''A'', user ''Bob'' is connected to server ''B'', and user ''Joe'' is connected to ''C'', and ''C'' splits, or disconnects, from ''A'', it will appear to ''Joe'' as if ''Sara'' and ''Bob'' both quit (disconnected from the network), and it will appear to both ''Sara'' and ''Bob'' that ''Joe'' quit. However, ''Joe'' can still talk to anyone who is connected to the same server (in this case server ''C''). This happens because the servers to which they are connected are informed of the change in the network status, and update their local information accordingly to display the change. Later, server ''C'' may relink (reconnect) to a server (or servers) on the network and the users who appeared to have quit will rejoin; the process of sending this updated information to all servers on the network is called a netburst (or sync).

Security issues

Occasionally, users will attempt to use netsplits to gain access to private channels. A

denial-of-service attack In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a host connect ...

can be used to cause a netsplit by overloading an IRC server's network connection or Internet infrastructure between two servers. If none of the channel users were on server C, a user could join a private channel and later gain access when the servers relink. This is commonly known as ''split riding'' or ''riding the split''. Another typical netsplit-oriented IRC attack is Nickname Colliding. In this attack, a user on a split segment of the network would change nicknames to that of a user on the other side of the split network. Upon reconnection, the network would disconnect both users because only one nickname may be in use at one time. Modern IRC server software has largely eliminated this method, but servers using older software may still be vulnerable.

Appearance

Below are examples of a typical netsplit. When two servers split, a user sees this as large number of users quitting. After the servers are reconnected, a user sees the other users rejoining.

On GUI IRC clients

* usera has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net) * userb has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net) * userc has quit (a.irc.net b.irc.net) * usera has joined #channel * userb has joined #channel * userc has joined #channel

On command-line client IRC

00:00 -!- Netsplit a.irc.net <-> b.irc.net quits: usera, userb, userc 00:00 -!- Netsplit over, joins: usera, userb, userc

To a user on a private network

* usera has quit (*.net *.split) * userb has quit (*.net *.split) * userc has quit (*.net *.split) * usera has joined #channel * userb has joined #channel * userc has joined #channel

References

*Hossein Bidgoli
''The Internet Encyclopedia''- Volume 2
Wiley 2004, , p. 312-313

External links

(retrieved 2009-12-2) {{IRC topics Internet Relay Chat Computer errors