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''Murabaḥah'', ''murabaḥa'', or ''murâbaḥah'' ( ar, مرابحة, derived from ''ribh'' ar, ربح, meaning profit) was originally a term of ''
fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ar, فقه ) is Islamic jurisprudence. Muhammad-> Companions-> Followers-> Fiqh. The commands and prohibitions chosen by God were revealed through the agency of the Prophet in both the Quran and the Sunnah (words, deeds, and e ...
'' (Islamic jurisprudence) for a sales contract where the buyer and seller agree on the markup (profit) or " cost-plus" price for the item(s) being sold. In recent decades it has become a term for a very common form of Islamic (i.e., "
shariah Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...
compliant")
financing Funding is the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company. Generally, this word is used when a firm use ...
, where the price is marked up in exchange for allowing the buyer to pay over time—for example with monthly payments (a contract with deferred payment being known as ''bai-muajjal''). ''Murabaha'' financing is similar to a
rent-to-own Rent-to-own, also known as rental purchase or rent-to-buy, is a type of legally documented transaction under which tangible property, such as furniture, consumer electronics, motor vehicles, home appliances, real property, and engagement rings, ...
arrangement in the non-Muslim world, with the intermediary (e.g., the lending bank) retaining ownership of the item being sold until the loan is paid in full. There are also Islamic investment funds and ''sukuk'' (Islamic bonds) that use ''murabahah'' contracts. Jamaldeen, ''Islamic Finance For Dummies'', 2012:188-9, 220-1 The purpose of ''murabaha'' is to finance a purchase without involving
interest In finance and economics, interest is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate. It is distin ...
payments, which most Muslims (particularly most scholars) consider ''
riba The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three supp ...
'' (
usury Usury () is the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender. The term may be used in a moral sense—condemning taking advantage of others' misfortunes—or in a legal sense, where an interest rate is c ...
) and thus ''
haram ''Haram'' (; ar, حَرَام, , ) is an Arabic term meaning 'Forbidden'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowle ...
'' (forbidden). ''Murabaha'' has come to be "the most prevalent" or "default" type of Islamic finance. A proper ''murâbaḥah'' transaction differs from conventional interest-charging loans in several ways. The buyer/borrower pays the seller/lender at an agreed-upon higher price; instead of interest charges, the seller/lender makes a religiously permissible "profit on the sale of goods". The seller/financer must take actual possession of the good before selling it to the customer, and must assume "any liability from delivering defective goods". Sources differ as to whether the seller is permitted to charge extra when payments are late, with some authors stating any late fees ought to be donated to charity, or not collected unless the buyer has "deliberately refused" to make a payment. For the rate of markup, ''murabaha'' contracts "may openly use" ''riba'' interest rates such as
LIBOR The London Inter-Bank Offered Rate is an interest-rate average calculated from estimates submitted by the leading banks in London. Each bank estimates what it would be charged were it to borrow from other banks. The resulting average rate is u ...
"as a benchmark", a practice approved of by the scholar
Taqi Usmani Muhammad Taqi Usmani (born 5 October 1943) is a Pakistani Islamic scholar and former judge who is the current president of the Wifaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia and the vice president and Hadith professor of the Darul Uloom Karachi. An intellectual ...
. Conservative scholars promoting Islamic finance consider ''murabaha'' to be a "transitory step" towards a "true profit-and-loss-sharing mode of financing", and a "weak" or "permissible but undesirable" Farooq, ''Riba-Interest Equation and Islam'', 2005: p.35-6 form of finance to be used where profit-and-loss-sharing is "not practicable." Critics/skeptics complain/note that in practice most "''murabaḥah''" transactions are merely cash-flows between banks, brokers, and borrowers, with no buying or selling of commodities; that the profit or markup is based on the prevailing interest rate used in ''
haram ''Haram'' (; ar, حَرَام, , ) is an Arabic term meaning 'Forbidden'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowle ...
'' lending by the non-Muslim world; that "the financial outlook" of Islamic ''murabaha'' financing and conventional debt/loan financing is "the same", as is most everything else besides the terminology used.


