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The following tables give an overview of notable finds of
hominin The Hominini form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae ("hominines"). Hominini includes the extant genera ''Homo'' (humans) and '' Pan'' (chimpanzees and bonobos) and in standard usage excludes the genus ''Gorilla'' (gorillas). The ...
fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
s and remains relating to
human evolution Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of ''Homo sapiens'' as a distinct species of the hominid family, which includes the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of ...
, beginning with the formation of the tribe Hominini (the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages) in the late
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent ...
, roughly 7 to 8 million years ago. As there are thousands of fossils, mostly fragmentary, often consisting of single bones or isolated teeth with complete skulls and skeletons rare, this overview is not complete, but show some of the most important findings. The fossils are arranged by approximate age as determined by
radiometric dating Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. The method compares ...
and/or
incremental dating Incremental dating techniques allow the construction of year-by-year annual chronologies, which can be temporally fixed (''i.e.,'' linked to the present day and thus calendar or sidereal time) or floating. Archaeologists use tree-ring dating (dendr ...
and the species name represents current consensus; if there is no clear scientific consensus the other possible classifications are indicated. The early fossils shown are not considered ancestors to ''
Homo sapiens Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, a ...
'' but are closely related to ancestors and are therefore important to the study of the lineage. After 1.5 million years ago (extinction of ''
Paranthropus ''Paranthropus'' is a genus of extinct hominin which contains two widely accepted species: '' P. robustus'' and '' P. boisei''. However, the validity of ''Paranthropus'' is contested, and it is sometimes considered to be synonymous with ''Aust ...
''), all fossils shown are human (genus ''
Homo ''Homo'' () is the genus that emerged in the (otherwise extinct) genus ''Australopithecus'' that encompasses the extant species ''Homo sapiens'' (modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely related ...
''). After 11,500 years ago (11.5 ka, beginning of the Holocene), all fossils shown are ''
Homo sapiens Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, a ...
'' (
anatomically modern humans Early modern human (EMH) or anatomically modern human (AMH) are terms used to distinguish ''Homo sapiens'' (the only extant Hominina species) that are anatomically consistent with the range of phenotypes seen in contemporary humans from extin ...
), illustrating recent divergence in the formation of modern human sub-populations. __TOC__


Late Miocene The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch, which lasted from 11.63 Ma (million years ago) to 5.333 Ma. The e ...
(7.2–5.5 million years old)

The chimpanzee–human divergence likely took place during about 10 to 7 million years ago."In effect, there is now no a priori reason to presume that human-chimpanzee split time are especially recent, and the fossil evidence is now fully compatible with older chimpanzee–human divergence dates to 10 Ma The list of fossils begins with ''
Graecopithecus ''Graecopithecus'' is an extinct species of hominid that lived in southeast Europe during the late Miocene around 7.2 million years ago. Originally identified by a single lower jaw bone bearing a molar tooth found in Pyrgos Vasilissis, Athens, ...
'', dated some 7.2 million years ago, which may or may not still be ancestral to both the human and the chimpanzee lineage. For the earlier history of the human lineage, see '' Timeline of human evolution#Hominidae, Hominidae#Phylogeny''.


Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed i ...


Lower Paleolithic The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It spans the time from around 3 million years ago when the first evidence for stone tool production and use by hominins appears in t ...
: 2.58–0.3 million years old


Middle Paleolithic The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleo ...
: 300,000–50,000 years old


Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories coi ...
: 50,000–11,500 years old


Holocene (11,500–5,000 years old)


