A low-floor tram is a

tram A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport ...

that has no stairsteps between one or more entrances and part or all of the passenger cabin. The

low-floor Accessibility is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable by people with disabilities. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible development ensures both "direct access" (i. ...

design improves the

accessibility Accessibility is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable by people with disabilities. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible development ensures both "direct access" (i. ...

of the tram for the public, and also may provide larger windows and more airspace. An accessible platform-level floor in a tram can be achieved either by using a high-floor vehicle serving high-platform tram stops, or with a true low-floor vehicle interfacing with curb level stops. Currently both types are in use, depending on the station platform infrastructure in existing rail systems. Some systems may make use of former railway alignments where use of existing high platforms is desirable, while others, particularly new systems, may not have the space to site high-level stops in urban centres.

Low-floor tram configurations

Trams traditionally had high floors, and these designs evolved into the tram with a low-floor centre section. Examples of this design are

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban ar ...

11g/12g-trams and the Kusttrams in

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...

. The most common design of 100% low floor vehicles uses short carbody sections for the wheels and longer suspended sections. Examples of this are the

Alstom Citadis The Alstom Citadis is a family of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. , over 2,300 Citadis trams have been sold and 1,800 tramways are in revenue service throughout the world, with operations in all six inhabited continen ...

and

Combino The Siemens Combino is a low-floor tram produced by Siemens Mobility (formerly Duewag). The first prototype was produced in 1996 at the Duewag works in Düsseldorf; the trams are now made in Krefeld-Uerdingen. Due to its modular design using ...

. A similar, but somewhat older technique is one that has been developed by

MAN A man is an adult male human. Prior to adulthood, a male human is referred to as a boy (a male child or adolescent). Like most other male mammals, a man's genome usually inherits an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromo ...

. In 1990, it was the first 100% low floor tram. These trams are found in ten German cities (such as

Bremen Bremen ( Low German also: ''Breem'' or ''Bräm''), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (german: Stadtgemeinde Bremen, ), is the capital of the German state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (''Freie Hansestadt Bremen''), a two-city-state cons ...

and

Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and ...

) and in the Swedish city

Norrköping Norrköping (; ) is a city in the province of Östergötland in eastern Sweden and the seat of Norrköping Municipality, Östergötland County, about 160 km southwest of the national capital Stockholm, 40 km east of county seat Linkö ...

. In many other German cities there are trams with low floor between the outer

bogie A bogie ( ) (in some senses called a truck in North American English) is a chassis or framework that carries a wheelset, attached to a vehicle—a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transp ...

s and single axle bogies under the centre section. " Light rail" type vehicles frequently have a similar configuration but with a centre bogie designed to accommodate a low floor situated under a short centre section. A more radical approach has been adopted for the City Class LRV ( Citytram), where the main low floor section is only 300 mm above the rail. The low floor runs right through the articulation of both the 29 m long and 38 m Super Citytram version. In both, the corridor through the articulation is wide enough for seated passengers and a wheelchair to pass through. The City Class has been designed to turn on 15 m radius curves and to climb 10% gradients. In Austria,

Porsche Design Porsche Design is a German product design studio and brand founded in 1972 by F. A. Porsche, the designer of the original Porsche 911, known for its high-end accessories including sunglasses, pens, and watches. The current legal instantiation of ...

designed Ultra Low Floor (ULF) Trams can "kneel" at the curbside, reducing the height from the road to only 180 mm. Protram205 ramp

Some public transport companies have both low floor and high floor trams. They report that low floor trams have 15% higher maintenance costs for the rolling stock, and 20% higher maintenance costs for the infrastructure on average. Among the problems observed is that the missing bogies result in a higher level of wear and tear. Many low floor trams have fixed bogies which increase track wear and tear, while decreasing the speed at which a tram can drive through a curve (usually 4–15 km/h in 20 m radius curve). The

Škoda ForCity Škoda ForCity is a family of low-floor trams built by Škoda Transportation. This includes Finnish-made Artic (tram), Artic trams branded as ForCity Smart. ForCity trams were ordered by transport companies of Bonn, Bratislava, Chemnitz, Eskişe ...

and the newest

X04 try to counter the effect with low floor pivoting bogies while maintaining 100% low floor design. Prior to the new design, pivoting bogies could only be used under high floors, hence such trams could only be part low-floor, with high-floor sections over the pivoting bogies.

