Landscape manager

The Landscape Institute (LI) is a UK based professional body for the landscape profession. Its membership includes landscape architects, urban designers, landscape planners, landscape scientists and landscape managers. The LI also has a category for academic members.

Founded in 1929-30 as the Institute of Landscape Architects (ILA), it was granted a royal charter in 1997. In the words of its longest serving president, Geoffrey Jellicoe, “It is only in the present century that the collective landscape has emerged as a social necessity. We are promoting a landscape art on a scale never conceived of in history.”

The LI seeks to promote landscape architecture and to regulate the landscape profession with a code of conduct that members must abide by. The LI had ‘over 900’ members at the time of its fortieth birthday (in 1969) and by 1978 had over 1,500 members. In 2019 the total membership of the LI was 5,613. The Landscape Institute royal charter was granted in 1997 and revised in 2008 and 2016. Its objects and purposes are specified as follows (in Clause 5. (1): ‘The objects and purposes for which the Institute is hereby constituted are to protect, conserve and enhance the natural and built environment for the benefit of the public by promoting the arts and sciences of Landscape Architecture (as such expression is hereinafter defined) and its several applications and for that purpose to foster and encourage the dissemination of knowledge relating to Landscape Architecture and the promotion of research and education therein, and in particular to establish, uphold and advance the standards of education, qualification, competence and conduct of those who practice Landscape Architecture as a profession, and to determine standards and criteria for education, training and experience.’

The Landscape Institute publishes the journal ''Landscape'' (formerly ''Landscape Design''), and is a member of the International Federation of Landscape Architects.

Development of the landscape profession in the UK

The growth of landscape architecture has been led by its membership and supported by its secretariat and by government legislation since the 1940s, The relevant legislation included the New Towns Act (1946) which led to a requirement for special attention to the ‘landscape treatment’ of New Towns, and thus to the first salaried jobs for landscape architects in the public service. The European Environmental Impact Assessment Directive EIA Directive (85/337/EEC) (1985) led new jobs in preparing environmental impact assessments.

From the 1950s to the 1980s, the public sector (particularly local authorities) was the largest employer of landscape architects, with a minority working in private practice. In the 21st century, and especially following public spending reforms post-2009, a greater majority of landscape architects are employed in the private sector.

History of the term ‘landscape architecture’

‘Landscape architecture’ is a modern name for an ancient art. The development of the ancient art is analysed by Geoffrey Jellicoe, in The ''Landscape of Man'', and by Norman T. Newton in ''Design on the land''. Jellicoe describes the cave paintings of Lascaux c30,000 BC as the ‘First Landscapes consciously conceived by man’. Newton, defines ‘landscape architecture’ as the art ‘of arranging land, together with the spaces and objects upon it, for safe, efficient, healthful, pleasant human use’ and writes that ‘the ancient art became a new profession officially, when in 1863 the title Landscape Architect was first used by the state-appointed Board of Central Park Commissioners in New York City. It had been employed unofficially by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux beginning in 1858’.
Though its use as a professional title is American, the origin of the term ‘landscape architect’ is European. Charles Waldheim identifies two possible nineteenth century origins: in France and in the UK.
The possible French origin comes from Jean-Marie Morel. He was an ‘architect, engineer, and garden designer’ and he ‘is credited with the formulation ‘’architecte-paysagiste’’’. This possibility was identified in the late nineteenth century and researched by Disponzio.

The possible UK origin was identified in 1982 and researched by Nina Antonetti in 2012. She traces the term ‘landscape architecture’ to Meason and its use as professional title to William Andrews Nesfield. Meason's book was published in 1828 and deals with the relationship between buildings and their settings.
John Claudius Loudon welcomed the new term 'landscape architect' and used it in the ''Gardeners Magazine'', which he edited, and in two of the encyclopedias he published: the ''Encyclopedia of Gardening'' (from the 1835 edition onwards) and the ''Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm, Villa Architecture'' (1838). Loudon also used it in the title of his 1840 book: ''The landscape gardening and landscape architecture of the late Humphry Repton, esq''. The publicity given to the term ‘landscape architecture’ by Loudon led to use of the term ‘landscape architect’ by some British garden designers from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. The most notable example is its use in1849 by William Andrews Nesfield. Nesfield described himself as a landscape architect on the plan he submitted for the garden of Britain's most famous residence, Buckingham Palace.

