In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively constant rates in most non-pathological situations, the expression of other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions. The origin of the term "housekeeping gene" remains obscure. Literature from 1976 used the term to describe specifically

tRNA Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino a ...

and

rRNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from ribosomal ...

. For experimental purposes, the expression of one or multiple housekeeping genes is used as a reference point for the analysis of expression levels of other genes. The key criterion for the use of a housekeeping gene in this manner is that the chosen housekeeping gene is uniformly expressed with low variance under both control and experimental conditions. Validation of housekeeping genes should be performed before their use in gene expression experiments such as

RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chai ...

. Recently a web-based database o
human
an
mouse
housekeeping genes and reference genes/transcripts, name
Housekeeping and Reference Transcript Atlas
(HRT Atlas), was developed to offer updated list of housekeeping genes and reliable candidate reference genes/transcripts for RT-qPCR data normalization. This database can be accessed at http://www.housekeeping.unicamp.br.

Housekeeping gene regulation

Housekeeping genes account for majority of the active genes in the genome, and their expression is obviously vital to survival. The housekeeping gene expression levels are fine-tuned to meet the metabolic requirements in various tissues. Biochemical studies on transcription initiation of the housekeeping gene promoters have been difficult, partly due to the less-characterized promoter motifs and transcription initiation process. Human housekeeping gene promoters are generally depleted of TATA-box, have high GC content and high incidence of CpG Islands. In Drosophila, where promoter specific CpG Islands are absent, housekeeping gene promoters contain DNA elements like DRE, E-box or DPE. Transcription start sites of housekeeping genes can span over a region of around 100 bp whereas transcription start sites of developmentally regulated genes are usually focused in a narrow region. Little is known about how the dispersed transcription initiation of housekeeping gene is established. There are transcription factors that are specifically enriched on and regulate housekeeping gene promoters. Furthermore, housekeeping promoters are regulated by housekeeping

enhancers In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins ( activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur. These proteins are usually referred to as transcriptio ...

but not developmentally regulated enhancers.

Common housekeeping genes in humans

The following is a partial list of "housekeeping genes." For a more complete and updated list, se
HRT Atlas database
compiled by Bidossessi W. Hounkpe et al. The database was constructed by mining more than 12000 human and mouse RNA-seq datasets.

Gene expression

Transcription factors

ATF1 Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATF1'' gene. This gene encodes an activating transcription factor, which belongs to the ATF subfamily and bZIP (basic-region leucine zipper) family. ...

NM_005171 * ATF2 NM_001880 *

ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67), also known as ATF4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATF4'' gene. Function This gene encodes a transcription factor that was originally identified as a w ...

Activating transcription factor 4 NM_001675 *

ATF6 Activating transcription factor 6, also known as ATF6, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ATF6'' gene and is involved in the unfolded protein response. Function ATF6 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-regulated transmembr ...

NM_007348 *

ATF7 Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATF7'' gene. Homonym In 2001, Peters et al. published a paper showing that ATF-7, a Novel bZIP Protein, interacts with PTP4A1. This ATF-7 is act ...

NM_001206682 *

ATF7IP Activating transcription factor 7-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATF7IP'' gene. Interactions ATF7IP has been shown to interact with MBD1 Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 1 is a protein that in humans is ...

NM_018179 *

BTF3 Transcription factor BTF3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BTF3'' gene. Function This gene encodes the basic transcription factor 3. This protein forms a stable complex with RNA polymerase IIB and is required for transcriptiona ...

NM_001207 Homo sapiens basic transcription factor 3 *

E2F4 Transcription factor E2F4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''E2F4'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors. The E2F family plays a crucial role in the control of cel ...

Homo sapiens E2F transcription factor 4, p107/p130-binding (E2F4), mRNA *

ERH (gene) In molecular biology, Enhancer of rudimentary homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ERH'' gene. The ''Drosophila'' protein enhancer of rudimentary protein is a small protein of 104 amino acids. It has been found to be an enha ...

Enhancer of rudimentary homolog of drosophila (which in turn is the first enzymatic step in pyrimidine synthesis. Regulated by MITF) *

HMGB1 High mobility group box 1 protein, also known as high-mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1) and amphoterin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HMGB1'' gene. HMG-1 belongs to the high mobility group and contains a HMG-box domain. Functi ...

High mobility group box binds DNA *

ILF2 Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ILF2'' gene. Function Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor required for T-cell expression of the interleukin 2 gene. NFAT bi ...

Homo sapiens interleukin enhancer binding factor 2, 45kDa (ILF2), mRNA *

IER2 The Ier or Eriu ( hu, Ér) is a right tributary of the river Barcău (''Berettyó'') in Romania and Hungary. It discharges into the Barcău in Pocsaj. The Andrid Dam is constructed on this river. The Ier flows through the villages Mihăieni, ...

formerly ETR101 Immediate Early Protein? *

JUND Under the early Caliphates, a ''jund'' ( ar, جند; plural ''ajnad'', اجناد) was a military division, which became applied to Arab military colonies in the conquered lands and, most notably, to the provinces into which Greater Syria (the Le ...

Homo sapiens jun D proto-oncogene (JUND), mRNA *

TCEB2 Elongin B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ELOB'' gene. Function Elongin B is a subunit of the transcription factor B (SIII) complex. The SIII complex is composed of elongins A/A2, B and C. It activates elongation by RNA polyme ...

Elongin Matheo er rar

=Repressors

= *

PUF60 Poly(U)-binding-splicing factor PUF60 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PUF60'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a Ro RNP-binding protein. It interacts with Ro RNPs and their interaction is thought to represent a gain of ...

Homo sapiens fuse-binding protein-interacting repressor (SIAHBP1), transcript

RNA splicing

BAT1 Spliceosome RNA helicase BAT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''BAT1'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the DEAD box family of RNA-dependent ATPases that mediate ATP hydrolysis during pre-mRNA splicing. The encoded protein is ...

aka DDX39B *

HNRPD Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (HNRNPD) also known as AU-rich element RNA-binding protein 1 (AUF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HNRNPD'' gene. Alternative splicing of this gene results in four transcript variants. ...

Homo sapiens heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AU-rich element RNA *

HNRPK Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (also protein K) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HNRNPK'' gene. It is found in the cell nucleus that binds to pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) as a component of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein pa ...

Homo sapiens heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRPK), transcript *

PABPN1 Polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (PABP-2) also known as polyadenylate-binding nuclear protein 1 (PABPN1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PABPN1'' gene. PABN1 is a member of a larger family of poly(A)-binding proteins in the human g ...

poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1 * SRSF3 splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich

Translation factors

* EIF1 aka SUI1 * EIF1AD * EIF1B * EIF2A * EIF2AK1 *

EIF2AK3 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, also known as protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF2AK3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene ...

EIF2AK4 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF2AK4'' gene. EIF2AK4 belongs to a family of kinases that phosphorylate the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2 (E ...

* EIF2AK1 * EIF2B2 * EIF2B3 * EIF2B4 * EIF2S2 * EIF3A * EIF3B * EIF3D formerly EIF3S4 *

EIF3G Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G (eIF3g) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF3G'' gene. Interactions EIF3G has been shown to interact with Band 4.1, EIF3C and EIF3A Eukaryotic translation initiation facto ...

EIF3I Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I (eIF3i) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF3I'' gene. Interactions eIF3i has been shown to interact with TGF beta 1 and eIF3a Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 su ...

EIF3H Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H (eIF3h) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF3H'' gene. Interactions eIF3h has been shown to interact with eIF3a Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A (eIF3a) ...

EIF3J Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J (eIF3j) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF3J'' gene. Interactions eIF3j has been shown to interact with eIF3a Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit A (eIF3a) ...