Historic examples

The idea of a low-floor tram dates back to the early 20th century when a number of trolley systems began experimenting with various "stepless" designs. Perhaps the most notable is the Hedley-Doyle Stepless car introduced in 1912 for use on Broadway in

Manhattan Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...

. A number of other cities also purchased Hedley-Doyle Stepless trams after seeing their success in Manhattan. Since these cars had a unique appearance compared to any other trams running at the time, they earned a number of nicknames, including

hobble skirt A hobble skirt was a skirt with a narrow enough hem to significantly impede the wearer's stride. It was called a "hobble skirt" because it seemed to hobble any woman as she walked. Hobble skirts were a short-lived fashion trend that peaked betw ...

cars, public welfare cars, and sow bellies.

Typical floor heights

To put things into perspective, here are some typical floor heights for public transport vehicles, old and new: * Ultra Low Floor tram — 180 mm (7 inches) * Low-floor tram — 300 mm to 350 mm (11.8 to 13.78 inches) * High-floor tram — more than 600 mm (23.62 inches) *

Heavy rail Various terms are used for passenger railway lines and equipment; the usage of these terms differs substantially between areas: Rapid transit A rapid transit system is an electric railway characterized by high speed (~) and rapid accelerat ...

rapid transit Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail or metro, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. A rapid transit system that primarily or traditionally runs below the surface may be ...

— 800 mm (31.5 inches) to 1200 mm (47.25 inches) *

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and th ...

n inter-city rail passenger cars — 1350 mm (51 inches)

List of low-floor trams by country manufactured and manufacturers

Belarus

;

Belkommunmash OJSC "Holding Management Company "Belkommunmash" ( be, ААТ "Кіруючая кампанія холдынгу «Белкамунмаш», Belkamunmash), is a Belarusian manufacturer of electric public transport vehicles. The enterprise was ba ...

* AKSM-743 - Third Generation tram on Minsk tramway * AKSM-843 - Fourth generation tram on Minsk tramway

Canada

;

Bombardier Transportation Bombardier Transportation was a Canadian-German rolling stock and rail transport manufacturer, headquartered in Berlin, Germany. It was one of the world's largest companies in the rail vehicle and equipment manufacturing and servicing industry ...

(are subtypes and more) TTC Flexity 4466 on route 504A King EB at Yonge

Cobra tram in Zurich on route 2, April 2008

* A32 Flexity Swift * Citytram * Cobra * CR4000 Flexity Swift * GT8-100D/2S-M * ET 2010 Flexity Swift (Tram-train) * E-class Melbourne tram Flexity Swift *

Flexity 2 The Flexity 2 is a family of tram or light-rail vehicle manufactured by Bombardier Transportation (later Alstom). It is 100% low-floor, in order to easily accommodate wheelchairs and pushchairs. The trams are bi-directional, with cabs at both e ...

* Flexity 2 (version for Blackpool) * Flexity Berlin ( Incentro family) *

Flexity Classic The Bombardier Flexity Classic is a model of light-rail tram manufactured by Bombardier Transportation. Although it is marketed as the most traditionally designed member of the Flexity family, it is still a modern bi-directional articulated t ...

Flexity Freedom The Alstom Flexity Freedom is a low-floor, articulated light rail vehicle developed by Bombardier Transportation (and later Alstom) for the North American market. It is marketed as part of the Bombardier Flexity family which includes other mod ...

Flexity Link The Alstom Flexity (sold as Bombardier Flexity before 2021, stylized in all caps) is a family of modern trams, streetcars and light rail vehicles manufactured by Bombardier Transportation, since 2021 a division of French company Alstom. As of ...

* Flexity Outlook ''Eurotram'' * Flexity Outlook ''Cityrunner'' * Flexity Outlook ''Olympic Line'' * Flexity Outlook (version for Toronto) * GT8-100D/2S-M * HF6 Flexity Swift (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * Incentro * Incentro AT6/5 (version for Nottingham) * K4000 Flexity Swift * K4500 Flexity Swift * K5000 Flexity Swift (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * K5200 Flexity Swift (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * M5000 Flexity Swift (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * Traintram Flexity Swift * Type 1 LVR Flexity Swift * T2000 * Bombardier Variobahn

Croatia

; CROTRAM

* TMK 2200 (NT 2200) * TMK 2200 K * TMK 2300

Czech Republic

;

ČKD Tatra ČKD (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk) () was one of the largest engineering companies in the former Czechoslovakia and today's Czech Republic. It is famous for the Tatra T3, a tramcar that sold 13,991 units worldwide. History ČKD was formed ...

