The term military medicine has a number of potential connotations. It may mean: *A medical specialty, specifically a branch of

occupational medicine Occupational medicine, until 1960 called industrial medicine, is the branch of medicine which is concerned with the maintenance of health in the workplace, including prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries, with secondary objective ...

attending to the medical risks and needs (both preventive and interventional) of soldiers, sailors and other service members. This disparate arena has historically involved the prevention and treatment of

infectious disease An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable di ...

s (especially

tropical disease Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by f ...

s), and, in the 20th Century, the ergonomics and health effects of operating military-specific machines and equipment such as submarines, tanks, helicopters and airplanes. Undersea and aviation medicine can be understood as subspecialties of military medicine, or in any case originated as such. Few countries certify or recognize "military medicine" as a formal speciality or subspeciality in its own right. * The planning and practice of the surgical management of mass battlefield casualties and the logistical and administrative considerations of establishing and operating combat support hospitals. This involves military medical hierarchies, especially the organization of structured medical command and administrative systems that interact with and support deployed

combat unit Military organization or military organisation is the structuring of the armed forces of a state so as to offer such military capability as a national defense policy may require. In some countries paramilitary forces are included in a nation ...

s. (See

Battlefield medicine Battlefield medicine, also called field surgery and later combat casualty care, is the treatment of wounded combatants and non-combatants in or near an area of combat. Civilian medicine has been greatly advanced by procedures that were first ...

.) * The administration and practice of health care for military service members and their dependents in non-deployed (peacetime) settings. This may (as in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...

) consist of a medical system paralleling all the medical specialties and sub-specialties that exist in the civilian sector. (See also Veterans Health Administration which serves U.S. veterans.) * Medical

research and development Research and development (R&D or R+D), known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, and improving existi ...

specifically bearing upon problems of military medical interest. Historically, this encompasses all of the medical advances emerging from medical research efforts directed at addressing the problems encountered by deployed military forces (e.g., vaccines or drugs for soldiers,

medical evacuation Medical evacuation, often shortened to medevac or medivac, is the timely and efficient movement and en route care provided by medical personnel to wounded being evacuated from a battlefield, to injured patients being evacuated from the scene of a ...

systems, drinking water chlorination, etc.) many of which ultimately prove important beyond the purely military considerations that inspired them.

Legal status

Military medical personnel engage in

humanitarian Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans to reduce suffering and improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic, and emotional ...

work and are "

protected persons Protected persons is a legal term under international humanitarian law and refers to persons who are under specific protection of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, their 1977 Additional Protocols, and customary international humanitarian law during a ...

" under

international humanitarian law International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war ('' jus in bello''). It is a branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by pr ...

in accordance with the First and Second Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols, which established legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field or ship's medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict. International humanitarian law makes no distinction between medical personnel who are members of the armed forces (and who hold military ranks) and those who are civilian volunteers. All medical personnel are considered

non-combatant Non-combatant is a term of art in the law of war and international humanitarian law to refer to civilians who are not taking a direct part in hostilities; persons, such as combat medics and military chaplains, who are members of the belligere ...

s under international humanitarian law because of their humanitarian duties, and they may not be attacked and not be taken as

prisoners of war A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold prisoners of w ...

; hospitals and other medical facilities and transports identified as such, whether they are military or civilian, may not be attacked either. The red cross, the red crescent and the red crystal are the protective signs recognised under international humanitarian law, and are used by military medical personnel and facilities for this purpose. Attacking military medical personnel, patients in their care, or medical facilities or transports legitimately marked as such is a war crime. Likewise, misusing these protective signs to mask military operations is the war crime of perfidy. Military medical personnel may be armed, usually with service pistols, for the purpose of self defense or the defense of patients.

Historical significance

The significance of military medicine for combat strength goes far beyond treatment of battlefield injuries; in every major war fought until the late 19th century disease claimed more soldier casualties than did enemy action. During the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and t ...