* EIF3K * EIF3L * EIF3M * EIF3S5 * EIF3S8 *

EIF4A1 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I (also known as eIF4A1 or DDX2A) is a 46 kDa cytosolic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''EIF4A1'' gene, which is located on chromosome 17. It is the most prevalent member of the eIF4A family of ATP-de ...

EIF4A2 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF4A2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''gene ...

EIF4A3 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF4A3'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the DEAD box protein family. DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DE ...

EIF4E2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E type 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF4E2'' gene. It belongs to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family. Interactions EIF4E2 has been shown to interact with ARIH1 ...

EIF4G1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF4G1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the ...

EIF4G2 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 (also called p97, NAT1, and DAP-5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF4G2'' gene. Function Translation initiation is mediated by specific recognition of the cap structure by euk ...

EIF4G3 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF4G3'' gene. The gene encodes a protein that functions in translation by aiding the assembly of the ribosome onto the messenger RNA template. Conf ...

EIF4H Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF4H'' gene. This gene encodes one of the translation initiation factors, which function to stimulate the initiation of protein synthesis at the level ...

EIF5 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF5'' gene. EIF5 is a GTPase-activating protein GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) are a family of regulatory proteins who ...

EIF5A Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF5A'' gene. It is the only known protein to contain the unusual amino acid hypusine 'N''ε-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)-lysine which is synthesized on e ...

* EIF5AL1 *

EIF5B Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF5B'' gene. Accurate initiation of translation in eukaryotes is complex and requires many factors, some of which are composed of multiple subunits. T ...

EIF6 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (EIF6), also known as Integrin beta 4 binding protein (ITGB4BP), is a human gene. Hemidesmosomes are structures which link the basal lamina to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. An important functi ...

TUFM Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TUFM'' gene. It is an EF-Tu EF-Tu (elongation factor thermo unstable) is a prokaryotic elongation factor responsible for catalyzing the binding of an aminoa ...

Tu translational elongation factor mitochondrial

=tRNA synthesis

= *

AARS Aars or Års, () is a Danish town with a population of 8,474 (1 January 2022)AARS2 NM_020745 alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * AARSD1 NM_001261434 alanyl-tRNA synthetase domain containing 1 *

CARS A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as t ...

NM_001751 cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase * CARS2 NM_024537 cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) * DARS NM_001349 aspartyl-tRNA synthetase * DARS2 NM_018122 aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * EARS2 NM_001083614 glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * FARS2 NM_006567 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * FARSA NM_004461 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, alpha subunit * FARSB NM_005687 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit * GARS NM_002047 glycyl-tRNA synthetase * HARS NM_002109 histidyl-tRNA synthetase *

HARS2 Probable histidyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''HARS2'' gene. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes that charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. The protein encoded by this gene ...

NM_012208 histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * IARS NM_002161 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase * IARS2 NM_018060 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

KARS Kars (; ku, Qers; ) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of Kars Province. Its population is 73,836 in 2011. Kars was in the ancient region known as ''Chorzene'', (in Greek Χορζηνή) in classical historiography (Strabo), part of K ...

NM_005548 Homo sapiens lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KARS), mRNA * LARS2 NM_015340 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * MARS NM_004990 methionyl-tRNA synthetase * MARS2 NM_138395 methionyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * NARS NM_004539 asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase * NARS2 NM_024678 asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) * QARS NM_005051 glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase * RARS NM_002884 arginyl-tRNA synthetase * RARS2 NM_020320 arginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * SARS NM_006513 Homo sapiens seryl-tRNA synthetase (SARS), mRNA *

TARS Tars or TARS may refer to: Organisations * The Arthur Ransome Society, based on British children's author Arthur Ransome * Teen Age Republicans, a youth wing of the US Republican Party * TARS, an abbreviation for ''Transporturi Aeriene Româno-So ...

NM_152295 threonyl-tRNA synthetase * VARS2 NM_020442 valyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * WARS2 NM_015836 tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * YARS NM_003680 Homo sapiens tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS), mRNA * YARS2 NM_001040436 Homo sapiens tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS), mRNA mitochondrial

=RNA binding protein

= *

ELAVL1 ELAV-like protein 1 or HuR (human antigen R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ELAVL1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ELAVL protein family. This encoded protein contains 3 RNA-binding domains and binds c ...

Ribosomal proteins

* RPL5 *

RPL8 60S ribosomal protein L8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL8'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 R ...

RPL9 60S ribosomal protein L9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL9'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 R ...

* RPL10A *

RPL11 60S ribosomal protein L11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL11'' gene. Function Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are ...

* RPL14 * RPL25 * RPL26L1 * RPL27 * RPL30 * RPL32 * RPL34 * RPL35 * RPL35A * RPL36AL * RPS5 *

RPS6 Ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6 or eS6) is a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit and is therefore involved in translation. Mouse model studies have shown that phosphorylation of eS6 is involved in the regulation of cell size, cell proliferation, a ...

RPS6KA3 protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3, also s RPS6KA3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS6KA3'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase con ...

RPS6KB1 Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1), also known as p70S6 kinase (p70S6K, p70-S6K), is an enzyme (specifically, a protein kinase) that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS6KB1'' gene. It is a serine/threonine kinase that acts downstream of PIP3 ...

* RPS6KB2 *

RPS13 40S ribosomal protein S13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS13'' gene. Function Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are ...

RPS19BP1 * RPS20 * RPS23 * RPS24 * RPS27 transcribed with ubiquitin (see

FAU (gene) 40S ribosomal protein S30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FAU'' gene. Function This gene is the cellular homolog of the fox sequence in the Finkel-Biskis-Reilly murine sarcoma virus (FBR-MuSV). It encodes a fusion protein con ...

) * RPN1

Ribophorin ''Ribophorins'' are dome shaped transmembrane glycoproteins which are located in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but are absent in the membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of ribophorines: ribophorin I a ...

anchors the ribosome to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins

* MRPL9 * MRPL1 * MRPL10 * MRPL11 * MRPL12 * MRPL13 * MRPL14 * MRPL15 * MRPL16 * MRPL17 * MRPL18 * MRPL19 * MRPL2 * MRPL20 * MRPL21 * MRPL22 * MRPL23 * MRPL24 * MRPL27 * MRPL28 * MRPL3 * MRPL30 * MRPL32 * MRPL33 * MRPL35 * MRPL36 * MRPL37 * MRPL38 * MRPL4 *

MRPL40 39S ribosomal protein L40, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL40'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondria ...

* MRPL41 * MRPL42 * MRPL43 * MRPL44 * MRPL45 * MRPL46 * MRPL47 * MRPL48 * MRPL49 * MRPL50 * MRPL51 * MRPL52 * MRPL53 * MRPL54 * MRPL55 * MRPL9 * MRPS10 * MRPS11 * MRPS12 * MRPS14 * MRPS15 * MRPS16 * MRPS17 * MRPS18A * MRPS18B * MRPS18C * MRPS2 * MRPS21 * MRPS22 * MRPS23 * MRPS24 * MRPS25 * MRPS26 * MRPS27 * MRPS28 * MRPS30 * MRPS31 * MRPS33 * MRPS34 * MRPS35 * MRPS5 * MRPS6 * MRPS7 * MRPS9

RNA polymerase

POLR1C DNA-directed RNA polymerases I and III subunit RPAC1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR1C'' gene. Interactions POLR1C has been shown to interact with CD3EAP, POLR1E and POLR1D DNA-directed RNA polymerases I and III subunit ...

POLR1D DNA-directed RNA polymerases I and III subunit RPAC2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR1D'' gene. Interactions POLR1D has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Inte ...

POLR1E DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA49 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR1E'' gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of POLR1E function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Polr1etm1a(K ...

* POLR2A *

POLR2B DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2B'' gene. This gene encodes the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. ...

POLR2C DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2C'' gene. Function This gene encodes the third largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in ...

* POLR2D *

POLR2E DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2E'' gene. This gene encodes the fifth largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA ...

