hdparm is a
command line
A command-line interpreter or command-line processor uses a command-line interface (CLI) to receive commands from a user in the form of lines of text. This provides a means of setting parameters for the environment, invoking executables and pro ...
program for
Linux
Linux ( or ) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, whi ...
to set and view
ATA hard disk drive
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with mag ...
hardware parameters and test
performance
A performance is an act of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other form of entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task, or function.
Management science
In the work place ...
. It can set parameters such as drive caches, sleep mode, power management, acoustic management, and
DMA
DMA may refer to:
Arts
* DMA (magazine), ''DMA'' (magazine), a defunct dance music magazine
* Dallas Museum of Art, an art museum in Texas, US
* Danish Music Awards, an award show held in Denmark
* BT Digital Music Awards, an annual event in the U ...
settings.
GParted
GParted (acronym of GNOME Partition Editor) is a GTK front-end to GNU Parted and an official GNOME partition-editing application (alongside Disks). GParted is used for creating, deleting, resizing, moving, checking, and copying disk partitio ...
and
Parted Magic
Parted Magic is a commercial Linux distribution based on Slackware that comes with disk partitioning and data recovery tools. It is sold as a Linux-based bootable disk. The distribution's nomenclature is derived from the names of the GNU Parted ...
both include ''hdparm''.
Changing hardware parameters from suboptimal conservative defaults to their optimal settings can improve performance greatly. For example, turning on DMA can, in some instances, double or triple data throughput. There is, however, no reliable method for determining the optimal settings for a given controller-drive combination, except careful trial and error.
Depending on the given parameters, ''hdparm'' can cause computer crashes or render the data on the disk inaccessible.
Usage examples
hdparm has to be run with special privileges, otherwise it will either not be found or the requested actions will not be executed properly.
Display information of the hard drive:
sudo hdparm -I
/dev/sda
In Unix-like operating systems, a device file or special file is an interface to a device driver that appears in a file system as if it were an ordinary file. There are also special files in DOS, OS/2, and Windows. These special files allow a ...
Turn on
DMA
DMA may refer to:
Arts
* DMA (magazine), ''DMA'' (magazine), a defunct dance music magazine
* Dallas Museum of Art, an art museum in Texas, US
* Danish Music Awards, an award show held in Denmark
* BT Digital Music Awards, an annual event in the U ...
for the first hard drive:
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/sda
Test device read performance speed (-t for timing buffered disk reads) of the first hard drive:
sudo hdparm -t /dev/sda
Enable energy saving spindown after inactivity (24*5=120 seconds):
sudo hdparm -S 24 /dev/sda
To retain hdparm settings after a software reset, run:
sudo hdparm -K 1 /dev/sda
Enable read-ahead:
sudo hdparm -A 1 /dev/sda
Change its acoustic management, at the cost of read/write performance (Some drives, such as newer WD drives and all SSDs, ignore this setting.):
sudo hdparm -M 128 /dev/sda
If the disk synchronisation intervals are too short, then even small amounts of data will be written to disk which can have severe consequences for its lifespan. The better way would be to collect small data into bigger chunks and wait until the chunk is big enough to be written to disk.
Current web browsers like Chrome write regularly small chunks when browsing in order not to lose any important data when the application crashes. However, this lets the disk spin very often as the drive repeatedly needs to unleash and then park its heads. The generated noises can be thus regarded as distracting by the user. To circumvent this issue, the user can switch the drive to the lowest degree of power management (next value, 255, turns power management off):
hdparm -B 254 /dev/sda
Additionally, changing the value of /proc/sys/vm/dirty_expire_centisecs can have an effect on the performance. It sets the flush interval when dirty pages are written to disk.
These commands are only effective in the long-run if the user makes the changes persistent. However, the settings the user can set via hdparm are reverted each time the system is rebooted. Therefore, it might be wise to restore the personal settings upon boot. An appropriate place that exists in most Linux distributions is the /etc/rc.local script.
See also
*
ATATool for Windows
References
External links
*{{SourceForge, hdparm, hdparm
man page
Free system software
Data erasure software
Software using the BSD license