(1860–65), for example, about twice as many soldiers died of disease as were killed or mortally wounded in combat. The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) is considered to have been the first conflict in which combat injury exceeded disease, at least in the German coalition army which lost 3.47% of its average headcount to combat and only 1.82% to disease. In new world countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, the United States and Canada, military physicians and surgeons contributed significantly to the development of civilian health care. Improvements in military medicine have increased the survival rates in successive wars, due to improvements in

battlefield medicine Battlefield medicine, also called field surgery and later combat casualty care, is the treatment of wounded combatants and non-combatants in or near an area of combat. Civilian medicine has been greatly advanced by procedures that were first ...

and

trauma care Major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death. There are many causes of major trauma, blunt and penetrating, including falls, motor vehicle collisions, stabbing wounds, and gunshot wounds. Dependin ...

. Similar improvements have been seen in the trauma practices during the Iraq war. Some military trauma care practices are disseminated by citizen soldiers who return to civilian practice. One such practice is where major trauma patients are transferred to an operating theater as soon as possible, to stop internal bleeding, increasing the survival rate. Within the United States, the survival rate for gunshot wounds has increased, leading to apparent declines in the gun death rate in states that have stable rates of gunshot hospitalizations.

Military medicine by country

North America

Canada

Royal Canadian Medical Service The Royal Canadian Medical Service (RCMS, french: Service de santé royal canadien) is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces, consisting of all members of medical occupations. Nearly all members of the RCMS, along with the members of the ...

Royal Canadian Dental Corps The Royal Canadian Dental Corps (RCDC, french: links=no, Corps dentaire royal canadien) is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). Most members of RCDC, along with the members of the Royal Canadian Medical Service, are employed in ...

Canadian Forces Health Services Group The Canadian Forces Health Services Group (CF H Svcs Gp) is a formation of the Canadian Forces within the Military Personnel Command. It includes personnel from both the Royal Canadian Medical Service and the Royal Canadian Dental Corps, fulfills ...

Surgeon General (Canada) The Surgeon General ( French: ''médecin-général'') is the professional head of the Canadian military health jurisdiction, the adviser to the Minister of National Defence and the Chief of Defence Staff on all matters related to health, and h ...

* National Defence Medical Centre

United States

* Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs * Military Health System *'' Military Medicine'', academic journal * TRICARE * United States Unified Medical Command *

Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USU) is a health science university of the U.S. federal government. The primary mission of the school is to prepare graduates for service to the U.S. at home and abroad in the medical corps as ...

* Medical Education and Training Campus *

Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF) is a global non-profit organization created by Congress in 1983. HFJ is dedicated to the advancement of military medicine, and serves as a trusted and responsive link ...

Defense Health Agency The Defense Health Agency (DHA) is a joint, integrated combat support agency that enables the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force medical services to provide a medically ready force and ready medical force to Combatant Com ...

* National Center for Medical Intelligence * Health Professions Scholarship Program *

Joint Task Force National Capital Region/Medical The Joint Task Force National Capital Region Medical (JTF CapMed), also known as National Capital Region Medical, is located on the Naval Support Activity Bethesda campus in Bethesda, Maryland and was established by the Deputy Secretary of Defen ...

* Fort Belvoir Community Hospital *

Association of Military Surgeons of the United States Association may refer to: *Club (organization), an association of two or more people united by a common interest or goal * Trade association, an organization founded and funded by businesses that operate in a specific industry *Voluntary associati ...

* Tactical Combat Casualty Care * Armed Forces Institute of Pathology *

Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI) is an American triservice research laboratory in Bethesda, Maryland chartered by Congress in 1960 and formally established in 1961. It conducts research in the field of radiobiology and r ...

* Defense Health Program Budget Activity Group * Department of Defense Medical Examination Review Board * National Museum of Health and Medicine * Medicine in the American Civil War *

National Museum of Civil War Medicine __NOTOC__ The National Museum of Civil War Medicine is a U.S. historic education institution located in Frederick, Maryland. Its focus involves the medical, surgical and nursing practices during the American Civil War (1861-1865). History The ...