* POLR2F *

POLR2G DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2G'' gene. This gene encodes the seventh largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. ...

POLR2H DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2H'' gene. This gene encodes one of the essential subunits of RNA polymerase II that is shared by the other two eukaryotic DNA-directed ...

POLR2I DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2I'' gene. This gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes Eukaryotes ...

* POLR2J * POLR2K *

POLR2L DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2L'' gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in e ...

POLR3C DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR3C'' gene. Interactions POLR3C has been shown to interact with GTF3C4. Related gene problems *TAR syndrome *1q21.1 deletion syndrome 1q21.1 de ...

* POLR3E * POLR3GL * POLR3K

Protein processing

* PPID Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D * PPIE Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E *

PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, mitochondrial (PPIF) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPIF'' gene. It has also been referred to as, but should not be confused with, cyclophilin D (CypD), which is encoded by the '' PPID'' gene. ...

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F * PPIG Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G *

PPIH Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase H is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPIH'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''ge ...

Cyclophilin H * CANX Calnexin. Folding of glycoproteins within endoplasmic reticulum *

CAPN1 Calpain-1 catalytic subunit (CANP 1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CAPN1'' gene. Function The calpains, calcium-activated neutral proteases, are nonlysosomal, intracellular cysteine proteases. The mammalian calpains include u ...

Calpain subunit * CAPN7 *

CAPNS1 Calpain small subunit 1 (CSS1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CAPNS1'' gene. Function Calpains are a ubiquitous, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent, cysteine proteases. Calpain families have been implicated in neurode ...

Calpain protease subunit *

NACA The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets ...

Nascent polypeptide associated complex alpha polypeptide * NACA2 * PFDN2 Prefoldin 2 * PFDN4 Prefoldin 4 * PFDN5 Prefoldin 5 * PFDN6 Prefoldin 6 *

SNX2 Sorting nexin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNX2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin family. Members of this family contain a phox (PX) domain, which is a phosphoinositide binding domain, and a ...

Sorting nexin 2 * SNX3 Sorting nexin 3 * SNX4 Sorting nexin 4 * SNX5 Sorting nexin 5 * SNX6 Sorting nexin 6 *

SNX9 Sorting nexin-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNX9'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin family. Members of this family contain a phox (PX) domain, which is a phosphoinositide binding domain, and are involved i ...

Sorting nexin 9 * SNX12 Sorting nexin 12 * SNX13 Sorting nexin 13 * SNX17 Sorting nexin 17 * SNX18 Sorting nexin 18 * SNX19 Sorting nexin 19 * SNX25 Sorting nexin 25 * SSR1 Translocon-associated protein TRAPA. Protein translocation in ER *

SSR2 Translocon-associated protein subunit beta also known as TRAP-beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SSR2'' gene. Function The signal sequence receptor (SSR) is a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane receptor associ ...

Translocon-associated protein TRAPB. Protein translocation in ER * SSR3 Translocon-associated protein TRAPG. Protein translocation in ER * SUMO1 Protein targeting *

SUMO3 Small ubiquitin-related modifier 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SUMO3'' gene. Function SUMO proteins, such as SUMO3, and ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) posttranslationally modify numerous cellular proteins and affect their metab ...

Protein targeting

Heat shock proteins

HSPA4 Heat shock 70 kDa protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HSPA4'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene was originally suggested to be a member of the heat shock protein 70 family. However it is now known that human HSPA4 i ...

* HSPA5 *

HSPA8 Heat shock 70 kDa protein 8 also known as heat shock cognate 71 kDa protein or Hsc70 or Hsp73 is a heat shock protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HSPA8'' gene on chromosome 11. As a member of the heat shock protein 70 family and a chaperon ...

HSPA9 Mitochondrial 70kDa heat shock protein (mtHsp70), also known as mortalin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HSPA9'' gene. Function The product encoded by this gene belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family which contains both ...

* HSPA14 * HSBP1

Histone

* HIST1H2BC * H1FX * H2AFV *

H2AFX H2A histone family member X (usually abbreviated as H2AX) is a type of histone protein from the H2A family encoded by the ''H2AFX'' gene. An important phosphorylated form is γH2AX (S139), which forms when double-strand breaks appear. In humans ...

* H2AFY Histone 2 Subfamily * H2AFZ essential for embryogenesis

Cell cycle

There is significant overlap in function with regards to some of these proteins. In particular, the Rho-related genes are important in nuclear trafficking (i.e.: mitosis) as well as with mobility along the cytoskeleton in general. These genes of particular interest in cancer research. * ARHGAP35 * ARHGAP5 *

ARHGDIA Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGDIA'' gene. Interactions ARHGDIA has been shown to interact with: * CDC42, * RAC1, * RHOA Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family ...

* ARHGEF10L Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10L *

ARHGEF11 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF11'' gene. This protein is also called RhoGEF11 or PDZ-RhoGEF. Function Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 is guanine nucleotide exchange fa ...

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 * ARHGEF40 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 40 * ARHGEF7 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 * RAB10 NM_016131 The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes * RAB11A NM_004663 * RAB11B NM_004218 *

RAB14 Ras-related protein Rab-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB14'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' ...

NM_016322 * RAB18 NM_021252 *

RAB1A Ras-related protein Rab-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB1A'' gene. Interactions RAB1A has been shown to interact with: * CHML, * GOLGA2, * GOLGA5, * MICAL1 NEDD9-interacting protein with calponin homology and LIM d ...

NM_004161 Homo sapiens RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family (RAB1A), mRNA *

RAB1B Ras-related protein Rab-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB1B'' gene. Interactions RAB1B has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) non ...

NM_030981 * RAB21 NM_014999 * RAB22A NM_020673 *

RAB2A Ras-related protein Rab-2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB2A'' gene. Function Members of the Rab protein family are nontransforming monomeric GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily that contain 4 highly conserved regi ...

NM_002858 *

RAB2B Ras-related protein Rab-2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB2B gene. RAB2B is required for protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. It belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, specifically to the RAB ...

NM_001163380 * RAB3GAP1 NM_012233 * RAB3GAP2 NM_012414 * RAB40C NM_021168 *

RAB4A Ras-related protein Rab-4A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB4A'' gene. Interactions RAB4A has been shown to interact with: * CD2AP, * KIF3B, * RAB11FIP1 Rab11 family-interacting protein 1 (Rab11-FIP1) also known as Rab-co ...

NM_004578 *

RAB5A Ras-related protein Rab-5A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB5A'' gene. Function RAB5A localizes to early endosomes where it is involved in the recruitment of RAB7A and the maturation of these compartments to late endosomes. ...

NM_004162 *

RAB5B Ras-related protein Rab-5B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB5B'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation' ...

NM_002865 *

RAB5C Ras-related protein Rab-5C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB5C'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation' ...

NM_004583 *

RAB6A Ras-related protein Rab-6A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB6A'' gene located in the eleventh chromosome. Its main function is the regulation of protein transport from the Golgi complex to the endoplasmic reticulum and the exocyt ...

NM_002868 *

RAB7A Ras-related protein Rab-7a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB7A'' gene. Ras-related protein Rab-7a is involved in endocytosis, which is a process that brings substances into a cell. The process of endocytosis works by folding th ...

NM_004637 * RAB9A NM_004251 *

RABEP1 Rab GTPase-binding effector protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RABEP1'' gene. It belongs to rabaptin protein family. Interactions RABEP1 has been shown to interact with: * AP1G1, * GGA1, * GGA2, * RAB4A, and * RA ...

NM_004703 * RABEPK NM_005833 * RABGEF1 NM_014504 * RABGGTA NM_004581 * RABGGTB NM_004582 *

CENPB Centromere protein B also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus. In humans, centromere protein B is encoded by the CENPB gene. Function Centromere protein B is a highly conserved protein that ...