* K3R-N (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * K3R-NT (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * KT8D5N (with low-floor middle section) * KT8D5R.N1 (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * KT8D5R.N2 (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * KT8D5R.N2P (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) *

KTNF6 The Tatra KTNF6 is a modernized tram, type KT4, rebuilt with a central low-floor segment. These types of tram cars are used in Cottbus, in Brandenburg City and Schöneiche-Rüdersdorf, Germany, and in Tallinn, Estonia (as ''KT6T''). Another sim ...

(reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * KTNF8 (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * RT6N1 * RT6N2 * RT6S *

Satra III Satra Corporation was a US trading and metal processing company. It is primarily known in the United Kingdom for its Satra Motors Limited subsidiary, which was the official importer and distributor of Soviet Union cars and motorcycles in that co ...

(reconstruction with low-floor middle section) ; Aliance TW Team Olšanská 4080

Tatra T3R.PLF Tatra may refer to: * Tatra Mountains, a mountain range in Slovakia and Poland ** Tatra County, an administrative division of Poland in the region of the Tatra Mountains ** Tatra National Park, Poland, a national park in Poland ** Tatra National P ...

(nicknamed "wana" (Czech for 'bath') - newly built with low-floor middle section) *

Tatra T3R.SLF Tatra may refer to: * Tatra Mountains, a mountain range in Slovakia and Poland ** Tatra County, an administrative division of Poland in the region of the Tatra Mountains ** Tatra National Park, Poland, a national park in Poland ** Tatra National P ...

("wana") * VarioLF ("wana") * VarioLF plus ("wana") * VarioLF plus/o ("wana") * VarioLF2 * VarioLF2 plus * VarioLF2/2 IN * VarioLF3 * VarioLF3/2 * EVO1 *

EVO2 EVO or Evo may refer to: Companies * Evo (company), American sporting goods and outdoor recreation retailer Games * Evolution Championship Series, an annual fighting game esports tournament in the US * ''Evo'' (board game), a 2001 board game * ...

* VV60LF (tow tramcar) ;

Škoda Transportation Škoda Transportation a.s. is a Czech engineering company that continues the legacy of Škoda Works' rolling stock manufacturing that started at the end of 19th century in Plzeň. Following the first world war, the Works commenced locomotive ...

Wroclaw, new tram lines, Stadion and Kozanow (6)

* 03T Astra/Anitra/Elektra * 05T Vektra * 06T Elektra * 10T Elektra * 13T Elektra * 14T Elektra * 15T ForCity Alfa * 16T Elektra * 19T Elektra * 26T ForCity Classic * 27T * 28T ForCity Classic * 29T ForCity Plus * 30T ForCity Plus * Artic ForCity Smart ;

Inekon Trams Inekon Trams, a.s. is a manufacturer of trams, or streetcars, located in the Czech Republic, and has supplied new trams to several cities in the Czech Republic and the United States.Webb, Mary (ed.) (2009). ''Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2009� ...

* 01 Trio * 04 Superior * 11 Pento * 12 Trio

France

;

Alstom Alstom SA is a French multinational corporation, multinational rolling stock manufacturer operating worldwide in rail transport markets, active in the fields of passenger transportation, signalling, and locomotives, with products including the A ...

ATM Class 6000 ATM or atm often refers to: * Atmosphere (unit) or atm, a unit of atmospheric pressure * Automated teller machine, a cash dispenser or cash machine ATM or atm may also refer to: Computing * ATM (computer), a ZX Spectrum clone developed in Mo ...

* Citadis 100 * Citadis 202 (on Melbourne tramway locally designated C-class) * Citadis 301 * Citadis 301 CIS numbers: 71-801. * Citadis 302 (on Melbourne tramway locally designated C2-class) * Citadis 401 * Citadis 402 * Citadis 403 * Citadis 502 * Citadis X-04 (204, 304, 404) * Citadis X-05 (205, 305, 405) * Regio-Citadis * Citadis Dualis * Citadis Compact *

Citadis Spirit The Alstom Citadis Spirit is a low-floor articulated light rail vehicle developed by Alstom for Ottawa's O-Train. It is marketed as part of its Alstom Citadis family, which includes other models of light rail vehicles, and is based on the Cita ...