; U.S. Army * Surgeon General of the U.S. Army * Army Medical Department *

Battalion Aid Station {{no footnotes, date=February 2013 In the United States Army and Marine Corps, a battalion aid station is a medical section within a battalion's support company. As such, it is the forwardmost medically staffed treatment location. During peace ...

s * Borden Institute * Combat Support Hospital *

Fort Detrick Fort Detrick () is a United States Army Futures Command installation located in Frederick, Maryland. Historically, Fort Detrick was the center of the U.S. biological weapons program from 1943 to 1969. Since the discontinuation of that program, i ...

* Fort Sam Houston *

Forward Surgical Teams In the United States Army, Medical Detachments (Forward Surgical), popularly known as Forward Surgical Teams (FST), are small, mobile surgical units. A functional operating room can be established within one and a half hours of being on scene an ...

United States Army Medical Corps The Medical Corps (MC) of the U.S. Army is a staff corps (non-combat specialty branch) of the U.S. Army Medical Department (AMEDD) consisting of commissioned medical officers – physicians with either an M.D. or a D.O. degree, at least one ye ...

* United States Army Nurse Corps *

United States Army Veterinary Corps The U.S. Army Veterinary Corps is a staff corps (non-combat specialty branch) of the U.S. Army Medical Department (AMEDD) consisting of commissioned veterinary officers and Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) veterinary students. ...

Mobile Army Surgical Hospital Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals were U.S. Army field hospital units conceptualized in 1946 as replacements for the World War II-era Auxiliary Surgical Group hospital units, which had become obsolete. MASH Units were in operation from the Korean ...

* Portable Surgical Hospital * 68W, the "combat medic" *''

Textbook of Military Medicine The ''Textbook of Military Medicine'' (TMM) is a series of volumes on military medicine published since 1989 by the Borden Institute, of the Office of The Surgeon General, of the United States Department of the Army. It constitutes a comprehen ...

'' published by the U.S. Army * United States Army Medical Department Center and School * United States Army Medical Department Museum * U.S. Army Dental Command *

U.S. Army Medical Command The U.S. Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) is a direct reporting unit of the U.S. Army that formerly provided command and control of the Army's fixed-facility medical, dental, and veterinary treatment facilities, providing preventive care, medical res ...

* United States Army Medical Research and Development Command * United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases *

Walter Reed Army Medical Center The Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC)known as Walter Reed General Hospital (WRGH) until 1951was the U.S. Army's flagship medical center from 1909 to 2011. Located on in the District of Columbia, it served more than 150,000 active and ret ...

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) is the largest biomedical research facility administered by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The institute is centered at the Forest Glen Annex, in the Forest Glen Park part of the uni ...

* U.S. Army Public Health Center * United States Army Health Services Command * Army Medical Museum and Library * Army Medical Department regimental coat of arms * Combat lifesaver course ; U.S. Navy * Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy * Bureau of Medicine and Surgery * United States Navy Health Care * U.S. Navy Medical Corps * U.S. Navy Dental Corps * U.S. Navy Nurse Corps * U.S. Navy Medical Service Corps * U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman * United States Naval Hospital (disambiguation) * Special amphibious reconnaissance corpsman * Naval Hospital Corps School * Naval Medical Center San Diego * Naval Medical Center Portsmouth * National Naval Medical Center (Walter Reed National Military Medical Center) * Naval Hospital Yokosuka Japan * Naval Health Clinic New England * Naval Health Clinic Cherry Point * Naval Medical Research Center * Naval Health Research Center * Naval Medical Forces Atlantic *

Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D) is a biomedical research laboratory of the United States Navy in Dayton, Ohio. It is one of seven subordinate commands of the Naval Medical Research Center and incorporates two research divisions. Th ...

* Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory * Charleston Naval Hospital Historic District * Old Naval Observatory * Hospital ship * Sick bay * Loblolly boy * Diving medicine * United States Navy staff corps ; U.S. Air Force * Surgeon General of the U.S. Air Force * U.S. Air Force Medical Service (including Dental Corps, Medical Corps, Nursing Corps, and other corps) * United States Air Force Nurse Corps *

United States Air Force Pararescue Pararescuemen (also known as PJs) are United States Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) and Air Combat Command (ACC) operators tasked with recovery and medical treatment of personnel in humanitarian and combat environments. These speci ...

* United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine *

Museum of Aerospace Medicine The Edward H. White II Museum of Aerospace Medicine was a museum of the United States Air Force and was located in Hangar 9 at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas.Aeromedical evacuation Aeromedical evacuation (AE) usually refers to the use of military transport aircraft to carry wounded personnel. The first recorded British ambulance flight took place in 1917 in the Sinai peninsula some 30 miles south of El Arish when a Royal ...

* Critical Care Air Transport Team * Expeditionary Medical Support System * Aviation medicine

Europe

Naval Medical Institute The ''Schifffahrtmedizinisches Institut der Marine'' (SchiffMedInstM) is a naval medical institute of the German Navy in Kronshagen. It is the central specialist facility for all medical officers in the German Navy. In addition to the marine me ...

* Generaloberstabsarzt * Generalstabsarzt *

Generalarzt ''Generalarzt'' (short: ''GenArzt'' or ''GA'') is the designation of a military rank as well as the official title in German speaking armed forces. It is equivalent to the ''Admiralarzt'' / ''Generalapotheker'' and Brigadegeneral / Flottillenadmiral ...

Oberstarzt Oberstarzt (OTA) is a military rank in German language, German speaking armed forces. It denotes a medical staff officer surgeon or medical staff officer dentist and is comparable to Colonel (de: Oberst) or Captain (naval) (de: Kapitän zur See) Ran ...

* Oberfeldarzt * Oberstabsarzt * Stabsarzt * Oberarzt (military) * Assistenzarzt (military)

Italy

* Corpo sanitario dell'Esercito Italiano * Corpo sanitario militare marittimo * Corpo sanitario aeronautico * Servizio sanitario dell'Arma dei carabinieri

Russia

Main Military Medical Directorate The Main Military Medical Directorate, (russian: link=no, Главное военно-медицинское управление Министерства обороны Российской Федерации). also known as Military Medical Di ...

* Kirov Military Medical Academy (founded in 1798) * Military academies in Russia#Kuybyshev Military Medical Academy *'' Military Medical Business'', academic journal *

Museum of Military Medicine The Museum of Military Medicine, formerly the Army Medical Services Museum (AMS Museum), is located in Keogh Barracks, on Mytchett Place Road, Mytchett, Surrey, England. History The museum is based on the "Mytchett Collection", a collection of ...

Serbia

* Military Medical Academy

Sweden

* Surgeon-General of the Swedish Armed Forces * Medical Corps of the Swedish Armed Forces *

Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine The Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine ( sv, Försvarsmedicincentrum, FömedC) is a tri-service military medicine center in the Swedish Armed Forces. Its staff is made up of officers, civilian specialists, group commanders and offic ...

* Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Army * Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Navy * Surgeon-in-Chief of the Swedish Air Force * Swedish Army Medical Corps * Swedish Naval Medical Officers' Corps * Swedish Armed Forces Diving and Naval Medicine Centre * Swedish Army Veterinary Corps

United Kingdom

Royal Navy Medical Service The Royal Navy Medical Service is the branch of the Royal Navy responsible for medical care. It works closely with Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service. History The history of the service can be traced back to 1692 when treatment for ...

* Royal Naval Hospital *

Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service (QARNNS) is the nursing branch of the British Royal Navy. The Service unit works alongside the Royal Navy Medical Branch. As of 1 January 2006, according to former Ministry of Defence junior mini ...