UK use of the term ‘landscape architect’ (to mean ‘garden designer’) tailed off towards the end of the nineteenth century. It was Olmsted's long and brilliant career that led to it becoming famous and being associated with public projects: for parks, greenways, open space systems and urban design. His most famous projects were Central Park in New York and the Emerald Necklace of green space in Boston. This was the sense in which ‘landscape architecture’ returned to the UK and in which it was adopted by the Landscape Institute, as described below.

History of the ILA and LI

Discussion of the need for landscape architecture to have a professional body in the UK began with a 1911 article on ‘’The Position and Prospects for Landscape Architecture in England’’. It was written by Thomas Mawson and argued for the creation of a Society of Landscape Architects. When working on the Dunfermline Competition for Pittencrieff Park, Thomas Mawson and Patrick Geddes had been the first two men to use the term ‘landscape architect’ in the sense established by Frederick Law Olmsted's office. Mawson's article contributed to the formation of a new body but there was a disagreement about what name it should have. It came to be called the Town Planning Institute (TPI) and is now the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI). Mawson became its president in 1923.

Stanley V Hart was concerned at the lack of unity in the British section of the International Exhibition of Garden Design (held in October 1928) and used an advertisement in The Gardeners' Chronicle to invite interested parties to attend a meeting at the Chelsea Flower Show in 1929. According to Brenda Colvin (who was present) the original intention was to call it the ‘British Association of Garden Architects’. She told Tony Aldous, who was commissioned by the LI to write a book on its history, that ‘Most of the people who started the institute were only doing private gardens, you must remember’. So ‘If we had called it Landscape Gardeners, it would have taken us much longer to arrive at the full scope the profession has today - if we had arrived at all’. She also told Aldous that ‘Thomas Adams persuaded the founding members to follow the American lead and for ‘Landscape Architects’
The decision to change its name to the Institute of Landscape Architects (ILA) was taken in 1930 and the new institute was launched. The Objects of the ILA were defined in Clause 2 of its first Constitution (drafted by Gilbert Henry Jenkins): ‘The Institute shall be formed to promote the study and general advancement of the Art of Landscape Architecture in all its branches, and to serve as a medium of friendly intercourse between the members and others practising or interested in the Art’. In Clause 3, ten Methods of Achievement were set out: Establish suitable headquarters; Arrange lectures; Prepare sets of lantern slides; Promote the publication of a Journal; Arrange periodical exhibitions; Found a Library; Educate the public in the Art of Landscape Architecture; Secure the establishment of one or more Training Centres; Organise visits to good examples of Landscape Architecture; Hold Conferences with other Societies who can assist in promoting the Art of Landscape Architecture.
The journal of the new institute had the title ''Landscape and garden'' and was edited by a well-known garden designer and author: Richard Sudell.

The early membership of the ILA was mostly garden designers and architects. Some of the garden designers (including Stanley Hart) left because of the restriction that members of the new institute must not earn money from trade. Inspired by the practice of the Royal Institute of British Architects members had to declare that ‘I am not engaged in the sale of anything connected with gardening, nor am I financially interested in any commercial gardening undertaking’
The focus of the ILA began to expand beyond gardening when Thomas Adams became its president in 1937. He had been the first president of the Town Planning Institute (in 1914) and had extensive experience of planning and landscape architecture in the US and Canada. The broadening of the workload accelerated when Geoffrey Jellicoe became president of the ILA in 1939. He visited the US in 1942 and, like Adams, was impressed by the range of work undertaken by members of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA). Richard Sudell supported the broadening of the workload. In 1948 Jellicoe became the founding president of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA). To my mind, the expansion to include public projects was obviously right - but turning away from garden design was obviously wrong. It was like excluding poetry from a course on English literature.