Centromere protein B *

CTBP1 C-terminal-binding protein 1 also known as CtBP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTBP1'' gene. CtBP1 is one of two CtBP proteins, the other protein being CtBP2. Function The CtBP1 protein was originally identified as a human prot ...

Centromere protein T * CCNB1IP1 NM_021178 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Modulates cyclin B levels and participates in the regulation of cell cycle progression through the G2 phase *

CCNDBP1 Cyclin-D1-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCNDBP1'' gene. This gene was identified by the interaction of its gene product with Grap2, a leukocyte-specific adaptor protein important for immune cell signaling. The ...

NM_012142 May negatively regulate cell cycle progression *

CCNG1 Cyclin-G1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCNG1'' gene. Function The eukaryotic cell cycle is governed by cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) whose activities are regulated by cyclins and CDK inhibitors. The protein encode ...

NM_004060 May play a role in growth regulation * CCNH NM_001239 Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle * CCNK NM_001099402 Regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases that mediates phosphorylation of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II *

CCNL1 Cyclin-L1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCNL1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ' ...

NM_020307 Transcriptional regulator which participates in regulating the pre-mRNA splicing process * CCNL2 NM_030937 Transcriptional regulator which participates in regulating the pre-mRNA splicing process. Also modulates the expression of critical apoptotic factor, leading to cell apoptosis. *

CCNY The City College of the City University of New York (also known as the City College of New York, or simply City College or CCNY) is a public university within the City University of New York (CUNY) system in New York City. Founded in 1847, City ...

NM_145012 Positive regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK14/PFTK1 and CDK16. Acts as a cell-cycle regulator of Wnt signaling pathway during G2/M phase *

PPP1CA Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1CA'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is one of the three catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). PP ...

NM_002708 Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets *

PPP1CC Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-gamma catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1CC'' gene. Interactions PPP1CC has been shown to interact with PPP1R15A, SMARCB1, TLX1 T-cell leukemia homeobox protein 1 is a ...

NM_002710 * PPP1R10 NM_002714 * PPP1R11 NM_021959 Homo sapiens protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 11 (PPP1R11), * PPP1R15B NM_032833 * PPP1R37 NM_019121 * PPP1R7 NM_002712 * PPP1R8 NM_002713 *

PPP2CA Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform is an enzyme that (in humans) is encoded by the ''PPP2CA'' gene. Function This gene encodes the phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit. Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the fou ...

NM_002715 *

PPP2CB Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2CB'' gene. Function This gene encodes the phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit. Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the four ma ...

NM_001009552 *

PPP2R1A Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R1A'' gene. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana a similar enzyme is encoded by the RCN1 gene (At1g25490). Functio ...

NM_014225 Negative regulator of growth and cell divisionHomo sapiens protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), regulatory subunit A (PR 65), *

PPP2R2A Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform is an enzyme regulator that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R2A'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B fam ...

NM_002717 *

PPP2R2D PP2A subunit B isoform delta also known as serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R2D gene. It is a regulatory subunit of the heterotrimeric protein pho ...

NM_018461 * PPP2R3C NM_017917 *

PPP2R4 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R4'' gene. Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the four major Ser/Thr phosphatases and is implicated in the negative control of cell gro ...

NM_021131 *

PPP2R5A Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R5A'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B family. Protei ...

NM_006243 * PPP2R5B NM_006244 * PPP2R5C NM_002719 *

PPP2R5D Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R5D'' gene. Mutations in ''PPP2R5D'' cause Jordan's Syndrome. Function The product of this gene belongs to the p ...

NM_006245 * PPP2R5E NM_006246 *

PPP4C Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP4C'' gene. Interactions PPP4C has been shown to interact with: * CCDC6, * CCT2, * CCT3, * CCT4, * CCT5, * CCT6A, * CCT7, ...

NM_002720 * PPP4R1 NM_005134 * PPP4R2 NM_174907 *

PPP5C Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP5C'' gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of PPP5C function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Ppp5ctm1a(EUCOMM) ...

NM_006247 * PPP6C NM_002721 * PPP6R2 NM_014678 * PPP6R3 NM_018312 * RAD1Homo sapiens ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor (RNH), mRNA * RAD17 NM_002869 Essential for sustained cell growth, maintenance of chromosomal stability, and ATR-dependent checkpoint activation upon DNA damage * RAD23B NM_002873 *

RAD50 DNA repair protein RAD50, also known as RAD50, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAD50'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' Rad50, a protein involved in DNA double ...

NM_005732 *

RAD51C RAD51 homolog C (S. cerevisiae), also known as RAD51C, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''RAD51C'' gene. Function The RAD51C protein is one of five paralogs of RAD51, including RAD51B (RAD51L1), RAD51C (RAD51L2), RAD51D (RAD51L3 ...

NM_002874 * IST1 (locates to central dividing line of dividing cells)

Apoptosis

* DAD1 Defender against cell death *

DAP3 28S ribosomal protein S29, mitochondrial, also known as death-associated protein 3 (DAP3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DAP3'' gene on chromosome 1. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein of the mitochondrial ribosome (mitorib ...

Involved in mediating interferon-gamma-induced cell death. *

DAXX Death-associated protein 6 also known as Daxx is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DAXX'' gene. Function Daxx, a Death domain-associated protein, was first discovered through its cytoplasmic interaction with the classical death rece ...

Death Associated Protein 6

Oncogenes

ARAF Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf or simply A-Raf is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ARAF'' gene. A-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Compared to the other members of this fa ...

* MAZ (gene) *

MYC ''Myc'' is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors. The ''Myc'' family consists of three related human genes: ''c-myc'' ( MYC), ''l-myc'' (MYCL), and ''n-myc'' ( MYCN). ''c-myc'' (also sometimes refe ...

''also considered a transcription factor''

DNA repair/replication

MCM3AP 80 kDa MCM3-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MCM3AP'' gene. Function The minichromosome maintenance protein 3 (MCM3) is one of the MCM proteins essential for the initiation of DNA replication. The protein en ...

''possibly a primase'' * XRCC5 NM_021141

Ku80 Ku80 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''XRCC5'' gene. Together, Ku70 and Ku80 make up the Ku heterodimer, which binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA rep ...

* XRCC6 NM_001469 Homo sapiens thyroid autoantigen: Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Has a role in chromosome translocation.

Metabolism

* PRKAG1 ''Senses energy level and inactivates HMGCoA reductase and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase'' *

PRKAA1 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKAA1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family. It is the catalytic subunit of the 5' ...

NM_006251 Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism *

PRKAB1 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKAB1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting o ...

NM_006253 Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism *

PRKACA The catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A is a key regulatory enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKACA'' gene. This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating other proteins and substrates, changing their activity. Protein kinase A cata ...

NM_002730 Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. * PRKAG1 NM_002733 Homo sapiens protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit (PRKAG1), mRNA * PRKAR1A NM_002734 Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells * PRKRIP1 NM_024653 Binds double-stranded RNA. Inhibits EIF2AK2 kinase activity (By similarity).

Carbohydrate metabolism

* ALDOA * B3GALT6 NM_080605 * B4GALT3 NM_003779 Homo sapiens UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 3 *

B4GALT5 Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''B4GALT5'' gene. This gene is one of seven beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4GalT) genes. They encode type II membrane-bound glycoproteins that appear to have excl ...

NM_004776 * B4GALT7 NM_007255 *

GSK3A Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GSK3A'' gene. Glycogen synthase kinase 3-alpha is a multifunctional protein serine kinase, homologous to ''Drosophila'' 'shaggy' (zeste-white3) and implicated in th ...

GSK3B Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GSK3B'' gene. In mice, the enzyme is encoded by the Gsk3b gene. Abnormal regulation and expression of GSK-3 beta is associated with an increased suscept ...

* TPI1 *

PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PGK1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ...

