The longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), also known as long-horned or longicorns, are a large family of
beetle
Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...
s, with over 35,000 species described.
Most species are characterized by extremely long
antennae, which are often as long as or longer than the beetle's body. In various members of the family, however, the antennae are quite short (e.g., ''
Neandra brunnea'') and such species can be difficult to distinguish from related beetle families such as the
Chrysomelidae. The scientific name of this beetle family goes back to a figure from Greek mythology: after an argument with nymphs, the shepherd
Cerambus
In Greek mythology, Cĕrambus (Ancient Greek: Κέραμβος), a son of Euseiros (himself son of Poseidon) and the nymph Eidothea of Othreis.
Mythology
Cerambus was a survivor of Deucalion's flood by means of wings which he received from th ...
was transformed into a large beetle with horns.
Description
Other than the typical long antennal length, the most consistently distinctive feature of the family is that the antennal sockets are located on low tubercles on the face; other beetles with long antennae lack these tubercles, and cerambycids with short antennae still possess them. They otherwise vary greatly in size, shape, sculpture, and coloration. A number of species mimic
ant
Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from vespoid wasp ancestors in the Cretaceous period. More than 13,800 of an estimated total of ...
s,
bees, and
wasp
A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. ...
s, though a majority of species are
cryptically colored. The
titan beetle (''Titanus giganteus'') from northeastern South America is often considered the
largest insect
Insects, which are a type of arthropod, are the most numerous group of multicellular organisms on the planet, with over a million species identified so far. The title of heaviest insect in the world has many contenders, the most frequently crow ...
(though not the heaviest, and not the longest including legs), with a maximum known body length of just over .
Biology
All known longhorn beetle larvae feed on plant tissue such as stems, trunks, or roots of both herbaceous and woody plants, often in injured or weak trees. A few species are serious
pests. The
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
...
e, called roundheaded borers, bore into
wood
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin ...
, where they can cause extensive damage to either living
tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...
s or untreated lumber (or, occasionally, to wood in
building
A building, or edifice, is an enclosed structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place, such as a house or factory (although there's also portable buildings). Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and fu ...
s; the
old-house borer, ''Hylotrupes bajulus'', is a particular problem indoors).
It is known that many longhorns locate and recognize potential hosts by detecting
chemical attractants, including
monoterpenes (compounds released en masse by woody plants when stressed),
ethanol
Ethanol (abbr. EtOH; also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound. It is an alcohol with the chemical formula . Its formula can be also written as or (an ethyl group linked to a ...
(another compound emitted by damaged plant material), and even bark beetle
pheromone
A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavio ...
s. Many
scolytinids share the cerambycid's niche of weakened or recently deceased trees; thus, by locating scolytinids, a suitable host can likely be located as well. The arrival of cerambycid larvae is often detrimental to a population of scolytinids, as the cerambycid larvae will typically either
outcompete them with their greater size and mobility, or act as direct
predators of them (this latter practice is less common, but has been observed in several species, notably ''
Monochamus carolinensis''). Cerambycids, in turn, have been found to play a role in attracting other wood-borers to a host. Borgemeister, et al. 1998, recorded that cerambycid activity in girdled twigs released
volatiles attractive to some
bostrichids, especially ''
Prostephanus truncatus
''Prostephanus truncatus'' is commonly referred to as larger grain bore (LGB) with reference to the related '' Rhyzopertha dominica'', another insect, which is relatively smaller in length, hence is referred to as the ''lesser grain bore''. ''P. ...
''. A few cerambycids, such as ''
Arhopalus'' sp., are adapted to take advantage of trees recently killed or injured by
forest fires
A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identif ...
by detecting and pursuing smoke volatiles.
Predators
Parasitoids
In
North America native Cerambycids are widely the victims of ''
Ontsira mellipes''. ''O. mellipes'' may be useful in controlling a
forestry pest in this same family, ''
Anoplophora glabripennis'', that is invasive in North America. (''
Ontsira'' is a genus of
parasitoid wasp
Parasitoid wasps are a large group of hymenopteran superfamilies, with all but the wood wasps (Orussoidea) being in the wasp-waisted Apocrita. As parasitoids, they lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other arthropods, sooner or later causin ...
s in the
Doryctinae.)