Tatra KTNF8 Tatra may refer to: * Tatra Mountains, a mountain range in Slovakia and Poland ** Tatra County, an administrative division of Poland in the region of the Tatra Mountains ** Tatra National Park, Poland, a national park in Poland ** Tatra National P ...

Gera Gera is a city in the German state of Thuringia. With around 93,000 inhabitants, it is the third-largest city in Thuringia after Erfurt and Jena as well as the easternmost city of the ''Thüringer Städtekette'', an almost straight string of cit ...

* Tramway Français Standard (TFS)-1 (low-floor added at a later date) * TFS-2 * Translohr vehicles *

TW 2000 The TW 2000 is a Stadtbahn vehicle in operation on the Hanover Stadtbahn network in Hanover, Germany. History After winning the bid for the Expo 2000 in 1990, the city of Hanover faced the need to greatly improve its transportation system. Ther ...

(not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible)

Germany

; Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft AG (AEG) Roma--rom-atac-sl-758898

ATAC Class 9000 ATAC, or Atac, may refer to: * Airborne Tactical Advantage Company, a U.S. government contractor which operates foreign military aircraft for training purposes * Anti-Terrorist Action Command, a fictional police organization in the 1981 movie ''Ni ...

;

Duewag Düwag or Duewag, formerly Waggonfabrik Uerdingen, was a German manufacturer of rail vehicles. It was sold in 1999 to Siemens with the brand later retired. History Duewag was founded in March 1898 as Waggonfabrik Uerdingen in Uerdingen a ...

Stra%C3%9Fenbahn_in_Genf_Linie_13_2010-06-30

(Straßenbahn Freiburg) GT8N 222 an der Hornusstraße

* Düwag-Vevey Be 4/6 * Düwag-Vevey Be 4/8 * GT6-70D/N * GT8-100C/2S * GT8-100D/2S-M * GT8N (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * GT8Z (reconstruction with 73% low-floor) * GT10 NC-DU (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * MGT6D * M8C (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * M8C-NF (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * MGT6D * Moderus Beta MF 01, MF 13, MF 14 AC BD, MF 18 (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * M97 (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * N8C (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) *

Stadtbahnwagen B The Stadtbahnwagen Typ B (translation ''Type "B" Light Rail Vehicle'', short form B-Wagen) is a light rail vehicle used by several Stadtbahn networks in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was mainly developed by Düsseldorf-based Due ...

(not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * Supertram *

TW 6000 The TW 6000 is a type of articulated light rail vehicle used on the Hanover Stadtbahn system, manufactured by Duewag, Linke-Hofmann-Busch, AEG, Kiepe and Siemens. The vehicle can serve both high platforms and street-level stops; it has cabs ...

(not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * U2 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * U3 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * U4 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * 6MGT * 8MGT ;

MAN N8S-NF 3302, tram line 30, Kraków, 2006

* N8C (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * N8S-NF (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) ;

Siemens Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the corporation are ''Industry'', ''E ...

Avenio The Siemens Avenio is a low floor tram family produced by Siemens Mobility, a subsidiary of the German conglomerate Siemens. It is the successor to the Combino family. The first generation was sold as the Combino Supra , Combino MkII, or Combin ...

(on Munich tramway locally designated class T1) *

(on Melbourne tramway locally designated D1-class and D2-class) * Combino Plus (also known as

Combino Supra The Siemens Avenio is a low floor tram family produced by Siemens Mobility, a subsidiary of the German conglomerate Siemens. It is the successor to the Combino family. The first generation was sold as the Combino Supra , Combino MkII, or Comb ...

or Combino MkII) * GT6-70D/N * GT8-70D/N * GT8-100D/2S-M * N8C (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * Supertram * S70 * SD-160 in platform level version (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * S200 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * SD-400 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * SD-460 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) *

(not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) *

(not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * Ultra Low Floor (ULF) in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

* U2 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * U3 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * U4 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) ; Adtranz TramStrasbourg Eurotram Rotonde Dépôt

Eurotram The Socimi Eurotram (later sold as the Bombardier Flexity Outlook (E)) was an electric tramcar designed for the tram system of Compagnie de Transports Strasbourgeois (CTS). Initially produced by Socimi, after the company became bankrupt Eurotram ...