Phosphoglycerate kinase * PGAM5 * ENOPH1 Enolase phosphatase * LDHA Lactate dehydrogenase * TALDO1 Transaldolase in pentose shunt * TSTA3 Mannose metabolism

Citric Acid Cycle

* SDHA NM_004168 Succinate Dehydrogenase subunit A *

SDHAF2 Succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2, formerly known as SDH5 and also known as SDH assembly factor 2 or SDHAF2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHAF2 gene. This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein needed for the flavina ...

NM_017841 * SDHB NM_002973 Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) * SDHC NM_003000 Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). * SDHD NM_003001

Lipid metabolism

HADHA Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial also known as hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HADHA'' gene. Mutatio ...

Trifunctional protein subunit alpha

Amino acid metabolism

* COMT Catechol-O-methyl transferase)

NADH dehydrogenase

* NDUFA2NM_002488 * NDUFA3 NM_004542 * NDUFA4 NM_002489 * NDUFA5 NM_005000 * NDUFA6 NM_002490 * NDUFA7 NM_005001 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 7, 14.5kDa * NDUFA8 NM_014222 * NDUFA9 NM_005002 * NDUFA10 NM_004544 * NDUFA11 NM_175614 * NDUFA12 NM_018838 * NDUFA13 NM_015965 * NDUFAF2 NM_174889 * NDUFAF3 NM_199069 * NDUFAF4 NM_014165 * NDUFB2 NM_004546 * NDUFB3 NM_002491 * NDUFB4 NM_004547 * NDUFB5 NM_002492 * NDUFB6 NM_002493 * NDUFB7 NM_004146 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 7, 18kDa * NDUFB10 NM_004548 * NDUFB11 NM_019056 * NDUFB8 NM_005004 * NDUFB9 NM_005005 * NDUFC1 NM_002494Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, subcomplex unknown, 1, 6kDa * NDUFC2 NM_004549 * NDUFC2-KCTD14 NM_001203260 * NDUFS5 * NDUFV2 * NDUFS2 NM_004550 * NDUFS3 NM_004551 * NDUFS4 NM_002495 * NDUFS5 NM_004552 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa * NDUFS6 NM_004553 *

NDUFS7 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur protein 7, mitochondrial, also knowns as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 20 kDa subunit, Complex I-20kD (CI-20kD), or PSST subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS7'' gene. The NDUFS7 pr ...

NM_024407 *

NDUFS8 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur protein 8, mitochondrial also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 23 kDa subunit, Complex I-23kD (CI-23kD), or TYKY subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS8'' gene. The NDUFS8 prot ...

NM_002496 * NDUFV1 NM_007103 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1, 51kDa (NDUFV1), * NDUFV2 NM_021074 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2, 24kDa (NDUFV2),

Cytochrome C oxidase

(Note that COX1, COX2, and COX3 are mitochondrially encoded) * COX4I1 001861 * COX5B NM_001862 * COX6B1 NM_001863 * COX6C NM_004374 * COX7A2 NM_001865 Homo sapiens cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa polypeptide 2 (liver) (COX7A2), * COX7A2L NM_004718 * COX7C NM_001867 * COX8 * COX8A NM_004074 Homo sapiens cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII (COX8), nuclear gene encoding * COX11 NM_004375 * COX14 NM_032901 *

COX15 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX15 homolog (COX15), also known as heme A synthase, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COX15'' gene. This protein localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane and involved in heme A biosynthes ...

NM_004376 * COX16 NM_016468 * COX19 NM_001031617 *

COX20 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor COX20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COX20 gene. This gene encodes a protein that plays a role in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase, an important component of the respiratory pathway. Mutation ...

NM_198076 *

CYC1 Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial (CYC1), also known as UQCR4, MC3DN6, Complex III subunit 4, Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 4, or Ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase complex cytochrome c1 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by ...

Homo sapiens cytochrome c-1 (CYC1) *

UQCC Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex chaperone CBP3 homolog is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UQCC'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of h ...

NM_018244 Required for the assembly of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) * UQCR10 NM_013387 *

UQCR11 UQCR11 (ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III sub-unit XI) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UQCR11'' gene. UQCR11 is the smallest known component of Complex III in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Structure The UQCR ...

NM_006830 Homo sapiens ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase (6.4kD) subunit (UQCR), mRNA *

UQCRB Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase binding protein, also known as UQCRB, Complex III subunit 7, QP-C, or Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex 14 kDa protein is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UQCRB gene. This gene encodes a subunit ...

NM_006294 *

UQCRC1 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UQCRC1'' gene. Its gene product is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase (UQCR, Complex III or Cytochrome bc1 ...

NM_003365 Homo sapiens ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein I (UQCRC1), mRNA *

UQCRC2 Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 2, mitochondrial (UQCRC2), also known as QCR2, UQCR2, or MC3DN5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UQCRC2'' gene. The product of ''UQCRC2'' is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cyt ...

NM_003366 * UQCRHL NM_001089591 *

UQCRQ Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit VII, 9.5kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UQCRQ'' gene. This ubiqinone-binding protein is a subunit of mitochondrial Complex III in the electron transport chain. A mutatio ...

NM_014402 Homo sapiens low molecular mass ubiquinone-binding protein (9.5kD) (QP-C), mRNA

ATPase

ATP2C1 Calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C member 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP2C1'' gene. This gene encodes one of the SPCA proteins, a Ca2+ ion-transporting P-type ATPase The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, ar ...

NM_014382 *

ATP5A1 ATP synthase F1 subunit alpha, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP5F1A'' gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electr ...

NM_004046 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha *

ATP5B ATP synthase F1 subunit beta, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP5F1B'' gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an el ...

NM_001686 *

ATP5C1 The human ATP5F1C gene encodes the gamma subunit of an enzyme called mitochondrial ATP synthase. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, utilizing an ...

NM_005174 * ATP5D NM_001687 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta * ATP5F1 NM_001688 * ATP5G2 NM_005176 * ATP5G3 NM_001689 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit c * ATP5H NM_006356 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit d * ATP5J NM_001685 *

ATP5J2 The ''ATP5MF'' gene encodes the ATP synthase subunit f, mitochondrial enzyme in humans. Function Mitochondrial ATP synthase ATP synthase is a protein that catalyzes the formation of the energy storage molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) u ...

NM_004889 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit f, * ATP5J2-PTCD1 NM_001198879 * ATP5L NM_006476 * ATP5O NM_001697 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit * ATP5S NM_015684 *

ATP5SL ATP synthase subunit s-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP5SL'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning '' ...

NM_018035 *

ATP6AP1 The human gene ATP6AP1 encodes the S1 subunit of the enzyme V-type proton ATPase. This gene encodes a component of a multisubunit enzyme (1 mDa MW) that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. Vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) is ...

NM_001183 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal interacting protein 1 (ATP6IP1), * ATP6V0A2 NM_012463 * ATP6V0B NM_004047 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 21kDa, V0 subunit c (ATP6V0B), * ATP6V0C NM_001694 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 16kDa, V0 subunit c (ATP6V0C), * ATP6V0D1 NM_004691 * ATP6V0E1 NM_003945 * ATP6V1C1 NM_001695 * ATP6V1D NM_015994 *

ATP6V1E1 V-type proton ATPase subunit E 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V1E1'' gene. This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles ...

NM_001696 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 31kDa, V1 subunit E isoform 1 * ATP6V1F NM_004231 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 14kDa, V1 subunit F (ATP6V1F), * ATP6V1G1 NM_004888 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13kDa, V1 subunit G isoform 1 * ATP6V1H NM_015941 *

ATPAF2 ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATPAF2'' gene. This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically ...