Religious justification

While orthodox Islamic scholars have expressed a lack of enthusiasm for ''murabaha'' transactions, calling them "no more than a second best solution" (
Council of Islamic Ideology Council of Islamic Ideology (CII; ( ur, ) is a constitutional body of Pakistan, responsible for giving legal advice on Islamic issues to the government and the Parliament. This body was founded in 1962 under the government of Ayub Khan. Funct ...
) or a "borderline transaction" (Islamic scholar Taqi Usmani), Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 227 nonetheless they are defended as Islamically permitted. According to Taqi Usmani, the reference to permitted "trade" or "trafficking" in
Quran The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , ...
aya 2:275: refers to credit sales such as ''murabaha'', the "forbidden usury" refers to charging extra for late payment (
late fee A late fee, also known as an ''overdue fine'', ''late fine'', or ''past due fee'', is a charge fined against a client by a company or organization for not paying a bill or returning a rented or borrowed item by its due date. Its use is most commonl ...
s), and the "they" refers to non-Muslims who didn't understand why if one was allowed both were not: Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: paras 50, 51, 219
the objection of the infidels ... was that when they increase the price at the initial stage of sale, it has not been held as prohibited but when the purchaser fails to pay on the due date, and they claim an additional amount for giving him more time, it is termed as "riba" and haram. The Holy Qur'an answered this objection by saying: "Allah has allowed sale and forbidden riba." Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 219
Usmani states that while it may appear to some people that allowing a buyer more time to pay for some product/commodity (deferred payment) in exchange for their paying a higher price is effectively the same as paying interest on a loan, Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 223 this is incorrect. In fact, just as a buyer may pay more for a product/commodity when the seller has a cleaner shop or more courteous staff, so too the buyer may pay more when given more time to complete payment for that product or commodity. When this happens, the extra they pay is not ''riba'' but just "an ancillary factor to determining the price". In such a case, according to Usmani, the "price is against a commodity and not against money" — and so permitted in Islam. When a credit transaction is made ''without'' the purchase of a specific commodity or product, (i.e. a loan is made charging interest), the added charge for deferred payment is for "nothing but time", and so is forbidden ''riba''. Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 225 However according to another Islamic finance promoter—Faleel Jamaldeen -- "murabaha payments represent debt" and because of that are not "negotiable or tradable" as Islamic finance instruments, making them (according to Jamaldeen) unpopular among investors. Jamaldeen, ''Islamic Finance For Dummies'', 2012:220
Hadith Ḥadīth ( or ; ar, حديث, , , , , , , literally "talk" or "discourse") or Athar ( ar, أثر, , literally "remnant"/"effect") refers to what the majority of Muslims believe to be a record of the words, actions, and the silent approva ...
also supports use of credit-sales transactions such as ''murabaḥa''. Another scholar, M.O.Farooq, states "it is well-known and supported by many hadiths that the Prophet had entered into credit-purchase transactions (''nasi'ah'') and also that he paid more than the original amount" in his repayment. Farooq, ''Riba, Interest and Six Hadiths'', 2009: p.112 Usmani states that "this position" is accepted "unanimously" by the "four Sunni_.html"_;"title="Sunni.html"_;"title="Sunni">Sunni_">Sunni.html"_;"title="Sunni">Sunni_schools"_of_Islamic_law_and_"the_majority"_of_the_Muslim_jurists._''Murabahah''_and_related_fixed_financing_has_been_approved_by_a_number_of_government_reports_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Pakistan_on_how_to_eliminate_Interest. ;Late_payment Usmani_presents_a_theory_of_why_sellers_are_allowed_to_charge_for_providing_credit_to_the_lender/buyer,_but_are_guilty_of_''riba_ The_Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects_(RIBA)_is_a__professional_body_for_architects_primarily_in_the_United_Kingdom,_but_also_internationally,_founded_for_the_advancement_of_architecture_under_its_royal_charter_granted_in_1837,_three_supp_...
''_when_charging_for_late_payment._In_a_true_(non-riba)_''murâbaḥah''_transaction_(Usmani_states)_"the_whole_price_..._is_against_a_commodity_and_not_against_money"_and_so_"..._once_the_price_is_fixed,_it_relates_to_the_commodity,_and_not_to_the_time"._Consequently_"the_price_will_remain_the_same_and_can_never_be_increased_by_the_seller."_If_the_price_had_"been_against_time",_(which_is_forbidden)_"it_might_have_been_increased,_if_the_seller_allows_..._more_time"_for_repayment_when_the_bill_is_past_due._Usmani,_''Historic_Judgment_on_Interest'',_1999:_para_224 (Usmani_and_other_Islamic_finance_scholars_agree_that_not_being_able_to_penalize_a_lender/buyer_for_late_payment_has_led_to_late_payments_in_''murâbaḥah''_and_other_Islamic_finance_transactions._Usmani_states_that_a_"problem"_of_''murabahah''_financing_is_that_"if_the_client_defaults_in_payment_of_the_price_at_the_due_date,_the_price_cannot_be_increased".#IIFTU1998.html" ;"title="Sunni">Sunni_.html" ;"title="Sunni.html" ;"title="Sunni">Sunni ">Sunni.html" ;"title="Sunni">Sunni schools" of Islamic law and "the majority" of the Muslim jurists. ''Murabahah'' and related fixed financing has been approved by a number of government reports in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on how to eliminate Interest. ;Late payment Usmani presents a theory of why sellers are allowed to charge for providing credit to the lender/buyer, but are guilty of ''
riba The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its royal charter granted in 1837, three supp ...
'' when charging for late payment. In a true (non-riba) ''murâbaḥah'' transaction (Usmani states) "the whole price ... is against a commodity and not against money" and so "... once the price is fixed, it relates to the commodity, and not to the time". Consequently "the price will remain the same and can never be increased by the seller." If the price had "been against time", (which is forbidden) "it might have been increased, if the seller allows ... more time" for repayment when the bill is past due. Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 224 (Usmani and other Islamic finance scholars agree that not being able to penalize a lender/buyer for late payment has led to late payments in ''murâbaḥah'' and other Islamic finance transactions. Usmani states that a "problem" of ''murabahah'' financing is that "if the client defaults in payment of the price at the due date, the price cannot be increased".#IIFTU1998">Usmani, ''Introduction to Islamic Finance'', 1998: p.91 According to one source (Mushtak Parker), Islamic financial institutions "have long tried to grapple with the issue of delayed payments or defaults, but thus far there is no universal consensus across jurisdictions in this respect.")