But the expansion was a success and the fruits of the ILA's promotion of landscape architecture are detailed in the chapters of Tony Aldous’ Chapter 3: public clients; Chapter 4 new towns; Chapter 5 university campuses; Chapter 6; Whitehall; Chapter 7: roads; Chapter 8: power, steel, rail, canals and airports; Chapter 9: forestry and reservoirs; Chapter 10: local authorities; Chapter 11: mineral extraction; Chapter 12: corporate clients.

In 1977, the Institute of Landscape Architects changed its name to the Landscape Institute and expanded its membership to include landscape managers and landscape scientists, as well as the landscape architects who remain the largest specialism. The collective name for the various specialists is ‘landscape professionals’.

Membership

LI members include landscape designers, landscape managers, landscape planners, landscape scientists and urban designers.

The Affiliate membership category is an open category with minimal requirements. To become a professional member, however, candidates must first have completed an LI-accredited university course or alternatively be assessed as a special case for admission as an ''Associate''. Following this they proceed along the Pathway to Chartership (P2C), a mentored and supervised programme of learning which culminates in an interview with two examiners who are senior members of the profession, once the candidate has attained an agreed level of competency. This process was formerly known as 'Part IV' of the Landscape Institute's own design examination. Parts I to III were replaced by the system of accredited degree courses in the mid-1980s.

‘Landscape Architect’ is not a protected title in the UK (unlike the title ‘architect’ there is no state register). However, it is a regulated profession and the UK Government recognises the Landscape Institute as the regulating body . It would therefore be fraudulent to use the title 'Chartered Member of the Landscape Institute' and the designation 'CMLI' if one was not a chartered member.

Activities

The activities of the LI include maintaining a membership database, member communications, newsletters, the Journal, CPD, professional examinations, enforcing a Code of Conduct, policy and technical outputs, and advocacy.
The LI's publications include: ''Guidance for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment'' 3rd Ed. (jointly with IEMA), ''Visualisation of Development,'' and ''BIM for Landscape.''
In 2008, the LI, supported by CABE, launched a campaign to increase the number of Landscape Architects in the UK. Entitled ''I want to be a Landscape Architect'', it focused on increasing the number of postgraduate and undergraduate students taking LI accredited courses.

In July 2018, the ''I want to be a Landscape Architect'' initiative was replaced by a new careers campaign entitled ''#ChooseLandscape'', which aimed to raise awareness of landscape as a profession; improve and increase access to landscape education; and inspire young people to choose landscape as a career. This campaign included other landscape-related professions such as landscape management, landscape planning, landscape science and urban design.

The LI was one of the steering group partners of Neighbourhoods Green, a partnership initiative which worked with social landlords and housing associations to highlight the importance of, and raise the overall quality of design and management for, open and green space in social housing. It is also represented on the Board of The Parks Alliance
and Building with Nature and has Memoranda of Understanding with the Institute of Place Management (IPM) and Landscapes for Life (the National Association for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty NAAOB).

Library and archive

The Institute of Landscape Architects (the Landscape Institute's previous name), built up a collection of library books and archives relating to the practice of design and management with the purpose of creating a national landscape collection. The library was formally established in 1967. The archive collections began in the 1990s as landscape architects died and their collections were bequeathed, donated, or actively collected by the institute. In 2013, the Landscape Institute Archive and Library was gifted to the Museum of English Rural Life (MERL) at the University of Reading and is available to Institute members, researchers and members of the public. It receives financial support from the Landscape Institute.

Support groups

Several groups run by UK landscape support the LI objective of promoting the arts and sciences of landscape architecture.

UK Landscape Foundation

The Landscape Foundation was established by Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe with the aim of doing things which the ILA had done in its early days but which had become more difficult when it became larger and more bureaucratic. In 2016 the Landscape Foundation organised an exhibition at the Building Centre in London to mark the 300th Anniversary of Lancelot Capability Brown (c.1715–16 to 1783)

FOLAR

The Friends of the Landscape Library and Archive at Reading (FOLAR) promotes the Landscape Archive and encourages its use.