(on Milan tramway locally designated as Class 7000) * GTxN/M/S (on Munich tramway locally designated classes R2 and R3) * GT6-70D/N * GT8-70D/N * GT8-100D/2S-M * N8C (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) *

Variobahn The Stadler Variobahn (formerly sold as the ABB Variotram, Adtranz Variotram and Bombardier Variotram) is a German-designed model of articulated low-floor tram and light rail vehicle. Since its introduction in 1993, the Variobahn has been manufa ...

;

Vossloh Kiepe Kiepe Electric GmbH (formerly Vossloh Kiepe) is a German manufacturer of electrical traction equipment for trams, trolleybuses other road and rail transport vehicles, as well as air-conditioning and heating systems, and conveyor device components ...

* GTZ8-B Vamos (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * N8C (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) *

Ireland

;

* Citadis 301 * Citadis 401 * Citadis 402 * Citadis 502

Italy

;

AnsaldoBreda Hitachi Rail Italy S.p.A. is a multinational rolling stock manufacturer company based in Pistoia, Italy. Formerly AnsaldoBreda S.p.A., a subsidiary of state-owned Finmeccanica, the company was sold in 2015 to Hitachi Rail of Japan. After the ...

To trikker passerer hverandre utenfor Oslo tingrett

ATM Class 5000 ATM or atm often refers to: * Atmosphere (unit) or atm, a unit of atmospheric pressure * Automated teller machine, a cash dispenser or cash machine ATM or atm may also refer to: Computing * ATM (computer), a ZX Spectrum clone developed in Mo ...

ATM Class 7100 ATM or atm often refers to: * Atmosphere (unit) or atm, a unit of atmospheric pressure * Automated teller machine, a cash dispenser or cash machine ATM or atm may also refer to: Computing * ATM (computer), a ZX Spectrum clone developed in Mo ...

( family Sirio) *

ATM Class 7500 ATM or atm often refers to: * Atmosphere (unit) or atm, a unit of atmospheric pressure * Automated teller machine, a cash dispenser or cash machine ATM or atm may also refer to: Computing * ATM (computer), a ZX Spectrum clone developed in Mo ...

(family Sirio) *

ATM Class 7600 ATM or atm often refers to: * Atmosphere (unit) or atm, a unit of atmospheric pressure * Automated teller machine, a cash dispenser or cash machine ATM or atm may also refer to: Computing * ATM (computer), a ZX Spectrum clone developed in Mo ...

(family Sirio) *M32 trams on

Gothenburg tramway The Gothenburg tramway network ( sv, Göteborgs spårvägar) is part of the public transport system organised by Göteborgs Spårvägar, controlled by Västtrafik in the Swedish city of Gothenburg. The system's approximately of single track &md ...

(family Sirio) *TEB serie 001-014 on Bergamo–Albino light rail * SL95 *

T-68 The Firema T-68 was a model of light rail passenger vehicle first operated on the Manchester Metrolink network in England in 1992. Constructed by Firema specifically as a high-floor, articulated bi-directional tram to operate solely on the Ma ...

(not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * T-68A (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * T-69 ;

Fiat Ferroviaria Alstom Ferroviaria S.p.A., former Fiat Ferroviaria S.p.A., is the Italian division of Alstom. Fiat Ferroviaria S.p.A. was the rail division of automobile manufacturer Fiat. It was founded in 1880 as Società Nazionale Officine di Savigliano.

ATAC Class 9100 ATAC, or Atac, may refer to: * Airborne Tactical Advantage Company, a U.S. government contractor which operates foreign military aircraft for training purposes * Anti-Terrorist Action Command, a fictional police organization in the 1981 movie ''N ...

ATAC Class 9200 ATAC, or Atac, may refer to: * Airborne Tactical Advantage Company, a U.S. government contractor which operates foreign military aircraft for training purposes * Anti-Terrorist Action Command, a fictional police organization in the 1981 movie ''Ni ...

; Società Costruzioni Industriali Milano (Socimi) *

(on Milan tramway locally designated as Class 7000)

Japan

;

Alna Sharyo Alna is a borough of the city of Oslo, Norway. It is named after the River Alna, which flows through it. The borough consists of the following neighborhoods: * Alnabru * Ellingsrud * Furuset * Haugerud * Hellerud * Lindeberg * Trosterud * T ...