Islamic finance, use, variations

;Limits of use in fiqh In its 1980 ''Report on the Elimination of Interest from the Economy'', the
Council of Islamic Ideology Council of Islamic Ideology (CII; ( ur, ) is a constitutional body of Pakistan, responsible for giving legal advice on Islamic issues to the government and the Parliament. This body was founded in 1962 under the government of Ayub Khan. Funct ...
of Pakistan stated that ''murabahah'' should *be undertaken only when the borrower wants to borrow to purchase a some item *must involve **the item being purchased by the bank; **coming under the ownership and possession of the bank; **which must assume the risk for that item; *the item then being sold to the customer through a valid sale; Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 190 *be used to the "minimum extent" and *only in cases where
profit and loss sharing Profit and Loss Sharing (also called PLS or participatory banking) refers to Sharia-compliant forms of equity financing such as mudarabah and musharakah. These mechanisms comply with the religious prohibition on interest on loans that most Muslim ...
is not practicable. ''Murâbaḥah'' is one of three types of ''bayu-al-amanah'' (fiduciary sale), requiring an "honest declaration of cost". (The other two types are ''tawliyah''—sale at cost—and ''wadiah''—sale at specified loss.) According to Taqi Usmani "in exceptional cases" an Islamic bank or financial institution may lend cash to the customer for a murâbaḥah, but this is when the customer is acting as an ''agent'' of the bank in buying the good the customer needs financed.
ere direct purchase from the supplier is not practicable for some reason, it is also allowed that he makes the customer himself his agent to buy the commodity on his behalf. In this case the client first purchases the commodity on behalf of his financier and takes its possession as such. Thereafter, he purchases the commodity from the financier for a deferred price. Usmani, ''Introduction to Islamic Finance'', 1998: p.73
The idea that the seller may not use murâbaḥah if profit-sharing modes of financing such as
mudarabah Profit and Loss Sharing (also called PLS or participatory banking) refers to Sharia-compliant forms of equity financing such as mudarabah and musharakah. These mechanisms comply with the religious prohibition on interest on loans that most Musli ...
or
musharakah Profit and Loss Sharing (also called PLS or participatory banking) refers to Sharia-compliant forms of equity financing such as mudarabah and musharakah. These mechanisms comply with the religious prohibition on interest on loans that most Musli ...
are practicable, is supported by other scholars that those in the
Council of Islamic Ideology Council of Islamic Ideology (CII; ( ur, ) is a constitutional body of Pakistan, responsible for giving legal advice on Islamic issues to the government and the Parliament. This body was founded in 1962 under the government of Ayub Khan. Funct ...
. ;Limits of use in practice But these involve risks of loss, profit-sharing modes of financing cannot guarantee banks income. ''Murabahah'', with its fixed margin, offers the seller (i.e. the bank/financier) a more predictable income stream. One estimate is that 80% of Islamic lending is by ''murabahah''. M. Kabir Hassan reports that ''murabaha'' accounts are quite profitable. As of 2005, "the average cost efficiency" for ''murabaha'' was "74%, whereas average profit efficiency" even higher at 84%. Hassan states, "although Islamic banks are less efficient in containing cost, they are generally efficient in generating profit." Islamic banker and author Harris Irfan writes that use of ''murabaha'' "has become so distorted from its original intent that it has become the single most common method of funding inter-bank liquidity and corporate loans in the Islamic finance industry." A number of economists have noted the dominance of ''murabahah'' in Islamic finance, despite its theological inferiority to profit and loss sharing.Iqbal, Munawar, and Philip Molyneux. 2005. ''Thirty years of Islamic banking: History, performance and prospects.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Kuran, Timur. 2004. ''Islam and Mammon: The economic predicaments of Islamism''. Princeton, NJ; Princeton University PressLewis, M.K. and L.M. al-Gaud 2001. ''Islamic banking''. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar One scholar has coined the term "the ''murabaha'' syndrome" to describe this.Yousef, T.M. 2004. The murabaha syndrome in Islamic finance: Laws, institutions and policies. In ''Politics of Islamic finance,'' ed. C.M. Henry and Rodney Wilson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press The accounting treatment of murâbaḥah, and its disclosure and presentation in financial statements, vary from bank to bank. If the exact cost of the item(s) cannot be or are not ascertained, they are sold on the basis of ''musawamah'' (bargaining). Different banks use this instrument in varying ratios. Typically, banks use ''murabaha'' in asset financing, property,
microfinance Microfinance is a category of financial services targeting individuals and small businesses who lack access to conventional banking and related services. Microfinance includes microcredit, the provision of small loans to poor clients; savings ...
and commodity import-export. The
International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries. Its stated mission is "working to foster glo ...
reports that, Murâbaḥah transactions are "widely used to finance international trade, as well as for interbank financing and liquidity management through a multistep transaction known as tawarruq, often using commodities traded on the London Metal Exchange" (LME). The basic ''murabaha'' transaction is a cost-plus-profit purchase where the item the bank purchases is something the customer wants but does not have cash at the time to buy directly. However, there are other ''murabaha'' transactions where the customer wants/needs cash and the product/commodity the bank buys is a means to an end. (Thus violating the requirement spelled out by Usmani and others.)