NM_145691 * ATPIF1 NM_016311

Lysosome

CTSD Cathepsin D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTSD'' gene. This gene encodes a lysosomal aspartyl protease composed of a protein dimer of disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, both produced from a single protein precursor. Cathe ...

can degrade insulin in hepatocytes * CSTB May protect cell from leaking lysosomes *

LAMP1 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) also known as lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 and CD107a (Cluster of Differentiation 107a), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LAMP1'' gene. The human ''LAMP1'' gene is loca ...

LAMP2 Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), also known as CD107b (Cluster of Differentiation 107b) and Mac-3, is a human gene. Its protein, LAMP2, is one of the lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins. The protein encoded by this gene is a ...

* M6PR

Proteasome

* PSMA1 NM_002786 *

PSMA2 Proteasome subunit alpha type-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMA2'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, constitutive beta subunits 1–7, and inducible subunits including beta1i, beta2 ...

NM_002787 * PSMA3 NM_002788 * PSMA4 NM_002789 * PSMA5 NM_002790 *

PSMA6 Proteasome subunit alpha type-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMA6'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, constitutive beta subunits 1–7, and inducible subunits including beta1i, beta2 ...

NM_002791 * PSMA7 NM_002792 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type, 7 (PSMA7), *

PSMB1 Proteasome subunit beta type-1 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-6 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB1'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1-7, const ...

NM_002793 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 1 (PSMB1), mRNA * PSMB2 NM_002794 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 2 (PSMB2), mRNA *

PSMB3 Proteasome subunit beta type-3, also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB3'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits that contribute to the complete assembly of the 20S protea ...

NM_002795 *

PSMB4 Proteasome subunit beta type-4 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-7 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB4'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, c ...

NM_002796 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 4 (PSMB4), mRNA *

PSMB5 Proteasome subunit beta type-5 as known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB5'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, constitutive beta subunits 1–7, and i ...

NM_002797 *

PSMB6 Proteasome subunit beta type-6 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-1 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB6'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1-7, con ...

NM_002798 *

PSMB7 Proteasome subunit beta type-7 as known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB7'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1-7, constitutive beta subunits 1-7, and indu ...

NM_002799 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 7 (PSMB7), mRNA *

PSMC2 26S protease regulatory subunit 7, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMC2'' gene This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex. ...

NM_002803 *

PSMC3 26S protease regulatory subunit 6A, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt5, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMC3'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex ...

NM_002804 *

PSMC4 26S protease regulatory subunit 6B, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMC4'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex ...

NM_006503 *

PSMC5 26S protease regulatory subunit 8, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt6, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMC5'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex ...

NM_002805 *

PSMC6 26S protease regulatory subunit S10B, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMC6'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome compl ...

NM_002806 *

PSMD1 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1, also as known as 26S Proteasome Regulatory Subunit Rpn2 (systematic nomenclature), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD1'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits tha ...

NM_002807 * PSMD10 NM_002814 * PSMD11 NM_002815 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 11 * PSMD12 NM_002816 * PSMD13 NM_002817 * PSMD14 NM_005805 * PSMD2 NM_002808 * PSMD3 NM_002809 *

PSMD4 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4, also as known as 26S Proteasome Regulatory Subunit Rpn10 (systematic nomenclature), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD4'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits that ...

NM_002810 * PSMD5 NM_005047 * PSMD6 NM_014814 * PSMD7 NM_002811 * PSMD8 NM_002812 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 8 (PSMD8), * PSMD9 NM_002813 * PSME2 NM_002818 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) activator subunit 2 (PA28 beta) * PSME3 NM_005789 * PSMF1 NM_006814 * PSMG2 NM_020232 * PSMG3 NM_032302 * PSMG4 NM_001128591 * UBA1 NM_003334 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (A1S9T and BN75 temperature *

UBA2 Ubiquitin-like 1-activating enzyme E1B (UBLE1B) also known as SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 2 (SAE2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBA2'' gene. Posttranslational modification of proteins by the addition of the small protein SU ...

NM_005499 * UBA3 NM_003968 * UBA5 NM_024818 * UBA52 NM_003333 * UBAC2 NM_177967 * UBALD1 NM_145253 * UBAP1 NM_016525 * UBAP2L NM_014847 * UBB NM_018955 Homo sapiens ubiquitin B (UBB), mRNA *

UBC The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a public research university with campuses near Vancouver and in Kelowna, British Columbia. Established in 1908, it is British Columbia's oldest university. The university ranks among the top three ...

NM_021009 Homo sapiens ubiquitin C (UBC), mRNA *

UBE2A Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2A'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiqui ...

NM_003336 *

UBE2B Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2B'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquit ...

NM_003337 *

UBE2D2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2D2'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degra ...

NM_003339 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 2 (UBC4/5 homolog, yeast) * UBE2D3 NM_003340 *

UBE2D4 UBE or Ube may refer to: * Ubiquitin-activating enzyme * Ube, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan * Uniform Bar Examination * Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy * Ube Industries, chemical company * Union bound estimate, a probability theory bound * Union of Boo ...

NM_015983 *

UBE2E1 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2E1'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degrad ...

NM_003341 *

UBE2E2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2E2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''gen ...

NM_152653 *

UBE2E3 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2E3'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiqui ...

NM_006357 *

UBE2F UBE or Ube may refer to: * Ubiquitin-activating enzyme * Ube, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan * Uniform Bar Examination * Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy * Ube Industries, chemical company * Union bound estimate, a probability theory bound * Union of Boo ...

NM_080678 * UBE2G2 NM_003343 *

UBE2H Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2H'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiqui ...

NM_003344 * UBE2I NM_003345 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I (UBC9 homolog, yeast) (UBE2I), * UBE2J1 NM_016021 * UBE2J2 NM_058167 * UBE2K NM_005339 *

UBE2L3 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3), also called UBCH7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2L3'' gene. As an E2 enzyme, UBE2L3 participates in ubiquitination to target proteins for degradation. The role of UBE2L3 in the ub ...

NM_003347 * UBE2M NM_003969 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M (UBC12 homolog, yeast) (UBE2M), *

UBE2N Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2N'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degrada ...

NM_003348 * UBE2NL NM_001012989 * UBE2Q1 NM_017582 * UBE2R2 NM_017811 * UBE2V1 NM_021988 * UBE2V2 NM_003350 *

UBE2W UBE or Ube may refer to: * Ubiquitin-activating enzyme * Ube, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan * Uniform Bar Examination * Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy * Ube Industries, chemical company * Union bound estimate, a probability theory bound * Union of Bo ...

NM_018299 * UBE2Z NM_023079 *

UBE3A Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE3A'' gene. This enzyme is involved in targeting proteins for degradation within cells. Protein degradation ...

NM_000462 * UBE3B NM_130466 *

UBE3C Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE3C'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' ...

NM_014671 * UBE4A NM_004788 * UBE4B NM_006048 * USP10 NM_005153 *

USP14 Ubiquitin-specific protease 14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP14'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the ubiquitin-specific processing (UBP) family of proteases that is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) with His and Cys domains ...

NM_005151 *

USP16 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 16 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP16'' gene. This gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that is phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis and then dephosphorylated at the metaphase/anap ...

NM_006447 * USP19 NM_006677 * USP22 NM_015276 * USP25 NM_013396 * USP27X NM_001145073 *

USP33 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 33 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP33'' gene. Interactions USP33 has been shown to interact with DIO2 Type II iodothyronine deiodinase (''iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase'', ''iodothyronine ...

NM_015017 * USP38 NM_032557 * USP39 NM_006590 * USP4 NM_003363 * USP47 NM_017944 *

USP5 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP5'' gene. Interactions USP5 has been shown to interact with TADA3L Transcriptional adapter 3-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TADA3'' gene. ...

NM_003481 *

USP7 Ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7), also known as ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 7 or herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP7'' gene. Function Regula ...

NM_003470 *

USP8 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP8'' gene. Interactions USP8 has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 5 ...

