Mite

Mites are small

arachnid

s (eight-legged arthropods).

Mites are not a defined taxon, but the name is used for members of several groups of the class

Arachnida

. Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic evidence suggests are not closely related. The Parasitiformes include

ticks

, which are sometimes semantically distinguished from mites.

Most mites are tiny, less than in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. The small size of most species makes them easily overlooked; some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating

gall

s, while others again are

predators

or

parasites

. This last type includes the commercially important ''Varroa'' parasite of

honey bee

s, as well as

scabies

mites of humans. Most species are harmless to humans but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases.

The scientific discipline devoted to the study of mites is called acarology.

Evolution and taxonomy

The mites are not a defined taxon, but is used for two distinct groups of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes. The

phylogeny

of the Acari has been relatively little studied, but molecular information from ribosomal DNA is being extensively used to understand relationships between groups. The 18 S rRNA gene provides information on relationships among phyla and superphyla, while the ITS2, and the 18S ribosomal RNA and 28S ribosomal RNA genes, provide clues at deeper levels.

Taxonomy

The third edition (2009) of the standard textbook ''A Manual of Acarology'' uses a system of six orders, grouped into three superorders:
* Superorder Opilioacariformes – a small order of large mites that superficially resemble

harvestmen

(

Opiliones

), hence their name
* Superorder Parasitiformes – ticks and a variety of mites
** Holothyrida - small group of predatory mites native to former

Gondwana

landmasses
**

Ixodida

– ticks
** Mesostigmata – a large order of predatory and parasitic mites
*** Trigynaspida - large, diverse order
*** Monogynaspida - diverse order of parasitic and predatory mites
* Superorder Acariformes – the most diverse group of mites
** Trombidiformes – plant parasitic mites (spider mites, peacock mites, gall mites, red-legged earth mites, etc.), snout mites, chiggers, hair follicle mites, velvet mites, water mites, etc.
*** Sphaerolichida - small order of mites containing two families
*** Prostigmata - large order of sucking mites
** Sarcoptiformes
*** Oribatida – oribatid mites, beetle mites, armored mites (also cryptostigmata)
*** Astigmatina – stored product, fur, feather, dust, and human itch mites, etc.
It has been subsequently argued that Opilioacariformes should be considered a subgroup of Parasitiformes, based on genetic evidence.

Fossil record

The mite fossil record is sparse, due to their small size and low preservation potential. The oldest fossils of acariform mites are from the

Rhynie Chert

, Scotland, which dates to the early Devonian, around 410 million years ago while the earliest fossils of Parasitiformes are known from

amber

specimens dating to the mid-

Cretaceous

, around 100 million years ago. Most fossil acarids are no older than the

Tertiary

(up to 65

mya

).

Phylogeny

Members of the superorders Opilioacariformes and Acariformes (sometimes known as Actinotrichida) are mites, as well as some of the Parasitiformes (sometimes known as Anactinotrichida). Recent genetic research has caused a change in the naming scheme, however, and recent publications have changed the superorder Parasitiformes to an order. Other recent research has suggested that Acari is polyphyletic (of multiple origins), with ticks and spiders more closely related than ticks and mites. The cladogram is based on Dabert et al. 2010, which used molecular data. It shows the Acariformes sister to the

Solifugae

(camel spiders), while the Parasitiformes are sister to the

Pseudoscorpionida

.

Anatomy

External

Mites are tiny members of the class

Arachnid

a; most are in the size range but some are larger and some are no bigger than as adults. The body plan has two regions, a cephalothorax (with no separate head) or prosoma, and an opisthosoma or abdomen. Segmentation has almost entirely been lost and the prosoma and opisthosoma are fused, only the positioning of the limbs indicating the location of the segments.

At the front of the body is the gnathosoma or capitulum. This is not a head and does not contain the eyes or the brain, but is a retractable feeding apparatus consisting of the

chelicerae

, the pedipalps and the oral cavity. It is covered above by an extension of the body carapace and is connected to the body by a flexible section of cuticle. The mouthparts differ between taxa depending on diet; in some species the appendages resemble legs while in others they are modified into chelicerae-like structures. The oral cavity connects posteriorly to the mouth and pharynx.