Variations

In addition to being used by Islamic banks, ''murabahah'' contracts have been used by Islamic investment funds (such as SHUAA Capital of Saudi Arabia and Al Bilad Investment Company), and sukuk (also called Islamic bonds)(an example being a 2005 sukuk issued by Arcapita Bank sukuk in 2005).


''Bay' bithaman 'ajil''

(Also called ''Bai' muajjal'' abbreviated BBA, and known as credit sale or deferred payment sale). Reportedly the most popular mode of Islamic financing is cost-plus ''murabaha'' in a credit sale setting (''Bay bithaman 'ajil'') with "an added binding promise on the customer to purchase the property, thus replicating secured lending in `Shari'a compliant` manner." The concept was developed by Sami Humud, and shortly after it became popular Islamic Banking began its strong growth in the late 1970s. El-Gamal, ''Islamic Finance'', 2006: p.18 Another source (Skrine law firm) distinguishes between ''Murabahah'' and ''Bay' bithaman 'ajil'' (BBA) banking products, saying that in BBA disclosure of the cost price of the item being financed is not a condition of the contract. One variation on ''murabahah'' (known as "Murabahah to the Purchase Orderer" according to Muhammad Tayyab Raza) allows the customer to serve as the "agent" of the bank, so that the customer buys the product using the bank's borrowed funds. The customer then repays the bank similar to a cash loan. While this is not "preferable" from a Sharia point of view, it avoids extra cost and the problem of a financial institution lacking the expertise to identify the exact or best product or the ability to negotiate a good price.


''Bay' al-Ina''

(Also ''Bay' al-'Inah''). This simple form of ''murabahah'' involves the Islamic bank buying some object from the customer (such as their house or motor vehicle) for cash, then selling the object back to the customer at a higher price, with payment to be deferred over time. The customer now has cash and will be paying the bank back a larger sum of money over time. This resemblance to a conventional loan has led to ''bay' al-ina'' being criticized as a ruse for a cash loan repaid with interest. It was used by a number of modern Islamic financial institutions despite condemnation by jurists, but in recent years its use is "very much limited" according to Harris Irfan.


''Bay' al-Tawarruq''