Medical Assistant (Royal Navy) The Medical Assistant is a Royal Navy medical rating in the United Kingdom. Medical Assistants serve on all types of ships in the surface fleet, submarine fleet, Royal Marines, Fleet Air Arm or ashore in a sick bay, hospitals, or other establish ...

* Institute of Naval Medicine * Naval surgeon *

Surgeon's mate A surgeon's mate was a rank in the Royal Navy for a medically trained assistant to the ship's surgeon. The rank was renamed assistant surgeon in 1805, and was considered equivalent to the rank of master's mate/mate. In 1807, first-rate would ...

* Loblolly boy * Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service * List of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy * Army Medical Services *

Royal Army Medical Corps The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. The RAMC, the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Army Dental Corps ...

Medical Support Officer {{unsourced, date=December 2021 The term Medical Support Officer is the name given to Commissioned Officers within the British Army's Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC). General background The main role of the RAMC is to provide healthcare to the Bri ...

* Combat Medical Technician * Royal Army Dental Corps * Royal Army Veterinary Corps * Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps *

Territorial Force Nursing Service The Territorial Force Nursing Service (TFNS) was established in 1908, part of the reform of the British auxiliary forces introduced by Richard Haldane which created the Territorial Force. Nurses with at least three years of training were able to ...

Royal Army Medical College The Royal Army Medical College (RAMC) was located on a site south of the Tate Gallery (now known as Tate Britain) on Millbank, in Westminster, London, overlooking the River Thames. The college moved from the site in 1999 and the buildings are now ...

RAF Medical Services The Royal Air Force Medical Services is the branch of the Royal Air Force that provides health care at home and on deployed operations to RAF service personnel. Medical officers are the doctors of the RAF and have specialist expertise in avia ...

* Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service *

RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine The RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine (RAF CAM) is a medical organisation run by the Royal Air Force and based at RAF Henlow in Bedfordshire. It is the main organisation conducting aviation medicine research in the UK. History Formation The cent ...

* RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine *

* Surgeon-General (United Kingdom) * Defence Medical Services *

Defence Medical Academy The Defence Medical Academy is based at DMS Whittington. It is the training centre of Defence Medical Services. It trains military personnel to deal with situations that civilian paramedics would be involved with; i.e. more advanced situation ...

Ministry of Defence Hospital Units A Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit, or MDHU, is military healthcare facility, embedded within a civilian National Health Service hospital. The United Kingdom Armed Forces no longer run dedicated military hospitals by themselves, the last of such ...

* Defence CBRN Centre

Other regions

Australia

* Joint Health Command (Australia) *

Australian Army Medical Women's Service The Australian Army Medical Women's Service (AAMWS) was an armed services organisation which existed from 1942 until 1951. Growing out of the St John Ambulance Voluntary Aid Detachments, it was formed in December 1942 and its members served as ...

* Australian Army Medical Units, World War I *

Australian Army Nursing Service The Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) was an Australian Army Reserve unit which provided a pool of trained civilian nurses who had volunteered for military service during wartime. The AANS was formed in 1902 by amalgamating the nursing servic ...

Royal Australian Army Medical Corps The Royal Australian Army Medical Corps (RAAMC) is the branch of the Australian Army responsible for providing medical care to Army personnel. The AAMC was formed in 1902 through the amalgamation of medical units of the various Australian coloni ...

Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps The Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps (RAANC) is a Corps of the Australian Army. It was formed in February 1951 from the Royal Australian Army Nursing Service. A Corps Badge was introduced in 1951 with the motto ''Pro Humanitate'' (for Humanity ...

Royal Australian Army Dental Corps The Royal Australian Army Dental Corps (RAADC) is a corps within the Australian Army. It was formed on 23 April 1943 during World War II as the Australian Army Dental Corps, before being granted the 'Royal' prefix in 1948. Prior to its formation ...