NM_005154 * USP9X NM_001039590

Ribonuclease

*RNH Ribonuclease inhibitor

Thioreductase

TXN2 Thioredoxin, mitochondrial also known as thioredoxin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TXN2'' gene on chromosome 22. This nuclear gene encodes a mitochondrial member of the thioredoxin family, a group of small multifunctional redo ...

NM_012473 * TXNDC11 NM_015914 * TXNDC12 NM_015913 * TXNDC15 NM_024715 * TXNDC17 NM_032731 * TXNDC9 NM_005783 * TXNL1 NM_004786 * TXNL4A NM_006701 * TXNL4B NM_017853 *

TXNRD1 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''TXNRD1'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the family of pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductases. This protein reduces thioredoxins as well as other substrates, and ...

NM_003330

Structural

Cytoskeletal

ANXA6 Annexin A6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ANXA6'' gene. Function Annexin VI belongs to a family of calcium-dependent membrane and phospholipid binding proteins. Although their functions are still not clearly defined, several ...

* ANXA7 *

ARPC1A Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARPC1A'' gene. This gene encodes one of seven subunits of the human Arp2/3 protein complex. This subunit is a member of the SOP2 family of proteins and ...

Actin-related peptide * ARPC2 * ARPC5L * CAPZA2 * CAPZB * RHOA ''also implicated in regulation of cell cycle'' * RHOB * RHOT1 mitochondrial trafficking * RHOT2 * TUBB Tubulin, beta polypeptide * WDR1 actin disassembly?

Organelle synthesis

''A specialized form of cell signaling'' *

BLOC1S1 Biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BLOC1S1'' gene. BLOC1S1 is a component of the ubiquitously expressed BLOC1 multisubunit protein complex. BLOC1 is required for normal bi ...

BLOC1S2 Biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BLOC1S2'' gene. Interactions BLOC1S2 has been shown to interact with BLOC1S1, SNAPAP, MUTED Protein Muted homolog is a protein that ...

NM_173809 * BLOC1S3NM_212550 * BLOC1S4NM_018366 * BLOC1S6NM_012388 *

AP1G1 AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP1G1'' gene. Function Adaptins are important components of clathrin-coated vesicles transporting ligand-receptor complexes from the plasma membrane or from the tra ...

NM_001128 *

AP1M1 AP-1 complex subunit mu-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP1M1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is the medium chain of the trans-Golgi network clathrin-associated protein complex AP-1. The other components of ...

NM_032493 * AP2A1 NM_014203 * AP2A2 NM_012305 *

AP2M1 AP-2 complex subunit mu is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP2M1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of the heterotetrameric coat assembly protein complex 2 (AP2), which belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunits f ...

AP2S1 AP-2 complex subunit sigma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP2S1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation' ...

NM_004069 * AP3B1 NM_003664 * AP3D1 NM_003938 * AP3M1 NM_012095 * AP3S1 NM_001284 * AP3S2 NM_005829 *

AP4B1 AP-4 complex subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP4B1'' gene. Function The heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes sort integral membrane proteins at various stages of the endocytic and secretory pathways. ...

NM_006594 * AP5M1 NM_018229 *

Annexin 6 * ANXA7 Annexin 7 * AP1B1 Coated vesicles * CLTA Clathrin A (vesicles) * CLTB Clathrin B (vesicles) *

CLTC Clathrin heavy chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLTC'' gene. Clathrin is a major protein component of the cytoplasmic face of intracellular organelles, called coated vesicles and coated pits. These specialized organelles ...

Mitochondrion

* MTX2

Surface

* CD81 * GPAA1 * LGALS9 *

MGAT2 Alpha-1,6-mannosyl-glycoprotein 2-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MGAT2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian un ...

* MGAT4B *

VAMP3 Vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VAMP3'' gene. Function Synaptobrevins/VAMPs, syntaxins, and the 25-kD synaptosomal-associated protein are the main components of a protein complex involved ...

Cell adhesion

* CTNNA1 NM_001903 *

CTNNB1 Catenin beta-1, also known as beta-catenin (β-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTNNB1'' gene. Beta-catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell–cell adhesion and gene transcrip ...

* CTNNBIP1 NM_020248 * CTNNBL1 NM_030877 *

CTNND1 p120, and called catenin delta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNND1 gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the Armadillo protein family, which function in adhesion between cells and signal transduction. Multiple transl ...

NM_001085458 delta catenin

Channels and transporters

* ABCB10 NM_012089 * ABCB7 NM_004299 * ABCD3 NM_002857 *

ABCE1 ATP-binding cassette sub-family E member 1 (ABCE1) also known as RNase L inhibitor (RLI) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ABCE1 gene. ABCE1 is an ATPase that is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters superfamily an ...

NM_002939 * ABCF1 NM_001090 * ABCF2 NM_005692 * ABCF3 NM_018358 * CALM1

Calmodulin Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and the bind ...

grasps calcium ions * MFSD11 NM_024311 similar to MSFD10 aka TETRAN or tetracycline transporter-like protein * MFSD12 NM_174983 * MFSD3 NM_138431 * MFSD5 NM_032889 * SLC15A4 NM_145648 *

SLC20A1 Sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC20A1'' gene. Retrovirus receptors allow infection of human and murine cells by various retroviruses. The receptors that have been identified at the molecu ...

NM_005415 *

SLC25A11 Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A11'' gene. Inactivating mutations in this gene predispose to metastasic paraganglioma A paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm ...

mitochondrial oxoglutarate/malate carrier * SLC25A26 NM_173471 * SLC25A28 NM_031212 * SLC25A3 NM_002635 * SLC25A32 NM_030780 *

SLC25A38 Mitochondrial glycine transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A38'' gene. SLC25A38 is involved in mitochondrial handling of glycine and is needed for the first step in heme synthesis. Mutations in this gene can lead to an ...

NM_017875 * SLC25A39 NM_016016 * SLC25A44 NM_014655 *

SLC25A46 Solute carrier family 25 member 46 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A46'' gene. This protein is a member of the SLC25 mitochondrial solute carrier family. It is a transmembrane protein located in the mitochondrial outer memb ...

NM_138773 * SLC25A5 NM_001152 * SLC27A4 NM_005094 * SLC30A1 NM_021194 * SLC30A5 NM_022902 * SLC30A9 NM_006345 * SLC35A2 NM_005660 * SLC35A4 NM_080670 * SLC35B1 NM_005827 * SLC35B2 NM_178148 * SLC35C2 NM_015945 * SLC35E1 NM_024881 * SLC35E3 NM_018656 * SLC35F5 NM_025181 * SLC38A2 NM_018976 *

SLC39A1 Zinc transporter ZIP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A1'' gene. The protein ZIP1 is responsible for the active transport of zinc into prostate cells. In many prostate cancer Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate. Pr ...

NM_014437 *

SLC39A3 Zinc transporter ZIP3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ...

NM_144564 *

SLC39A7 Zinc transporter SLC39A7 (ZIP7), also known as solute carrier family 39 member 7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A7'' gene. Its fruit fly orthologue is ''Catsup''. Function Zinc is an essential cofactor for more than ...

NM_006979 * SLC41A3 NM_017836 * SLC46A3 NM_181785 * SLC48A1 NM_017842

Receptors

ACVR1 Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR1'' gene; also known as ALK-2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2). ACVR1 has been linked to the 2q23-24 region of the genome. This protein is important in the b ...

NM_001105 similar to ACVRL1 TGF Beta receptor family '' Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome'' * ACVR1B NM_004302 *

CD23 CD23, also known as Fc epsilon RII, or FcεRII, is the "low-affinity" receptor for IgE, an antibody isotype involved in allergy and resistance to parasites, and is important in regulation of IgE levels. Unlike many of the antibody receptors, CD23 ...