Hakodate Transportation Bureau type 9600 tramcar

* Little Dancer Type A * Little Dancer Type C * Little Dancer Type L * Little Dancer Type S * Little Dancer Type U * Little Dancer Type Ua * Little Dancer Type X ; Kinki Sharyo *

Green Mover Max The Green Mover Max was the first 100% low-floor articulated Light Rail Vehicle (LRV) to be built entirely in Japan. It was developed jointly by Kinki Sharyo, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Toyo Denki, and introduced first in Hiroshima by the Hi ...

Green Mover LEX Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combin ...

* Kinki Sharyo SLRV

Poland

; Konstal

Konstal 112N Alstom Konstal is a company based in Chorzów, Poland producing rail vehicles, in particular metro cars and trams, as well as components for trains. In 1864, the plant was founded as part of the Royal Steelworks in Chorzów and in 1917, it was ...

Konstal 114Na Alstom Konstal is a company based in Chorzów, Poland producing rail vehicles, in particular metro cars and trams, as well as components for trains. In 1864, the plant was founded as part of the Royal Steelworks in Chorzów and in 1917, it was ...

* Konstal 116N/116Na *

Konstal NGd99 Alstom Konstal is a company based in Chorzów, Poland producing rail vehicles, in particular metro cars and trams, as well as components for trains. In 1864, the plant was founded as part of the Royal Steelworks in Chorzów and in 1917, it was ...

Konstal 116Nd Alstom Konstal is a company based in Chorzów, Poland producing rail vehicles, in particular metro cars and trams, as well as components for trains. In 1864, the plant was founded as part of the Royal Steelworks in Chorzów and in 1917, it was ...

; Modertrans * Moderus Beta MF 01, MF 13, MF 14 AC BD, MF 18 (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) * Moderus Beta MF 02 AC, MF 15 AC, MF 16 AC BD, MF 19 AC (reconstruction with low-floor middle section) ;

PESA The Pesa is a river in Tuscany, central Italy. It has a length of 53 km, and, after crossing the provinces of Siena and Florence, flows into the Arno River The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important rive ...

* 120N ''Tramicus'' * 120Na ''Swing'' * 121N ''Tramicus'' * 121Na ''Swing'' * 122N ''Tramicus'' * 122Na ''Swing'' * 128N ''Jazz'' * 128NG ''Jazz'' * 134N ''Jazz'' * 2010N ''Twist'' * 2012N ''Twist Step'' * 2014N ''Twist Krakowiak'' * 71-414 ''Twist Fokstrot'' ;

Protram Protram ''Remonty i Modernizacja Tramwajów Protram Wrocław Sp. z o.o.'' Polish company that specializes in producing and modernizing trams. The company was created in 1999 in Wroclaw after the conversion of the MPK Wroclaw tram-repair facility ...

Protram 205 WrAs The Protram 205 WrAs is a Polish partial low-floor, articulated tram produced by the company Protram. Utilization The trams of this type are currently used in Wrocław Poland (thus the "Wr" in the name). The first tram of this type was deliver ...

Protram 206 WrAs Protram ''Remonty i Modernizacja Tramwajów Protram Wrocław Sp. z o.o.'' Polish company that specializes in producing and modernizing trams. The company was created in 1999 in Wroclaw after the conversion of the MPK Wroclaw tram-repair facility ...

- In project phase *

Protram 405N Protram ''Remonty i Modernizacja Tramwajów Protram Wrocław Sp. z o.o.'' Polish company that specializes in producing and modernizing trams. The company was created in 1999 in Wroclaw after the conversion of the MPK Wroclaw tram-repair facility ...

- one prototype produced in 2012 and is used since then in

Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula, Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland un ...

;

Solaris Bus & Coach Solaris Bus & Coach is a Polish producer of public transport vehicles ( buses, trolleybuses and trams), with its headquarters in Bolechowo-Osiedle near Poznań. It is a subsidiary of Spanish CAF. Solaris owns four production sites: its main fac ...

Solaris Tramino Solaris Bus & Coach is a Polish producer of public transport vehicles (buses, trolleybuses and trams), with its headquarters in Bolechowo-Osiedle near Poznań. It is a subsidiary of Spanish CAF. Solaris owns four production sites: its main fact ...

Romania

; Astra Vagoane Călători Arad tram 2017 03

Astra Autentic Astra Imperio is a tram produced by the Romanian company Astra Arad, Astra Vagoane Călători in Arad, Romania, Arad. It is a 100% Low-floor tram, low-floor, designed in partnership with Siemens. Imperio's design is based on the Avenio platform usi ...