Most mites have four pairs of legs, each with six segments, which may be modified for swimming or other purposes. The dorsal surface of the body is clad in hardened tergites and the ventral surface by hardened sclerites; sometimes these form transverse ridges. The gonopore (genital opening) is located on the ventral surface between the fourth pair of legs. Some species have one to five median or lateral eyes but many species are blind, and slit and pit sense organs are common. Both body and limbs bear

seta

e (bristles) which may be simple, flattened, club-shaped or sensory. Mites are usually some shade of brown, but some species are red, orange, black or green, or some combination of these colours.

Internal

Mite digestive systems have salivary glands that open into the preoral space rather than the foregut. Most species carry two to six pairs of salivary glands that empty at various points into the subcheliceral space. A few mite species lack an anus: they do not defecate during their short lives. The circulatory system consists of a network of sinuses and lacks a heart, movement of fluid being driven by the contraction of body muscles. Gas exchange is carried out across the body surface, but many species additionally have between one and four pairs of

trachea

e, the spiracles being located in the front half of the body. The excretory system includes a nephridium and one or two pairs of Malpighian tubules.

Reproduction and life cycle

The sexes are separate in mites; males have a pair of

testes

in the mid-region of the body, each connected to the gonopore by a

vas deferens

, and in some species there is a chitinous

penis

; females have a single

ovary

connected to the gonopore by an oviduct, as well as a seminal receptacle for the storage of

sperm

. In most mites, sperm is transferred to the female indirectly; the male either deposits a spermatophore on a surface from which it is picked up by the female, or he uses his chelicerae or third pair of legs to insert it into the female's gonopore. In some of the Acariformes, insemination is direct using the male's penis.

The eggs are laid in the substrate, or wherever the mite happens to live. They take up to six weeks to hatch, according to species, and the first stage larvae have six legs. After three moults, the larvae become nymphs, with eight legs, and after a further three moults, they become adults. Longevity varies between species, but the lifespan of mites is short as compared to many other arachnids.

Ecology

Niches

Mites occupy a wide range of ecological niches. For example, Oribatida mites are important decomposers in many habitats. They eat a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are

predatory

, though no oribatid mites are

parasitic

. Mites are among the most diverse and successful of all invertebrate groups. They have exploited a wide array of habitats, and because of their small size go largely unnoticed. They are found in fresh and salt water, in the soil, in forests, pastures, agricultural crops, ornamental plants, thermal springs and caves. They inhabit organic debris of all kinds and are extremely numerous in leaf litter. They feed on animals, plants and fungi and some are

parasites

of plants and animals. Some 48,200 species of mites have been described, but there may be a million or more species as yet undescribed. The tropical species '' Archegozetes longisetosus'' is one of the strongest animals in the world, relative to its mass (100 μg): It lifts up to 1,182 times its own weight, over five times more than would be expected of such a minute animal. A mite also holds a speed record: for its length, '' Paratarsotomus macropalpis'' is the fastest animal on Earth.

Parasitism

Many mites are

parasitic

on plants and animals. One family of mites, Pyroglyphidae, or nest mites, live primarily in the nests of birds and other animals. These mites are largely

parasitic

and consume

blood

,

skin

and

keratin

. Dust mites, which feed mostly on dead skin and hair shed from humans instead of consuming them from the organism directly, evolved from these parasitic ancestors.

Ticks

are a prominent group of mites that are parasitic on vetebrates, mostly mammal and birds, feeding on blood with specialised mouthparts.

Parasitic mites sometimes infest insects. ''

Varroa destructor

'' attaches to the body of

honey bee

s, and ''Acarapis woodi'' (family Tarsonemidae) lives in their tracheae. Hundreds of species are associated with other bees, mostly poorly described. They attach to bees in a variety of ways. For example, ''

Trigona corvina

'' workers have been found with mites attached to the outer face of their hind tibiae. Some are thought to be parasites, while others are beneficial

symbionts

. Mites also parasitize some ant species, such as ''Eciton burchellii''.