''Tawarruq'' (also called a "reverse ''murabaha''" and sometimes a "commodity ''murabaha"'') also allows the banking customer to borrow cash instead of finance a purchase, Khan, ''Islamic Banking in Pakistan'', 2015: p.93 and has also been criticized by some jurists. Unlike a ''bay al-ina'' it involves another party in addition to the customer, Islamic bank and seller of the commodity. In ''Tawarruq'' the customer would buy some amount of a commodity (a commodity which is not a "medium of exchange" or forbidden in '' riba al-fadl'' such as gold, silver, wheat, barley, salt, etc.) from the bank to be paid in installments over a period of time and sell that commodity on the spot market (the commodity buyer being the additional party) for cash. (The commodity buying and selling is usually done by the bank on behalf of the customer, so that "all that changes hands is papers being signed and then handed back" according to one researcher). An example would be buying $10,000 worth of copper on credit for $12,000 to be paid over two years, and immediately selling that copper to the third party spot buyer for $10,000 in cash. There are additional fees involved for the commodity purchases and sales compared to a cash loan, but the additional $2000 is considered "profit" not "interest" and so not ''
haram ''Haram'' (; ar, حَرَام, , ) is an Arabic term meaning 'Forbidden'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowle ...
'' according to proponents. According to Islamic banker Harris Irfan, this complication has "not persuaded the majority of scholars that this series of transactions is valid in the Sharia." Because the buying and selling of the commodities in ''Tawarruq'' served no functional purpose, banks/financers are strongly tempted to forgo it. Islamic scholars have noticed that while there have been "billions of dollars of commodity-based tawarruq transactions" there have not been a matching value of commodity being traded. The IMF states that "''tawarruq'' has become controversial among Shari’ah scholars because of its divergence of its use from the spirit of Islamic finance". But some prominent scholars have tolerated commodity ''murabaha'' "for the growth of the slamic financeindustry". Irfan states that (at least as of 2015) Sharia boards of some banks (such as
Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank PJSC ( ar, مصرف أبوظبي الإسلامي) is an Islamic bank based in Abu Dhabi city, in the United Arab Emirates. Establishment Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank was established on 20 May 1997 as a Public Joint Stock Compa ...
), have taken a stand against ''Tawarruq'' and were "looking at 'purer' forms of funding" (such as ''mudarabah''). To "counter the obvious violation of the spirit of the riba ban", some banks have required the complication (and expense) of two additional commodity brokers in addition to the customer and financier. On the other hand, Faleel Jamaldeen states that "commodity ''murabaha''" contracts are used to fund short-term liquidity requirements for Islamic interbank transactions, although they may not use gold, silver, barley, salt, wheat or dates for commodities Jamaldeen, ''Islamic Finance For Dummies'', 2012:155 as this is forbidden under '' Riba al-Fadl''. Among the Islamic banks using ''Tawarruq'' (as of 2012) according to Jamaldeen, include the United Arab Bank, QNB Al Islamic, Standard Chartered of United Arab Emirates, and Bank Muaamalat of Malaysia.


Legal status


United States

In the United States the
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) is an independent bureau within the United States Department of the Treasury that was established by the National Currency Act of 1863 and serves to charter, regulate, and supervise all nat ...
—which regulates nationally licensed banks—has allowed ''murabaha'':
Interpretive Letter #867. November 1999 ... In the current financial marketplace lending takes many forms . ... murabaha financing proposals are functionally equivalent to or a logical outgrowth of secured real estate lending and inventory and equipment financing, activities that are part of the business of banking. El-Gamal, ''Islamic Finance'', 2006: p.15