Australian Army Veterinary Corps The Australian Army Veterinary Corps (AAVC) was a corps of the Australian Army which was formed in 1909 to replace the veterinary department of the Commonwealth Military Forces. Following the establishment of a number of permanent artillery batt ...

* Australian Army Psychology Corps *

Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine The Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine (RANSUM) is an instructor-led training course based at Sydney, Australia. History Before 1961 medical support at the diving section of HMAS ''Watson'' was provided by the District Medical ...

RAAF Institute of Aviation Medicine The Royal Australian Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine (AVMED) ensures the effectiveness and safety of Australian Defence Forces (ADF) air operations by conducting research and training ADF aircrew to understand and manage the physiologica ...

* List of Australian hospital ships

Israel

Logistics, Medical, and the Centers Directorate The Israeli Technological and Logistics Directorate (acronym: Atal) is a directorate in the General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces, responsible for its logistics responses and tasks, and in particular: the building of military bases, maintaini ...

Medical Corps (Israel) The Medical Corps ( he, חֵיל הָרְפוּאָה, ''Heil HaRfu'a'') is an Israel Defense Forces corps responsible for providing healthcare services and medical treatment and instruction to all levels of the IDF. History During wars or emerg ...

Unit 669 Airborne Combat Rescue And Evacuation Unit 669 ( he, יחידת החילוץ והפינוי הקרבי בהיטס 669,''Yechidat HaHilu'tz VeHaPinu'i HaKravi Behetes 669'') is the Israel Defense Forces heliborne Combat Search and Rescue extracti ...

South Africa

South African Medical Service The South African Medical Service (SAMS) was a branch of the South African Defence Force (SADF). In 1994 when the SADF was merged with various other military and armed resistance forces as part of the post-apartheid reforms the SAMS became the So ...

South African Military Health Service The South African Military Health Service is the branch of the South African National Defence Force responsible for medical facilities and the training and deployment of all medical personnel within the force. Though unusual, as most national mil ...

Vietnam

*Vietnam Military Medical University (''Học Viện Quân Y'') in

Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi i ...

India

Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India) The Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (DGAFMS) is the head of the Armed Forces Medical Services of the Indian Armed Forces. A three-star rank medical flag officer, the DGAFMS is equivalent to Army Commanders and the Defence Secretary ...

Army Medical Corps (India) The Indian Army Medical Corps is a specialist corps in the Indian Army which primarily provides medical services to all Army personnel, serving and veterans, along with their families. Early history Very little is known of the medical organisatio ...

* Armed Forces Medical College * Command Hospital * Indian Medical Service

Thailand

Phramongkutklao College of Medicine

International

International Committee of Military Medicine The International Committee of Military Medicine (ICMM) is an international and intergovernmental organization consisting of more than one hundred states. The ICMM was established in 1921, in response to concerns over the lack of care provided d ...

Committee of Chiefs of Military Medical Services in NATO The Committee of Chiefs of Military Medical Services in NATO (COMEDS) is the North Atlantic Alliance's senior medical body, reporting to the NATO Military Committee. It is headed by a chairman, is composed of the Surgeons General of the allied na ...

( COMEDS)

References

External links

U.S. military medicine

related links from USAF Air University
Association of Military Surgeons of the United States
(AMSUS)
''Military Medicine'', the International Journal of AMSUS''Patriot Medicine'', a vertical network for the military medical ecosystem
Life and Death in the War Zone , NOVA , PBS
The Borden Institute Homepage
* ttp://www.vnh.org/ Virtual Naval Hospital - a digital library of military medicine and humanitarian medicine* http://www.ipernity.com/doc/57114/5652001/in/keyword/487917/self (military medical exams) Australian military medicine
Australian Military Medicine Association
International Magazine for Military Medicine
MCIF MEDICAL CORPS INTERNATIONAL FORUM
International Magazine for Military Medicine NATO Centre of Excellence for Military Medicine
NATO Centre of Excellence for Military Medicine
{{DEFAULTSORT:Military Medicine Military supporting service occupations