intelectin

Intelectins are lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) expressed in humans and other chordates. Humans express two types of intelectins encoded by ITLN1 and ITLN2 genes respectively. Several intelectins bind microbe-specific carbohydrate residues. Therefore, intelectins have been proposed to function as immune lectins. Even though intelectins contain fibrinogen-like domain found in the ficolins family of immune lectins, there is significant structural divergence. Thus, intelectins may not function through the same lectin-complement pathway. Most intelectins are still poorly characterized and they may have diverse biological roles. Human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1) has also been shown to bind lactoferrin, but the functional consequence has yet to be elucidated. Additionally, hIntL-1 is a major component of asthmatic mucus and may be involved in insulin physiology as well.

Diversity

The first intelectin was discovered in '' Xenopus laevis'' oocyte and is named XL35 or XCGL-1. ''X. laevis'' oocyte also contains a closely related XCGL-2. In addition, ''X. laevis'' embryos secrete Xenopus embryonic epidermal lectin into the environmental water, presumably to bind microbes. XSL-1 and XSL-2 are also expressed in ''X. laevis'' serum when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Two additional intestinal intelectins are discovered in ''X. laevis''

Human has two intelectins: hIntL-1 (omentin) and hIntL-2. Mouse also has two intelectins: mIntL-1 and mIntL-2.

Immune system

Several lines of evidence suggest that intelectins recognize microbes and may function as an innate immune defense protein. Tunicate intelectin is an opsonin for phagocytosis by hemocyte. Amphioxus intelectin has been shown to agglutinate bacteria. In zebrafish and rainbow trout, intelectin expression is stimulated upon microbial exposure. Mammals such as sheep and mice also upregulate intelectin expression upon parasitic infection. Increase in intelectin expression upon microbial exposure support the hypothesis that intelectins play a role in the immune system.

Structure

Although intelectins require calcium ion for function, the sequences bear no resemblance to C-type lectins. In addition, merely around 50 amino acids (the fibronogen-like domain) align with any known protein, specifically the ficolin family. The first structural details of an intelectin comes from the crystal structure of selenomethionine-labeled XEEL carbohydrate-recognition domain (Se-Met XEEL-CRD) solved by Se- SAD. XEEL-CRD was expressed and Se-Met-labeled in High Five insect cells using a recombinant baculovirus. The fibrinogen-like fold is conserved despite amino acid sequence divergence. However, extensive insertions are present in intelectin compared to ficolins, thus making intelectin a distinct lectin structural class. The Se-Met XEEL-CRD structure then enables the structure solution by molecular replacement of D-glycerol 1-phosphate (GroP)-bound XEEL-CRD, apo-human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1), and galactofuranose-bound hIntL-1.

Each polypeptide chain of XEEL and hIntL-1 contains three bound calcium ions: two in the structural calcium site and one in the ligand binding site. The amino acid residues in the structural calcium site are conserved among intelectins, thus it is likely that most, if not all, intelectins have two structural calcium ions.

In the ligand binding site of XEEL and hIntL-1, the exocyclic vicinal diol of the carbohydrate ligand directly coordinates to the calcium ion. There are large variations in the ligand binding site residues among intelectin homologs suggesting that the intelectin family may have broad ligand specificities and biological functions. As there is no intelectin numbering conventions in different organisms, one should not assume functional homology based on the intelectin number. For example, hIntL-1 has glutamic acid residues in the ligand binding site to coordinate a calcium ion, while zebrafish intelectin-1 are devoided of these acidic residues. Zebrafish intelectin-2 ligand binding site residues are similar to those present in hIntL-1.

Oligomeric state

hIntL-1 is a disulfide-linked trimer as shown by non-reducing SDS-PAGE and X-ray crystallography. Despite lacking the intermolecular disulfide bonds, XEEL-CRD is trimeric in solution. The N-terminal peptide of the full length XEEL is responsible for dimerizing the trimeric XEEL-CRD into a disulfide-linked hexameric full-length XEEL. Therefore, the N-termini of intelectins are often responsible for forming disulfide-linked oligomer. In intelectin homologs where the N-terminal cysteines are absent, the CRD itself may still capable of forming non-covalent oligomer in solution.

References

Further reading

* for exhaustive ligand binding analysis of human intelectin-1 (hIntL-1). The article also reveals how hIntL-1 could discriminate between microbial and mammalian cells.
* for discussion on how the first intelectin structure (XEEL-CRD) was solved. In depth biophysical and evolutionary analyses of the intelectin family in the light of the available 3D structures also provide significant insights into this protein family not previously appreciated. The article serves as the most up-to-date review on the biochemistry of the intelectin family.
* for comprehensive genomics analysis of intelectins from various organisms.
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Lectins
Glycobiology
Immune system
Protein families
Protein structure