Challenges and criticism

Orthodox Islamic Scholars such as Taqi Usmani emphasize that murâbaḥah should only be used as a structure of last resort where
profit and loss sharing Profit and Loss Sharing (also called PLS or participatory banking) refers to Sharia-compliant forms of equity financing such as mudarabah and musharakah. These mechanisms comply with the religious prohibition on interest on loans that most Muslim ...
instruments are unavailable. Usmani himself describes ''murâbaḥah'' as a "borderline transaction" with "very fine lines of distinction" compared to an interest bearing loan, as "susceptible to misuse", and "not an ideal way of financing". He laments that
Many institutions financing by way of ''murabahah'' determine their profit or mark-up on the basis of the current interest rate, mostly using
LIBOR The London Inter-Bank Offered Rate is an interest-rate average calculated from estimates submitted by the leading banks in London. Each bank estimates what it would be charged were it to borrow from other banks. The resulting average rate is u ...
(Inter-bank offered rate in London) as the criterion.
Another pioneer,
Mohammad Najatuallah Siddiqui Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi (1931 – November 2022) was an Indian economist and the winner of the King Faisal International Prize for Islamic Studies. Born in India in 1931, he was educated at Aligarh Muslim University as well as Rampur and A ...
, has lamented that "as a result of diverting most of its funds towards murabaha, Islamic financial institutions may be failing in their expected role of mobilizing resources for development of the countries and communities they are serving," and even bringing about "a crisis of identity of the Islamic financial movement." Some Muslims (Rakaan Kayali among others) complain that ''murabaha'' does not eliminate interest as it guarantees for itself the amount of profit it collects, and so amounts to a ''
Ḥiyal ''Ḥiyal'' (حيل, singular ''ḥīla'' حيلة "contortion, contrivance; device, subterfuge") is "legalistic trickery" in Islamic jurisprudence. The main purpose of ''ḥiyal'' is to avoid straightforward observance of Islamic law in difficult ...
'' or legal "trick" to defeat the intent of shariah. Khalid Zaheer considers it an example of how two classical shariah-compliant contracts (''Murabahah'' and ''Bai Muajjal'') can be combined to form a contract that is not compliant. Non-orthodox critics of ''murâbaḥah'', have found the distinction of setting a price "against a commodity" as opposed to "against money" — with the first being allow and the second forbidden because "money has no intrinsic utility" — abstract or suspicious. Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 224-5 According to El-Gamal it has been called "merely inefficient lending". However criticism of the transaction has been primarily levied against its application. Critics complain that in most real world ''murâbaḥah'' transactions the commodities never change hands (the commodity never appears on the bank's balance sheet) and sometimes there are no commodities at all, merely cash-flows between banks, brokers and borrowers. Often the commodity is completely irrelevant to the borrower's business and not even enough of the relevant commodities are in existence in the world to account for all the transactions taking place. Frank Vogel and Samuel Hayes also note multi-billion-dollar ''murabaha'' transactions in London "popular for many years", where "many doubt the banks truly assume possession, even constructively, of inventory". Islamic banker Irfan bemoans the fact that "not only is the ''murabaha'' money market insufficiently well developed and illiquid, but the very sharia compliance of it has come to be questioned", often by Islamic scholars not known for their strictness. Nejatullah Siddiqi warned the Islamic banking community that the alleged difference between modes of finance based on ''murabahah'', ''bay' salam'' and conventional loans was even less than it appeared:
Some of these modes of finance are said to contain some elements of risk, but all these risks are insurable and are actually insured against. The uncertainty or risk to which the business being so financed is exposed is fully passed over to the other party. A financial system built solely around these modes of financing can hardly claim superiority over an interest-based system on grounds of equity, efficiency, stability and growth.Mohammad Nejatullah SIDDIQI. Issues in Islamic Banking eicester:_The_Islamic_Foundation,_UK,_1983,_p.52
Circa_1999_the_Pakistan_Federal_Shariat_Court_ruled_that_the_"mark-up_system_..._in_vogue"_among_banks_in_Pakistan_was_against_the_Islamic_injunctions._Usmani_noted_(much_like_the_complaints_above)_that_the_Pakistani_banks_failed_to_follow_proper_''murabaha''_requirements—not_actually_buying_a_commodity_or_buying_one_"already_owned_by_the_customer"._Usmani,_''Historic_Judgment_on_Interest'',_1999:_para_191
;Late_payment_ While_in_conventional_finance_late_payments/delinquent_loans_are_discouraged_by_accumulating_interest,_in_Islamic_finance_control_and_management_of_late_accounts_has_become_a_"vexing_problems",_according_to_Muhammad_Akran_Khan.#WIWWIE2013.html" ;"title="Federal_Shariat_Court.html" ;"title="eicester: The Islamic Foundation, UK, 1983, p.52
Circa 1999 the Pakistan eicester:_The_Islamic_Foundation,_UK,_1983,_p.52
Circa_1999_the_Pakistan_Federal_Shariat_Court_ruled_that_the_"mark-up_system_..._in_vogue"_among_banks_in_Pakistan_was_against_the_Islamic_injunctions._Usmani_noted_(much_like_the_complaints_above)_that_the_Pakistani_banks_failed_to_follow_proper_''murabaha''_requirements—not_actually_buying_a_commodity_or_buying_one_"already_owned_by_the_customer"._Usmani,_''Historic_Judgment_on_Interest'',_1999:_para_191
;Late_payment_ While_in_conventional_finance_late_payments/delinquent_loans_are_discouraged_by_accumulating_interest,_in_Islamic_finance_control_and_management_of_late_accounts_has_become_a_"vexing_problems",_according_to_Muhammad_Akran_Khan.#WIWWIE2013">Khan,_''What_Is_Wrong_with_Islamic_Economics?'',_2013:_p.207-8
_Others_agree_it_is_a_problem._ According_to_Ibrahim_Warde,_
Islamic_banks_face_a_serious_problem_with_late_payments,_not_to_speak_of_outright_defaults,_since_some_people_take_advantage_of_every_dilatory_legal_and_religious_device_..._In_most_Islamic_countries,_various_forms_of_penalties_and_late_fees_have_been_established,_only_to_be_outlawed_or_considered_unenforceable._Late_fees_in_particular_have_been_assimilated_to_riba._As_a_result,_'debtors_know_that_they_can_pay_Islamic_banks_last_since_doing_so_involves_no_cost'#.html" ;"title="Federal Shariat Court">eicester: The Islamic Foundation, UK, 1983, p.52
Circa 1999 the Pakistan
_Usmani_noted_(much_like_the_complaints_above)_that_the_Pakistani_banks_failed_to_follow_proper_''murabaha''_requirements—not_actually_buying_a_commodity_or_buying_one_"already_owned_by_the_customer"._Usmani,_''Historic_Judgment_on_Interest'',_1999:_para_191 ;Late_payment_ While_in_conventional_finance_late_payments/delinquent_loans_are_discouraged_by_accumulating_interest,_in_Islamic_finance_control_and_management_of_late_accounts_has_become_a_"vexing_problems",_according_to_Muhammad_Akran_Khan.#WIWWIE2013">Khan,_''What_Is_Wrong_with_Islamic_Economics?'',_2013:_p.207-8_Others_agree_it_is_a_problem._ According_to_Ibrahim_Warde,_