Plant pests include the so-called

spider mite

s (family

Tetranychidae

), thread-footed mites (family Tarsonemidae), and the gall mites (family Eriophyidae). Among the species that attack animals are members of the sarcoptic mange mites (family Sarcoptidae), which burrow under the skin. Demodex mites (family Demodecidae) are parasites that live in or near the

hair follicle

s of mammals, including humans.

Dispersal

Being unable to fly, mites need some other means of dispersal. On a small scale, walking is used to access other suitable locations in the immediate vicinity. Some species mount to a high point and adopt a dispersal posture and get carried away by the wind, while others waft a thread of silk aloft to balloon to a new position.

Parasitic mites use their hosts to disperse, and spread from host to host by direct contact. Another strategy is phoresy; the mite, often equipped with suitable claspers or suckers, grips onto an insect or other animal, and gets transported to another place. A phoretic mite is just a hitch-hiker and does not feed during the time it is carried by its temporary host. These travelling mites are mostly species that reproduce rapidly and are quick to colonise new habitats.

Relationship with humans

Mites are tiny, almost invisible, and apart from those that are of economic concern to humans, little studied. The majority are beneficial, living in the soil or aqueous environments and assisting in the decomposition of decaying organic material, or consuming fungi, plant or animal matter, as part of the

carbon cycle

.

Medical significance

The majority of mite species are harmless to humans and domestic animals, but a few species can colonize mammals directly, acting as vectors for disease transmission, and causing or contributing to allergenic diseases. Mites which colonize human skin are the cause of several types of itchy skin rashes, such as gamasoidosis, rodent mite dermatitis, grain itch, grocer's itch, and

scabies

; ''Sarcoptes scabiei'' is a parasitic mite responsible for scabies, which is one of the three most common skin disorders in children. ''Demodex'' mites, which are common cause of mange in dogs and other domesticated animals, have also been implicated in the human skin disease rosacea, although the mechanism by which ''demodex'' contributes to the disease is unclear. Ticks are well known for carrying diseases, such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Chiggers are known primarily for their chigger bite, itchy bite, but they can also spread disease in some limited circumstances, such as scrub typhus. The house-mouse mite is the only known vector of the disease rickettsialpox. House dust mites, found in warm and humid places such as beds, cause several forms of allergic diseases, including hay fever, asthma and eczema, and are known to aggravate atopic dermatitis.

Mites of domestic animals, Among domestic animals, sheep are affected by the mite ''Psoroptes ovis'' which lives on the skin, causing hypersensitivity and inflammation. Hay mites are a suspected reservoir for scrapie, a prion disease of sheep.

In beekeeping

The mite ''Varroa destructor'' is a serious pest of

honey bee

s, contributing to colony collapse disorder in beekeeping, commercial hives. This organism is an obligate external parasite, able to reproduce only in bee colonies. It directly weakens its host by sucking up the bee's fat, and can spread RNA viruses including deformed wing virus. Heavy infestation causes the death of a colony, generally over the winter. Since 2006, over 10 million beehives have been lost.

In culture

Mites were first observed under the microscope by the English polymath Robert Hooke. In his 1665 book ''Micrographia'', he stated that far from being spontaneously generated from dirt, they were "very prettily shap'd Insects". The world's first science documentary featured cheese mites, seen under the microscope; the short film was shown in London's Alhambra music hall in 1903, causing a boom in the sales of simple microscopes. A few years later, Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a satirical poem, ''Parable'', with the conceit of some cheese mites disputing the origin of the Truckle, round Cheddar cheese in which they all lived.

See also

* Grain itch
* Grocer's itch
* Copra itch
* Gamasoidosis
* Chigger bite
* List of mites associated with cutaneous reactions

References

External links

Bitingmites.org: What's biting you?


* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/fasulo/vector/chapter_05.htm Mites and Ticks] chapter in United States Environmental Protection Agency and University of Florida/Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual
*

{{Acari

Acari
Paraphyletic groups
Arthropod common names