Incoloy refers to a range of

superalloy A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. Several key characteristics of a superalloy are excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, ...

s now produced by the Special Metals Corporation (SMC) group of companies and created with a

trademark A trademark (also written trade mark or trade-mark) is a type of intellectual property consisting of a recognizable sign, design, or expression that identifies products or services from a particular source and distinguishes them from ot ...

by the

Inco Vale Canada Limited (formerly Vale Inco, CVRD Inco and Inco Limited; for corporate branding purposes simply known as "Vale" and pronounced in English) is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Brazilian mining company Vale. Vale's nickel mining and ...

company in 1952. Originally Inco protected these alloys by patent. In 2000, the SMC published a 61-page document entitled "High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion" highlighting Incoloy, as well as

Monel Monel is a group of alloys of nickel (from 52 to 67%) and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. Monel is not a cupronickel alloy because it has less than 60% copper. Stronger than pure nickel, Monel alloys are res ...

and

Inconel Inconel is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation for a family of austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys. Inconel alloys are oxidation-corrosion-resistant materials well suited for service in extreme environments subjected ...

products, and their use in fluid environments such as

sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid ( Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with the molecular fo ...

hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid, also known as muriatic acid, is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as a strong acid. It is a component of the gastric acid in the dige ...

hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. Solutions of HF are colourless, acidic and highly corrosive. It is used to make most fluorine-containing compounds; examples include the commonly used pharmaceutical antidepres ...

phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution, w ...

nitric acid Nitric acid is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a highly corrosive mineral acid. The compound is colorless, but older samples tend to be yellow cast due to decomposition into oxides of nitrogen. Most commercially available ni ...

, other acids as well as freshwater environments. Incoloy products are mostly

chromium Chromium is a chemical element with the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in group 6. It is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard, and brittle transition metal. Chromium metal is valued for its high corrosion resistance and hard ...

-based and mostly

nickel Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive but large pieces are slow t ...

-based, and designed for corrosion resistance as well as strength at high temperatures. Incoloy alloys belong to the category of super austenitic stainless steels. One advantage is that Incoloy alloys do not have to be heat treated after welding to restore the corrosion resistance. There are specific alloys for resistance to particular chemical attacks. For example, alloy 020 is designed to be resistant to

sulphuric acid Sulfuric acid (American spelling and the preferred IUPAC name) or sulphuric acid ( Commonwealth spelling), known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen and hydrogen, with the molecular for ...

, and the DS Incoloy is to be used in heat-treating furnaces with reactive atmospheres and many heat cycles. Incoloy 020 "exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in chemical environments that contain sulphuric acid, chlorides, phosphoric acid and nitric acid." Incoloy 028 "is resistant to both acids and salts. The copper content makes it resistant to sulfuric acid." Incoloy 330 "exhibits good strength at high temperatures and good resistance to oxidation and reduction environments." Incoloy 800 "is capable of remaining stable and maintaining its austenitic structure even after long time exposures to high temperatures". Incoloy 803 is designed for sulphur-rich environments. Incoloy 825 is approved for use in heat exchanger tubes by

ASTM ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, an ...

B163, and approved for

pressure vessel A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. Construction methods and materials may be chosen to suit the pressure application, and will depend on the size o ...

operating temperatures up to 525°C or up to 538°C. It "offers exceptional resistance to corrosion by

and

". Incoloy 908 "has high tensile strength, fatigue crack growth resistance, good weldability, metallurgical stability and ductility, high fracture and impact toughness, ndlow coefficient of thermal expansion... tsresistance to oxygen embrittlement... allows hot fabrication without cracking." Incoloy 907 "has high strength and low thermal expansion coefficient at temperatures up to 800°F." Incoloy 945X is designed for chlorine-rich environments. Molybdenum adds crevice corrosion and pitting resistance to Incoloy 945. Incoloy MA956 is made by a

mechanical alloying Mechanical alloying (MA) is a solid-state and powder processing technique involving repeated cold welding, fracturing, and re-welding of blended powder particles in a high-energy ball mill to produce a homogeneous material. Originally developed to p ...