Islamic_banks_face_a_serious_problem_with_late_payments,_not_to_speak_of_outright_defaults,_since_some_people_take_advantage_of_every_dilatory_legal_and_religious_device_..._In_most_Islamic_countries,_various_forms_of_penalties_and_late_fees_have_been_established,_only_to_be_outlawed_or_considered_unenforceable._Late_fees_in_particular_have_been_assimilated_to_riba._As_a_result,_'debtors_know_that_they_can_pay_Islamic_banks_last_since_doing_so_involves_no_cost'#">Warde,_''Islamic_finance_in_the_global_economy'',_2000:_p.163
_ Warde_also_complains_that_
"Many_businessmen_who_had_borrowed_large_amounts_of_money_over_long_periods_of_time_seized_the_opportunity_of_ Islamicization_to_do_away_with_accumulated_interest_of_their_debt,_by_repaying_only_the_principal_--_usually_a_puny_sum_when_years_of_double-digit_inflation_were_taken_into_consideration.
Some_suggestions_to_solve_the_problem_include_having_the_government_or_the_central_bank_penalizing_defaultors_"by_depriving_them"_of_the_use_of_"any_financial_institution"_until_they_paid_up_(Taqi_Usmani_in_''Introduction_to_Islamic_Finance'')_--_although_this_would_require_a_completely_Islamized_society. Collecting_late_fees_but_donating_them_to_charity, Collecting_late_fees_only_when_the_buyer_"has_deliberately_refused_to_make_a_payment". ;Extra_costs Because_''murabaha''_financing_is_“asset-based”_financing_(and_must_be_to_avoid_riba_according_to_orthodox_Islamic_thinking),_it_requires_financiers_to_purchase_and_sell_properties._But_regulatory_frameworks_in_most_countries_forbid_financial_intermediaries_such_as_banks_"from_owning_or_trading_real_properties"_(according_to_scholar_Mahmud_El-Gamal)._Furthermore_when_the_financier_holds_title_to_the_property_being_sold_it_can_be_lost_"if_the_financier_is_sued,_loses,_and_declares_bankruptcy",_and_this_can_happen_when_a_customer_has_paid_off_most_/almost_all_of_the_product/property’s_price._To_avoid_these_dangers_SPVs_(Special-purpose_entity.html" "title="Federal Shariat Court ruled that the "mark-up system ... in vogue" among banks in Pakistan was against the Islamic injunctions. Usmani noted (much like the complaints above) that the Pakistani banks failed to follow proper ''murabaha'' requirements—not actually buying a commodity or buying one "already owned by the customer". Usmani, ''Historic Judgment on Interest'', 1999: para 191 ;Late payment While in conventional finance late payments/delinquent loans are discouraged by accumulating interest, in Islamic finance control and management of late accounts has become a "vexing problems", according to Muhammad Akran Khan.#WIWWIE2013">Khan, ''What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?'', 2013: p.207-8 Others agree it is a problem. According to Ibrahim Warde,
Islamic banks face a serious problem with late payments, not to speak of outright defaults, since some people take advantage of every dilatory legal and religious device ... In most Islamic countries, various forms of penalties and late fees have been established, only to be outlawed or considered unenforceable. Late fees in particular have been assimilated to riba. As a result, 'debtors know that they can pay Islamic banks last since doing so involves no cost'#">Warde, ''Islamic finance in the global economy'', 2000: p.163
Warde also complains that
"Many businessmen who had borrowed large amounts of money over long periods of time seized the opportunity of Islamicization to do away with accumulated interest of their debt, by repaying only the principal -- usually a puny sum when years of double-digit inflation were taken into consideration.
Some suggestions to solve the problem include having the government or the central bank penalizing defaultors "by depriving them" of the use of "any financial institution" until they paid up (Taqi Usmani in ''Introduction to Islamic Finance'') -- although this would require a completely Islamized society. Collecting late fees but donating them to charity, Collecting late fees only when the buyer "has deliberately refused to make a payment". ;Extra costs Because ''murabaha'' financing is “asset-based” financing (and must be to avoid riba according to orthodox Islamic thinking), it requires financiers to purchase and sell properties. But regulatory frameworks in most countries forbid financial intermediaries such as banks "from owning or trading real properties" (according to scholar Mahmud El-Gamal). Furthermore when the financier holds title to the property being sold it can be lost "if the financier is sued, loses, and declares bankruptcy", and this can happen when a customer has paid off most /almost all of the product/property’s price. To avoid these dangers SPVs (Special-purpose entity">Special Purpose Vehicles A special-purpose entity (SPE; or, in Europe and India, special-purpose vehicle/SPV; or, in some cases in each EU jurisdiction, FVC, financial vehicle corporation) is a legal entity (usually a limited company of some type or, sometimes, a limited ...
) are created to hold title to the property and also "serve as parties to various agreements regarding obligations for repairs and insurance" as required by Islamic jurists. However, the SPVs entail extra costs usually not borne in conventional finance. El-Gamal, ''Islamic Finance'', 2006: p.14, 64-5 ;Example of Murâbaḥah An example of a ''murabaha'' contract is: Adam approaches a ''Murabaha'' Bank in order to finance the purchase of a $10,000 automobile from “Cash-Only-Automobiles”. The bank agrees to purchase the automobile from “Cash-Only-Automobiles” for $10,000 and then sell it to Adam for $12,000 which is to be paid by Adam in equal installments over the next two years. While the cost to Adam is approximately that of a 10% per year loan, the ''Murabaha'' Bank using this transaction maintain it is different because the amount that Adam owes is fixed and does not increase if he is delinquent on payments. Therefore, the finance is a sale for profit and not ''riba''. Another argument that ''murahaba'' is shariah compliant is that it is made up of two transactions, both halal (permissible): Buying a car for $10,000 and selling it for $12,000 is allowed by Islam.
Making a purchase on a deferred payment basis is also allowed by Islam. However, not mentioned here is the fact that the same car that is being sold for $12,000 on a deferred payment basis is being sold for $10,000 on a cash basis. So basically Adam has two options: #“Cash-Only-Automobiles” will sell him the car for $10,000 but are not willing to wait to receive the full price. #The Murabaha Bank will sell him the car for $12,000 and is willing to wait two years to receive the full price. Adam’s choice to purchase from the Murabaha Bank reflects his desire to not pay the full price of the car today. In other words, he prefers to pay part of the price today and be indebted with the rest. The Murabaha Bank agrees to be owed by Adam the price of his car in return for the amount that it is owed being $2,000 more than the price of the car today. Did the bank charge Adam a predetermined return for the use of its money nterest Yes. The bank charged $2,000 in return for Adam’s use of its $10,000 to buy a car. The fact that no penalties are assessed if Adam is delinquent on his payments simply means that the amount of interest in the ''murabaha'' contract is fixed at $2,000. This amounts to a ''
Ḥiyal ''Ḥiyal'' (حيل, singular ''ḥīla'' حيلة "contortion, contrivance; device, subterfuge") is "legalistic trickery" in Islamic jurisprudence. The main purpose of ''ḥiyal'' is to avoid straightforward observance of Islamic law in difficult ...
'' or legal "trick" to defeat the intent of shariah.