Classification
As with many large families, different authorities have tended to recognize many different subfamilies, or sometimes split subfamilies off as separate families entirely (e.g.,
Disteniidae,
Oxypeltidae, and
Vesperidae); there is thus some instability and controversy regarding the constituency of the Cerambycidae. There are few truly defining features for the group as a whole, at least as adults, as there are occasional species or species groups which may lack any given feature; the family and its closest relatives, therefore, constitute a taxonomically difficult group, and relationships of the various lineages are still poorly understood. The oldest unambiguous fossils of the family are ''
Cretoprionus'' and ''
Sinopraecipuus'' from
Yixian Formation
The Yixian Formation (; formerly transcribed as Yihsien Formation) is a geological formation in Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China, that spans the late Barremian and early Aptian stages of the Early Cretaceous. It is known for its exq ...
of Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, China, dating to the
Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous, approximately 122 million years ago. The former genus was assigned to the subfamily
Prioninae in its original description, while the latter could not be placed in any extant subfamily. ''
Qitianniu'' from the mid-Cretaceous
Burmese amber
Burmese amber, also known as Burmite or Kachin amber, is amber from the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar. The amber is dated to around 100 million years ago, during the latest Albian to earliest Cenomanian ages of the mid-Cretaceous period. The ...
of Myanmar, dating to approximately 100 million years ago, also could not be placed in any extant subfamily.
Subfamilies
The eight subfamilies are:
*
Cerambycinae
Cerambycinae is a subfamily of the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae). The subfamily has a world-wide distribution including: Asia, Europe and the Americas (with 430 species in 130 genera in the neotropical realm). Within the family, the only ...
Latreille, 1802
*
Dorcasominae Lacordaire, 1869 (including former Apatophyseinae
Lacordaire, 1869)
*
Lamiinae Latreille, 1825
*
Lepturinae
Lepturinae, the lepturine beetles, is a subfamily of the longhorn beetle family (Cerambycidae), containing about 150 genera worldwide. This lineage is most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere. Until recently the subfamily Necydalinae was includ ...
Latreille, 1802
*
Necydalinae Latreille, 1825
*
Parandrinae Blanchard, 1845
*
Prioninae Latreille, 1802
*
Spondylidinae Audinet-Serville, 1832 (including former Aseminae
Thomson, 1860)
Notable genera and species
* ''
Acrocinus longimanus'' – harlequin beetle, a large species where the male has very long front legs
* ''
Anoplophora chinensis'' – citrus long-horned beetle, a major pest
* ''
Anoplophora glabripennis'' – Asian long-horned beetle, an invasive pest species
* ''
Aridaeus thoracicus'' – tiger longicorn (Australia)
*''
Cacosceles newmannii'' - Southern African longhorn beetle that is a surgacane pest
* ''
Desmocerus californicus dimorphus'' – valley elderberry longhorn beetle, a threatened subspecies from California
* ''
Moneilema'' – cactus longhorn beetles, which are flightless
* ''
Onychocerus albitarsis'' – the only known beetle with a venomous sting
* ''
Petrognatha gigas'' – giant African longhorn beetle
* ''
Prionoplus reticularis'' – huhu beetle, the heaviest beetle in New Zealand
* ''
Rosalia alpina'' – Rosalia longhorn beetle, a threatened European species
* ''
Tetraopes tetrophthalmus'' – red milkweed beetle, a toxic species with aposematic colors
* ''
Tetropium fuscum'' – brown spruce longhorn beetle, an invasive pest species
* ''
Titanus giganteus'' – titan beetle, one of the largest beetles in the world
See also
*
List of longhorn beetle (Cerambycidae) species recorded in Britain
References
Further reading
* Monné, Miguel A. & Hovore, Frank T. (2005) Electronic Checklist of the Cerambycidae of the Western Hemisphere
PDFCerambycids.com
External links
Photo gallery "Longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae) of the West Palaearctic Region"an
Catalogs of
New World
The term ''New World'' is often used to mean the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: Oxford University Press, p. ...
and
Old World Cerambycidae, respectively
Cerambycidae of French GuianaNational Museu, Rio, BrazilHolotype images
''Iberodorcadion'' Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Dorcadion - RedIRISCerambycidae of Borneo pdfBugGuide.net - Longhorned Beetles (Cerambycidae)on the
University of Florida
The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public land-grant research university in Gainesville, Florida. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida, traces its origins to 1853, and has operated continuously on its ...
/
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences ''Featured Creatures'' website
Coleoptera: Cerambycidae University of Florida, Dept. of Entomology and Nematology
Wood-boring beetles of the World
{{DEFAULTSORT:Longhorn Beetle
Cerambycidae,
Beetle families
Insect families
Polyphaga families