Abbreviations used in fossil catalog name

* AL Afar Locality, Ethiopia * ARA-VPAramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia * BAR(Lukeino,
Tugen Hills The Tugen Hills (also known as ''Saimo'') are a series of hills in Baringo County, Kenya. They are located in the central-western portion of Kenya. The Tugen Hills represent one of the few areas in Africa preserving a succession of deposits from t ...
) Baringo District, Kenya * BOU-VPBouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Ethiopia * D
Dmanisi Dmanisi ( ka, დმანისი, tr, , az, Başkeçid) is a town and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera. The hominin ...
, Georgia * ER East (Lake) Rudolf, Kenya * KGAKonso-Gardula, Ethiopia * KNMKenya National Museum * KPKanapoi, Kenya * LB
Liang Bua Liang Bua is a limestone cave on the island of Flores, Indonesia, slightly north of the town of Ruteng in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The cave demonstrated archaeological and paleontological potential in the 1950s and 1960s as descr ...
, Indonesia * LH Laetoli Hominid 4, Tanzania * MH
Malapa Malapa is a fossil-bearing cave located about northeast of the well known South African hominid-bearing sites of Sterkfontein and Swartkrans and about north-northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is situated within the Cradle of Human ...
Hominin, South Africa * NG Ngandong, Indonesia * OH Olduvai Hominid, Tanzania * SK
Swartkrans Swartkrans is a fossil-bearing cave designated as a South African National Heritage Site, located about from Johannesburg. It is located in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and is notable for being extremely rich in archaeological m ...
, South Africa * Sts, Stw
Sterkfontein Sterkfontein (Afrikaans for ''Strong Spring'') is a set of limestone caves of special interest to paleo-anthropologists located in Gauteng province, about northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa in the Muldersdrift area close to the town ...
, South Africa * TMTransvaal Museum, South Africa * TMToros-Menalla, Chad * WT West (Lake) Turkana, Kenya


See also

* Human timeline * List of archaeological sites by continent and age * List of first human settlements *
List of fossil primates This is a list of fossil primates—extinct primates for which a fossil record exists. Primates are generally thought to have evolved from a small, unspecialized mammal, which probably fed on insects and fruits. However, the precise source of the ...
*
List of fossil sites This list of fossil sites is a worldwide list of localities known well for the presence of fossils. Some entries in this list are notable for a single, unique find, while others are notable for the large number of fossils found there. Many of t ...
* List of mummies *
List of notable fossils A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved i ...
*
List of transitional fossils This is a partial list of transitional fossils (fossil remains of groups that exhibit both "primitive" and derived traits). The fossils are listed in series, showing the transition from one group to another, representing significant steps in t ...
* Timeline of human evolution * Timeline of human prehistory


Further reading

* Gibbons, Ann. ''The First Human: The Race to Discover our Earliest Ancestor''. Anchor Books (2007). * . * Johanson, Donald & Wong, Kate. ''Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins''. Three Rivers Press (2009). * (Note: this book contains very useful, information dense chapters on primate evolution in general, and human evolution in particular, including fossil history). * Leakey, Richard & Lewin, Roger. ''Origins Reconsidered: In Search of What Makes us Human''. Little, Brown and Company (1992). * Lewin, Roger. ''Bones of Contention: Controversies in the Search for Human Origins''. Penguin Books (1987). * Morwood, Mike & van Oosterzee, Penny. ''A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the 'Hobbits' of Flores, Indonesia''. Smithsonian Books (2007). * Oppenheimer, Stephen. ''Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World''. Constable (2003). * Roberts, Alice. ''The Incredible Human Journey: The Story of how we Colonised the Planet''. Bloomsbury (2009). * Shreeve, James. ''The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins''. Viking (1996). * Stringer, Chris. ''The Origin of Our Species''. Allen Lane (2011). * Stringer, Chris & Andrews, Peter. ''The Complete World of Human Evolution''. Thames & Hudson (2005). * Stringer, Chris & McKie, Robin. ''African Exodus: The Origins of Modern Humanity''. Jonathan Cape (1996). * van Oosterzee, Penny. ''The Story of Peking Man''. Allen & Unwin (1999). * Walker, Allan & Shipman, Pat. ''The Wisdom of the Bones: In Search of Human Origins''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1996). * Wade, Nicholas. ''Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of our Ancestors''. Penguin Press (2006). * (Note: this book contains very accessible descriptions of human and non-human primates, their evolution, and fossil history). *


References


Bibliography

* * * * *


External links


Interactive map of primate fossil finds around the world

Informative lecture on ''Australopithecines''

The Age of Homo sapiens
– Interactive Map of Human Evolution Fossils
Human Timeline (Interactive)
Smithsonian,
National Museum of Natural History The National Museum of Natural History is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States. It has free admission and is open 364 days a year. In 2021, with 7 ...
(August 2016). {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Evolution Fossils F Fossils Lists of fossils