indwelling urinary catheter

In urology, a Foley catheter (named for Frederic Foley, who produced the original design in 1929) is a flexible tube that a clinician passes through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine. It is the most common type of indwelling urinary catheter.

The tube has two separated channels, or ''lumens'', running down its length. One lumen, open at both ends, drains urine into a collection bag. The other has a valve on the outside end and connects to a balloon at the inside tip. The balloon is inflated with sterile water when it lies inside the bladder to stop it from slipping out. Manufacturers usually produce Foley catheters using silicone or coated natural latex. Coatings include polytetrafluoroethylene, hydrogel, or a silicon elastomer – the different properties of these surface coatings determine whether the catheter is suitable for 28-day or 3-month indwelling duration.

Foley catheters should be used only when indicated, as use increases the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (UTI) and other adverse effects. While female sex is generally recognised as a risk factor for UTIs, the differences in biological sex are reduced or even diminished while carrying catheters.

History

The name comes from the designer, Frederic Foley, a surgeon who worked in Boston, Massachusetts in the 1930s. His original design was adopted by C. R. Bard, Inc. of Murray Hill, New Jersey, who manufactured the first prototypes and named them in honor of the surgeon.

Types

Foley catheters come in several types:
* ''Coudé'' (French for elbowed) catheters have a 45° bend at the tip that facilitates easier passage through an enlarged prostate.
* ''Councill tip'' catheters have a small hole at the tip so they can be passed over a wire.
* ''Three-way'', or ''triple lumen'' catheters have a third channel used to infuse sterile saline or another irrigating solution. These are used primarily after surgery on the bladder or prostate, to wash away blood and blood clots.

Sizes

The relative size of a Foley catheter is described using French units (F). Alternatively, the size of a 10 F catheter might be expressed as 10 Ch (Charriere units – named after a 19th century French scientific instrument maker, Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière). The most common sizes are 10 F to 28 F. 1 F is equivalent to 0.33 mm = .013" = 1/77" of diameter. Foley catheters are usually color coded by size with a solid color band at the external end of the balloon inflation tube, allowing for easy identification of the size. Note: Colors for French sizes 5, 6, 8, 10 may vary significantly if intended for pediatric patients. Color for French size 26 may also be pink instead of black.

Medical uses

Urinary tract

Indwelling urinary catheters are most commonly used to assist people who cannot urinate on their own., which cites
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* Indications for using a catheter include providing relief when there is urinary retention, monitoring urine output for critically ill persons, managing urination during surgery, and providing end-of-life care.

Foley catheters are used during the following situations:
* On patients who are anesthesized or sedated for surgery or other medical care
* On comatose patients
* On some incontinent patients
* On patients whose prostate is enlarged to the point that urine flow from the bladder is cut off
* On patients with acute urinary retention
* On patients who are unable due to paralysis or physical injury to use either standard toilet facilities or urinals
* Following urethral surgeries
* Following ureterectomy
* On patients with kidney disease whose urine output must be constantly and accurately measured
* Before and after cesarean section
* Before and after hysterectomy
* On patients who have had genital injury
* On anorexic patients who are unable to use standard toilets due to physical weakness and whose urine output must be constantly measured
* On patients with fibromyalgia who cannot control their bladder
* On patients who have severe skin impairment and/or breakdown

Cervical

A Foley catheter can also be used to ripen the cervix during induction of labor. When used for this purpose, the procedure is called ''extra-amniotic saline infusion''. In this procedure, the balloon is inserted behind the cervical wall and inflated, for example with 30-80 mL of saline. The remaining length of the catheter is pulled slightly taut and taped to the inside of the woman's leg. The inflated balloon applies pressure to the cervix as the baby's head would prior to labor, causing it to dilate. As the cervix dilates over time, the catheter is readjusted to again be slightly taut and retaped to maintain pressure. When the cervix has dilated sufficiently, the catheter drops out.

Other

They are also used in cases of severe epistaxis (nosebleed) to block blood from freely flowing down the nasal passage into the mouth.
Foley catheters are also used in abdominal surgery.

Contraindications

Indwelling urinary catheters should not be used to monitor stable people who are able to urinate or for the convenience of the patient or hospital staff. Urethral trauma is the only absolute contraindication to the placement of a urinary catheter. Examination findings such as blood at the urethral meatus, or a high riding prostate necessitate a retrograde urethrogram prior to insertion.

In the United States, catheter-associated urinary tract infection is the most common type of hospital-acquired infection. While UTIs are generally more common among females, the risk factor associated to anatomy is reduced while carrying catheters, some studies even showing no significant differences between the sex. Indwelling catheters should be avoided when there are alternatives, and when patients and caregivers discuss alternatives to indwelling urinary catheters with their physicians and nurses then sometimes an alternative may be found. Physicians can reduce their use of indwelling urinary catheters when they follow evidence-based guidelines for usage, such as those published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Adverse effects

All catheterised bladders become colonised with bacteria within 24 hours. This is not an infection and is very poorly understood by clinicians. Whilst the presence of a catheter does increase the incidence of bloodstream infections secondary to a urinary origin, there is a huge amount of unnecessary, and likely harmful, antimicrobial prescribing on the basis of detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria. The industry is moving to silver-coated catheters in an attempt to reduce the incidence of urinary tract infections, although there is limited evidence of efficacy. An additional problem is that Foley catheters tend to become coated over time with a biofilm that can obstruct the drainage. This increases the amount of stagnant urine left in the bladder, which further contributes to urinary tract infections. When a Foley catheter becomes clogged, it must be flushed or replaced. There is currently not enough adequate evidence to conclude whether washouts are beneficial or harmful.

There are several risks in using a Foley catheter (or catheters generally), including:
* The balloon can break as the healthcare provider inserts the catheter. In this case, all balloon fragments must be removed.
* The balloon might not inflate after it is in place. In some institutions, the healthcare provider checks the balloon inflation before inserting the catheter into the urethra. If the balloon still does not inflate after placement into the bladder, it is discarded and replaced.
* Urine stops flowing into the bag. The healthcare provider checks for correct positioning of the catheter and bag, or for obstruction of urine flow within the catheter tube.
* Urine flow is blocked. The Foley catheter must be discarded and replaced.
* The urethra begins to bleed. The healthcare provider monitors the bleeding.
* Catheterization introduces an infection into the bladder. The risk of bladder or urinary tract infection increases with the number of days the catheter is in place.
* If the balloon is opened before the Foley catheter is completely inserted into the bladder, bleeding, damage and even rupture of the urethra can occur. In some individuals, long-term permanent scarring and strictures of the urethra occur.
* Defective catheters may be supplied, which break in situ. The most common fractures occur near the distal end or at the balloon.
* Catheters can be pulled out by patients while the balloon is still inflated, leading to major complications or even death. This may occur when patients are mentally impaired (e.g. they have Alzheimer's) or are in a mentally altered state (e.g. they are coming out of surgery).

References

Sources

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Catheters
Urologic procedures