rather than a bulk-melting process; it was studied for space reactor components in the

JIMO Jimo District (), formerly Jimo City (), is a District of Qingdao, Shandong. Location Jimo is located in the southwest of the Shandong Peninsula, bordered by the Yellow Sea on the east and Mount Lao on the south. Climate Jimo has a moderate ...

project. It is difficult to weld and needs to be heated to 200C for forming processes. A special

friction welding Friction welding (FRW) is a solid-state welding process that generates heat through mechanical friction between workpieces in relative motion to one another, with the addition of a lateral force called "upset" to plastically displace and fuse the m ...

process has been developed for it.

Compositions (percentages)

{, class="wikitable sortable" , - ! Alloy name !! Fe !! Cr !! Al !! Ti !! C !! !! Cu !! Mn !! Co !! Ni !! P !! Si !! S !! Mo , , Nb , - , 020 , , 35 , , 19-21 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 3-4 , , <2 , , 0 , , 32-38 , , 0 , , <1 , , 0 , , 2-3 , , 0 , - , 028 , , 29-40.4 , , 26-28 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , ? , , <2.5 , , 0 , , 30-34 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 3-4 , , 0 , - , 803 , , 29.435-42.64 , , 25-29 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , <1.5 , , 0 , , 32-37 , , 0 , , <1 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , - , 945 , , balance , , 19.5-23 , , 0.01-0.7 , , 0.5-2.5 , , 0.005-0.04 , , 0 , , 1.5-3 , , 1 , , 0 , , 45-55 , , 0.03 , , 0.5 , , 0.03 , , 3-4 , , 2.5-4.5 , - , 945X , , balance , , 19.5-23 , , 0.01-0.7 , , 0.5-2.5 , , 0.005-0.04 , , 0 , , 1.5-3 , , 1 , , 0 , , 45-55 , , 0.03 , , 0.5 , , 0.03 , , 3-4 , , 2.5-4.5 , - , 330 , , Fe 43 , , 17-20 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , <2 , , 0 , , 34-37 , , 0 , , * , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , - , 825 , , Fe >22, ~33 , , 19.5-23.5 , , <0.2 , , 0.6-1.2 , , <0.05 , , 0 , , 1.5-3.0 , , <1.0 , , 0 , , 38-46 , , 0 , , <0.5 , , <0.03 , , 2.5-3.5 , , 0 , - , 907 , , Fe 42 , , 0 , , 0.03 , , 1.5 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 13 , , 38 , , 0 , , 0.15 , , 0 , , 0 , , 4.7 , - , 908 , , 35.588 - 44.6 , , 3.75 - 4.5 , , 0.75 - 1.25 , , 1.2 - 1.8 , , <0.03 , , 0 , , <0.5 , , <1 , , <0.5 , , 47 - 51 , , <0.015 , , <0.5 , , <0.005 , , 0 , , 2.7-3.3 , - , 800 , , Fe >39.5 , , 19-23 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , <1.5% , , 0 , , 30-35 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , , 0 , - , 020 , , Fe (~40%) , , 20 , , n/p , , n/p , , <0.07 , , n/p , , 3.5 , , <2.0 , , n/p , , 35 , , <0.045 , , <1.0 , , <0.035 , , 2.5 , , about 1 , - , DS {{cite web , url=http://www.specialmetalswiggin.co.uk/pdfs/products/INCOLOY%20alloy%20DS.pdf , title=Incoloy alloy DS , , Fe (~40%) , , 18 , , n/p , , 0.2 , , 0.1 , , nil , , 0.5 , , 0.8-1.5 , , 18 (Co+Ni 38) , , 18 (Co+Ni 38) , , n/p , , 2.3 , , 0.03 , , , , , - , MA956 , , Fe (~75%) , , 20 , , 4.75 , , 0.4 , , <0.1 , , 0.5 , , <0.15 , , <0.3 , , <0.3 , , <0.5 , , <0.02 , , n/p , , n/p , , , ,

References

Nickel alloys Superalloys

Compositions (percentages)

See also

References