Tramvaie_Astra_Autentic_-_Municipiul_Galati_-_Zona_General

Astra Imperio Astra Imperio is a tram produced by the Romanian company Astra Vagoane Călători in Arad. It is a 100% low-floor, designed in partnership with Siemens. Imperio's design is based on the Avenio platform using electronic and traction equipment su ...

Astra Imperio Metropolitan Astra may refer to: People * Astra (name) Places * Astra, Chubut, a village in Argentina * Astra (Isauria), a town of ancient Isauria, now in Turkey * Astra, one suggested name for a hypothetical fifth planet that became the asteroid belt En ...

Imperio Civitas Imperio may refer to: *Imperio, a curse in the ''Harry Potter'' series (see Magic in Harry Potter#Unforgivable Curses) * Imperio (band), Austrian band See also * * *''Império ''Império'' (English: ''Empire'') is a Brazilian primetime telenov ...

; URAC Bucharest *

Bucur LF Bucur LF is a series of low-floor tram vehicles produced by the URAC section of the STB (formerly RATB) transit company of Bucharest, Romania. The tram is configured as a three-section 65% low floor vehicle, with two powered and one unpowered bog ...

(65% low floor) Bucur_LF_on_line_1

* V3A-93-CH/CA-PPC V3A-93-CH-PPC_4014

(low-floor middle section) * V3A-93-PPC 008(2012

(reconstruction with low-floor middle section)

Russian Federation

; PTMZ (Petěrburgskij tramvajno-mechaničeskij zavod) LVS-2009 Yelshanka

* LVS-2005 * LVS-2008 * LVS-2009 (71-154) and 71-154М ; UKVZ (Usť-Katavskij vagonstrojitělnyj zavod imeni Sergeje Mironoviče Kirova) * KTM-23 (71-623) * KTM-24 (71-624) * KTM-25 (71-625) * KTM-30 (71-630) * KTM-31 (71-631) ;

Tver Carriage Works Tver Carriage Works (russian: Тверской вагоностроительный завод, Tverskoy Vagonostroitelniy Zavod) is a rolling stock manufacturer located in Tver, Russia. The company is part of Transmashholding. History of t ...

71-911 71-911 “City Star” is a Russian four-axle four-door single-sided tram with a completely low level floor, created by LLC “PC Transport Systems” at the facilities of Tver Carriage Works. The first 100% low-floor tram car in the CIS. It is ...

(City Star) *

71-931 71-931 "Vityaz" (russian: link=Витязь, "Витязь", , Knight) is a Russian three-unit six-axle 100% low-floor tram car created by LLC "PK Transportnye Sistemy" (transl. "Transportation Systems", PK TS) and manufactured in cooperation by ...

(Vityaz) and 71-931M (Vityaz-M)

Spain

; Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) Budapest, Vörösvári út, 3

* Urbos 1 * Urbos 2 * Urbos 3 - version Urbos 70 * Urbos 3 - version Urbos 100 * Urbos 3 - version Urbos AXL * Urbos 3 - version Urbos TT * Urbos 3 - version Urbos LRV ;

Vossloh España Stadler Rail Valencia SAU is a Spanish company, mainly producing products for the railway industry, subsidiary of Stadler Rail. History MACOSA The Company was founded in 1947 with the name Material y Construcciones S.A. (or MACOSA) by the merg ...

* British Rail Class 398 Citylink * British Rail Class 399 Citylink *

NET 2012 Net or net may refer to: Mathematics and physics * Net (mathematics), a filter-like topological generalization of a sequence * Net, a linear system of divisors of dimension 2 * Net (polyhedron), an arrangement of polygons that can be folded up ...

Switzerland

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ABB Group ABB Ltd. is a Swedish- Swiss multinational corporation headquartered in Zürich, Switzerland. The company was formed in 1988 when Sweden's Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget (ASEA) and Switzerland's Brown, Boveri & Cie merged to crea ...

* GT8-100C/2S (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * Tram 2000 Be 4/8 (low-floor middle section) *

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Stadler Rail Stadler Rail is a Swiss manufacturer of railway rolling stock, with an emphasis on regional train multiple units and trams. It is also focused on niche products, such as being one of the last European manufacturers of rack railway rolling stock ...

