Liquid consonant

In

phonetics

, liquids are a class of consonants consisting of voiced lateral approximants like together with rhotics like .

Etymology

The grammarian Dionysius Thrax used the Greek word ὑγρός (''hygrós'', "moist") to describe the sonorant consonants () of classical Greek. Most commentators assume that this referred to their "slippery" effect on meter in classical Greek verse when they occur as the second member of a consonant cluster. This word was

calque

d into

Latin

as , whence it has been retained in the Western European phonetic tradition.

Phonological properties

Liquids as a class often behave in a similar way in the phonotactics of a language: for example, they often have the greatest freedom in occurring in consonant clusters.

Metathesis

Liquids are the consonants most prone to metathesis:
* Lat.

''crocodīlus''

> Span.

''cocodrilo''

“crocodile”
* Lat.

''mīrāculum''

> Span.

''milagro''

“miracle”
* Lat.

''perīculum''

> Span.

''peligro''

“danger”
* Lat.

''parabola''

> Span.

''palabra''

“speech”

Dissimilation

Liquids are also prone to dissimilation when they occur in sequence.

Sequence r..r > l..r

* Latin ''

peregrinus

'' > Old French '' pelegrin'' (> )

Sequence l..l > r..l

* Italian ''

colonello

'' > Middle French '' coronnel''
This example of a relatively old case of phonetic dissimilation has been artificially undone in the spelling of English ''colonel'', whose standard pronunciation is (with the r sound) in North-American English, or in RP. It was formerly spelt ''coronel'' and is a borrowing from Middle French ''coronnel'', which arose as a result of dissimilation from Italian ''colonnello''.

Nucleus slot

Liquids are also the consonants most prone to occupying the nucleus slot in a syllable (the slot usually assigned to vowels). Thus Czech and other Slavic languages allow their liquid consonants and to be the center of their syllables – as witnessed by the classic tonguetwister "push (your) finger through (your) throat".

Areal distribution

Languages differ in the number and nature of their liquid consonants.

Many languages, such as

Japanese

, Korean, or

Polynesian languages

(see below), have a single liquid phoneme that has both lateral and rhotic allophones.

English

has two liquid phonemes, one lateral, and one rhotic, , exemplified in the words ''led'' and ''red''.

Many other European languages have one lateral and one rhotic phoneme. Some, such as Greek,

Italian

and Serbo-Croatian, have more than two liquid phonemes. All three languages have the set , with two laterals and one rhotic. Similarly, the Iberian languages contrast four liquid phonemes. , , , and a fourth phoneme that is an alveolar trill in all but some varieties of

Portuguese

, where it is a uvular trill or fricative (also, the majority of Spanish speakers lack and use the central instead). Some European languages, for example Russian and Irish, contrast a palatalized lateral–rhotic pair with an unpalatalized (or velarized) set (e.g. in Russian).

Elsewhere in the world, two liquids of the types mentioned above remains the most common attribute of a language's consonant inventory except in North America and Australia. In North America, a majority of languages do not have rhotics at all and there is a wide variety of lateral sounds though most are obstruent laterals rather than liquids. Most indigenous Australian languages are very rich in liquids, with some having as many as seven distinct liquids. They typically include dental, alveolar, retroflex and palatal laterals, and as many as three rhotics.

On the other side, there are many indigenous languages in the Amazon Basin and eastern North America, as well as a few in Asia and Africa, with no liquids.

Polynesian languages

typically have only one liquid, which may be either a lateral or a rhotic. Non-Polynesian

Oceanic languages

usually have both and , occasionally more (e.g. Araki has , , ) or less (e.g. Mwotlap has only ). Hiw is unusual in having a prestopped velar lateral as its only liquid..

See also

* Sonorant
* List of phonetics topics
* Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
* Engrish

References

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Phonetics
Phonology