See also

*
Islamic banking and finance Islamic banking, Islamic finance ( ar, مصرفية إسلامية), or Sharia-compliant finance is banking or financing activity that complies with Sharia (Islamic law) and its practical application through the development of Islamic economi ...
*
Profit and loss sharing Profit and Loss Sharing (also called PLS or participatory banking) refers to Sharia-compliant forms of equity financing such as mudarabah and musharakah. These mechanisms comply with the religious prohibition on interest on loans that most Muslim ...
* Islamic finance products, services and contracts * Sharia and securities trading *''
Muamalat ''Muamalat'' (also ''muʿāmalāt,'' ar, , literally "transactions" TBE, "CHAPTER A1, INTRODUCTION TO ISLAMIC MUAMALAT", 2012: p.6 or "dealings") is a part of Islamic jurisprudence, or ''fiqh''. Sources agree that ''muamalat'' includes Islamic ...
'' *
FINCA Afghanistan FINCA Afghanistan is a nonprofit microfinance organization and an affiliate of FINCA International. Its headquarters is in Kabul, Afghanistan. Background and history FINCA Afghanistan was founded on August 1, 2003 through grants and loans supplied ...
, a Murâbaḥah-compliant
microfinance Microfinance is a category of financial services targeting individuals and small businesses who lack access to conventional banking and related services. Microfinance includes microcredit, the provision of small loans to poor clients; savings ...
institution (MFI)


References


Notes


Citations


Books, documents

* * * * * * * * *


External links


World Database for Islamic Banking and Finance
{{Islam topics, state=collapsed Islamic banking Islamic banking and finance terminology Islamic financial contracts