FCER2 low affinity IgE receptor (lectin)

HLA/immunoglobulin/cell recognition

aka DDX39B which is involved in RNA splicing * BSG Basigin Immunoglobulin Superfamily, extracelluar metalloproteinase *MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor * TAPBP

Kinases/signalling

* ADRBK1 can downregulate response to epinephrine * AGPAT1 acyl 3 phosphoglycerol acyl transferase *

ARF1 ADP-ribosylation factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARF1'' gene. Function ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) is a member of the human ARF gene family. The family members encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins tha ...

* ARF3 * ARF4 * ARF5 *

ARL2 ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARL2'' gene. Function * The ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) genes are small GTP-binding proteins of the RAS superfamily. ARL2 is a member of a functionally ...

RAS Superfamily *

CSF1 The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which causes hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. Eukaryotic cells also ...

Colony stimulating factor ''not highly expressed constitutively at 5-12'' *CSK

C-src tyrosine kinase Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK also known as C-terminal Src kinase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the CSK gene. This enzyme phosphorylates tyrosine residues located in the C-terminal end of Src-family kinases (SFKs) including SRC, HC ...

*DCT dopachrome tautomerase * EFNA3 *

FKBP1A Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP1A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''FKBP1A'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the immunophilin protein family, which play a role in immunoregulation and basi ...

GDI1 Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GDI1'' gene. Function GDP dissociation inhibitors are proteins that regulate the GDP-GTP exchange reaction of members of the rab family, small GTP-binding pr ...

GDP Dissociation inhibitor (Rab family) *

GNAS1 GNAS complex locus is a gene locus in humans. Its main product is the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit Gs-α, a key component of G protein-coupled receptor-regulated adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathways. GNAS stands for Guanine Nu ...

ubiquitously expressed, but differentially imprinted *

GNAI2 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i), alpha-2 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GNAI2'' gene. Interactions GNAI2 has been shown to interact with: * EYA2, * GPSM2, * Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha, * MDFI, * RGS5, ...

* HAX1 associated with tyrosine kinases * ILK Integrin linked kinase *

MAPKAPK2 MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPKAPK2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This kinase is regulated through direct phosphorylation by p38 M ...

MAP2K2 Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAP2K2'' gene. It is more commonly known as MEK2, but has many alternative names including CFC4, MKK2, MAPKK2 and PRKMK2. Function The ...

MAP3K11 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAP3K11'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is called MLK3 and it is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family. This kinase co ...

* PITPNM Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein * RAC1 Ro GTPase involved with many signaling pathways *

RAP1B Ras-related protein Rap-1b, also known as GTP-binding protein smg p21B, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAP1B'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian ...

GTPase involved with cell adhesion *

RAGA A ''raga'' or ''raag'' (; also ''raaga'' or ''ragam''; ) is a melodic framework for improvisation in Indian classical music akin to a melodic mode. The ''rāga'' is a unique and central feature of the classical Indian music tradition, and as ...

Ras-related GTP Binding *

STK19 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 19 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''STK19'' gene. This gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase which localizes predominantly to the nucleus. Its specific function is unknown; it is possible that phosph ...

STK24 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''STK24'' gene located in the chromosome 13, band q32.2. It is also known as Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 3 (MST-3). The protein is 443 amino acids long and its ...

Serine/Threonine Kinase * STK25 *

YWHAB 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''YWHAB'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein belonging to the 14-3-3 family of proteins, members of which mediate signal transduction by binding to phosphoserine-c ...

Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta polypeptide *

YWHAH 14-3-3 protein eta also referred to as 14-3-3η is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''YWHAH'' gene. Function This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins that are normally intracellular in nature and help to mediate si ...

Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, h polypeptide * YWHAQ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, theta polypeptide * YWHAZ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide

Growth factors

* AIF1 * HDGF Hepatoma derived growth factor ''(translocates to nucleus)'' * HGS * LTBP4 * VEGFB * ZFP36L1

Tissue necrosis factor

CD40 Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a costimulatory protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 ( CD40L) on TH cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of d ...

formerly TNFRSF5

Casein kinase

CSNK1E Casein kinase I isoform epsilon is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK1E'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase and a member of the casein kinase I protein family, whose members hav ...

CSNK2B Casein kinase II subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK2B'' gene. This gene encodes the beta subunit of casein kinase II, a ubiquitous protein kinase which regulates metabolic pathways, signal transduction, transcript ...

Miscellaneous

ALAS1 Delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 also known as ALAS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ALAS1'' gene. ALAS1 is an aminolevulinic acid synthase. Delta-aminolevulinate synthase catalyzes the condensation of glycine with succinyl-CoA ...

Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase type 1 (type 2 is erythroid and associated with porphyria) *

ARHGEF2 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF2'' gene. Function Rho GTPases play a fundamental role in numerous cellular processes that are initiated by extracellular stimuli that work through ...

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor * ARMET Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor * AES amino terminal enhancer of split * BECN1 involved in autophagy and partners with PI3K * BUD31 formerly Maternal G10 transcript *

Creatine kinase Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme () expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phosp ...

CKB (ATP reservoir) *

Cytidine deaminase Cytidine deaminase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CDA'' gene. This gene encodes an enzyme involved in pyrimidine salvaging. The encoded protein forms a homotetramer that catalyzes the irreversible hydrolytic deamination of cytidi ...

''questionable: not present in very high levels at all'' *

CPNE1 Copine-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CPNE1'' gene. Calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins may regulate molecular events at the interface of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. This gene encodes a calcium-dependent protei ...

* ENSA (gene) * FTH1 Heavy chain of Ferritin * GDI2 rab/ras vesicular trafficking * GUK1 Guanylate kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to GMP * HPRT Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase * IFITM1 ''Induced by interferon, transmembrane protein'' * JTB (gene) Jumping translocation breakpoint * MMPL2 *

NME2 Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NME2'' gene. Function Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) exists as a hexamer composed of 'A' (encoded by NME1) and 'B' (encoded by this gene) isoforms. Multiple a ...

(formerly NM23B) Nucleoside diphosphate kinase *

NONO Nono may refer to: Places * Nono, Argentina, a municipality in the Province of Córdoba * Nono, Ecuador, a parish in the municipality of Quito in the province of Pichincha * Nono, Illubabor, Oromia (woreda), Ethiopia, or Nono Sele ** Nono, I ...

P4HB Protein disulfide-isomerase, also known as the beta- subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HB), is an enzyme that in humans encoded by the ''P4HB'' gene. The human ''P4HB'' gene is localized in chromosome 17q25. Unlike other prolyl 4-hydroxylase fami ...

PRDX1 Peroxiredoxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PRDX1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. The encoded protein ...

peroxiredoxin (reduces peroxides) * PTMA Prothymosin * RPA2 Binds DNA during replication to keep it straightened out *

SULT1A3 Sulfotransferase 1A3/1A4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''SULT1A3'' gene. Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are ...

Sulfate conjugation ''(note: SULT1C is cited in earlier literature as being ubiquitous but this may be an example of different tags being used to refer to a common area of 2 closely related genes. If the tag is too short, then it may not be specific enough to truly specify one member of a gene family from another)'' * SYNGR2 Synaptogyrin (may participate in vesicle translocation) * Tetratricopeptide,

TTC1 Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TTC1'' gene. Interactions TTC1 has been shown to interact with HSPA4 Heat shock 70 kDa protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HSPA4'' gene. ...

''small glutamine rich tetratricopeptide''

Open_reading_frame

* C11Orf13 * C14orf2 * C21orf33

Sperm/Testis

''Although this page is devoted to genes that should be ubiquitously expressed, this section is for genes whose current name reflects their relative upregulation in testes'' *SPAG7 *SRM (gene), SRM Spermidine synthase *TEGT ''Bax-1 inhibitor'' *DAZAP2 ''Deleted in azoospermia'' *MEA1 Male enhanced antigen

References

External links

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Housekeeping Gene Genes Gene expression