Tango als Tram in Zürich beim Paradeplatz

* Tango (Model Bochum) * Tango (Model Basel) *

(on Munich tramway locally designated class S)

Turkey

; Durmazlar * Durmaray Panorama * Durmaray Silkworm ; Bozankaya

Ukraine

;

Electrontrans Electrotrans ( uk, "Електронтранс") is a Ukrainian- German enterprise that was established in 2011 by Electron Corporation, TransTec Vetschau GmbH (Germany) and Avtotechnoproekt LLC. History * November 11, 2011 - after the dest ...

Electron T3L44 The electron ( or ) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no kno ...

(experimental) *

Electron T5L64 Electrotrans ( uk, "Електронтранс") is a Ukrainian-German enterprise that was established in 2011 by Electron Corporation, TransTec Vetschau GmbH (Germany) and Avtotechnoproekt LLC. History * November 11, 2011 - after the destru ...

(experimental) *

Electron T5B65 The electron ( or ) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary charge, elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation (particle physics), generation of the lepton particle family, and are generally thought t ...

; Tatra-Yug * K-1M6 (experimental) * K-1M8 * K-1M

Other trams

* AKSM 843 (BKM 843) *

Siemens S70Konstal 116NAvanto (aka. Siemens S70) Siemens AG ( ) is a German Multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate corporation and the largest industrial manufacturing company in Europe headquartered in Munich with branch offices abroad. The principal ...

BKM 85300M BKM can refer to: * Bangladesh Khelafat Majlish * Belkommunmash, a Belarusian manufacturer of trolleybus and trams * Berkhamsted railway station, Hertfordshire, England (National Rail station code) * Best Known Method, an industry synonym for Best ...

*DL6WA, mark Dalianren (meaning "Dalian people") manufactured by Tram Factory of Dalian, in

Dalian Dalian () is a major sub-provincial port city in Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, and is Liaoning's second largest city (after the provincial capital Shenyang) and the third-most populous city of Northeast China. Located on ...

. *Boston MBTA Type 8 Trolley *

Brookville Liberty Modern Streetcar The Brookville Liberty Modern Streetcar, also known as the Brookville Liberty, is a streetcar built by Brookville Equipment Corporation since 2012. It is manufactured at Brookville's plant in Pennsylvania. Design The Brookville Liberty Modern ...

* Cegielski 118N "Puma" (>60% low floor) *

Tram_Power Tram Power is a Merseyside-based manufacturer of tramway vehicles. It built a single prototype, called the Citytram, which was tested on the Wirral Tramway and Blackpool Tramway from 2005 to 2007. The company is planning to build a tram line in Pre ...

Trampower City Class, UK *Hedley-Doyle Stepless car (1912) * Imperio, used on the Arad, Romania tram network *RTE 2009 *

SEPTA PCC II The PCC II is a series of upgraded PCC streetcars used by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for its Route 15-Girard Avenue. Background In the 1980s, SEPTA was in the process of upgrading i ...

( loading platform) * Transtech Oy Artic Trams *

United Streetcar United Streetcar, LLC, was an American manufacturer of modern streetcars, located in the Clackamas area in the southeastern suburbs of Portland, Oregon, founded in 2005. It was the only U.S. company building modern streetcars—as distinct from ...

trams * Tram 2000 Be 4/6 (not low-floor, but due to the high platform is wheelchair-accessible) * GTZ8-B Vamos *HCP Puma *M31 on

(reconstruction with low-floor middle section) *Fukui Railway F1000 ( :ja福井鉄道F1000形電車) *Hiroden 1000 series (II) ( :ja:広島電鉄1000形電車 (2代)) *Hiroden 5100 series :ja:広島電鉄5100形電車) *Kumamoto City Tram 0800 ( :ja:熊本市交通局0800形電車) *Kumamoto City Tram 9700 series ( :ja:熊本市交通局9700形電車) *Man'yosen MLRV 1000 ( :ja:万葉線MLRV1000形電車) *Okayama Electric Tramway 9200 ( :ja:岡山電気軌道9200形電車) * :ja:SWIMO *Toyama Chiho Railway 9000 series ( :ja:富山地方鉄道9000形電車) *Toyama Light Rail TLR 0600 ( :ja:富山ライトレールTLR0600形電車) *Newag Nevelo *NGT6DD-ER on Dresden tramway *Serie 3800 de FGV on Valencia tramway/CCFL fleet series 501-510 on Lisbon tramway

References

External links

Strassenbahn-Online
({{in lang, de) Passenger rail transport Tram vehicles 1990s in rail transport