Landscape Architecture YouTube Channel

The Channel was launched in 2016 and by 2022 had published approx 3,000 videos on topics related to the work of UK landscape architects. The content includes: Q&A videos; history and theory videos; lectures and seminars organised by FOLAR; reviews of landscape projects, debates organised by LANDSCAPEmatters.

LANDSCAPEmatters

''LANDSCAPEmatters'' was founded by Brodie McAlister and Edward Hutchison in 2020. It organises debates and publishes an electronic journal aimed at both landscape architects and non-landscape architects

Landscape Architects Association (LAA) website

The LAA website, edited by Tom Turner brings together and publishes the work of the other support groups

Criticism of the Landscape Institute (LI)

The Landscape Institute had a severe financial crisis in 2009, following in the wake of the global Financial crisis of 2007–2008. This led to the formation of a Landscape Institute Reform Group, chaired and convened by Edward Hutchison. The criticisms of the LI included: stagnant membership; weakness in promoting the art of landscape architecture; a lack of participatory democracy; the structural separation between the Trustees, the Advisory Council, the Executive, the Branches and the Membership. These criticisms were debated at a series of Extraordinary General Meetings and on the Talking Landscape Members Forum and many of them were supported in a report published by the LI in 2021. Criticism of the institute intensified in 2022 when its Board and Council overturned the democratic election of Brodie McAllister as its next president. Six past presidents wrote in protest. The presidents declared that "We believe that the members’ choice of the next president should stand and that there should be an Independent Inquiry into LI's actions (like the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors#2019-2021 governance review").

Landscape Institute 2022 Crisis

Criticism of the Institute intensified in mid-2022 when the LI Board and Council overturned the democratic election of Brodie McAllister as its next president. This was described as 'the worst crisis in the 93-year history of the Landscape Institute' and six past presidents wrote in protest. The presidents declared that "We believe that the members’ choice of the next president should stand and that there should be an Independent Inquiry into LI's actions (like the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors#2019-2021 governance review"). The retiring president told members that the President Elect PE) had been 'removed'. This was done on the basis of a top secret Whistleblowing Disclosure managed and led by the Board of Trustees. The past presidents and a large group of senior members objected. The points they made were (1) due process was not followed when investigating the Disclosure (2) instead of holding an impartial investigation, the Board appointed its own solicitors to prepare a case against the PE (3) the cost of the investigation (£170k in the first 5.5 months) was close to the entire LI income from registered practices in a year (£179k) (4) spending on this scale severely impacted the funds available for delivery of the measurable public benefits a registered charity is required to provide (5) Since the Royal Charter requires the LI to have a President, the PPLIs described the action taken on 28th June as repugnant to the LI Royal Charter and therefore unlawful (6) the Board has brought the LI into public disrepute and also, by its refusal to speak to the past presidents, into public ridicule (7) when the past presidents and other objectors made a Whistleblowing Disclosure, in October 2022 the Board dismissed their points without holding an investigation and without significant comment, except for the mystic statement that 'The LI is aware of the actual position.' Brodie MacAllister set out his own position on Linkedin.

Presidents

Presidents of the Landscape Institute are elected by LI members for a two-year term.
Past presidents of the Institute of Landscape Architects/Landscape Institute

See also

*Landscape architecture
* History of landscape architecture
*Landscape urbanism
*Landscape planning
* Schools of landscape architecture
*Construction Industry Council
*Environmental impact assessment
*English landscape garden
*Garden design
*History of gardening
*Geoffrey Jellicoe

References

External links

ChooseLandscape websiteLandscape Institute (website official)IFLA International Federation of Landscape Architects websiteLandscape Institute LI: history and future

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Landscape
Landscape architecture
Professional associations based in the United Kingdom
1929 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1929