Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the

phylogenetically In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups ...

equivalent

mutation In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral replication, m ...

Page23/F8/F42) is a

subclade In genetics, a subclade is a subgroup of a haplogroup. Naming convention Although human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups and subclades are named in a similar manner, their names belong to completely separate sy ...

of O2a2b1-M134 (and also a subclade of haplogroup O2-M122) that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, and Korea, especially among

Sino-Tibetan language Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages. ...

speaking people. O2-M117 has been detected in samples of

Tamang The Tamang (; Devanagari: तामाङ; ''tāmāṅ'') are an Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group of Nepal. In Nepal Tamang/Moormi people constitute 5.6% of the Nepalese population at over 1.3 million in 2001, increasing to 1,539,830 as of the 2011 ...

(38/45 = 84.4%),

Tibetans The Tibetan people (; ) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 6.7 million. In addition to the majority living in Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans liv ...

(45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%),

Han Taiwanese Han Taiwanese, Taiwanese Han (), Taiwanese Han Chinese, or Han Chinese are Taiwanese people of full or partial ethnic Han descent. According to the Executive Yuan of Taiwan, they comprise 95 to 97 percent of the Taiwanese population, which als ...

(40/183 = 21.9%),

Newars Newar (; new, नेवार, endonym: Newa; new, नेवा, Pracalit script:) or Nepami, are the historical inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilisat ...

(14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of

Kathmandu, Nepal , pushpin_map = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal#Asia , coordinates = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 = Province , subdivision_name1 = Bagmati Provi ...

(13/77 = 16.9%),

Han Chinese The Han Chinese () or Han people (), are an East Asian ethnic group native to China. They constitute the world's largest ethnic group, making up about 18% of the global population and consisting of various subgroups speaking distinctive v ...

(5/34 = 14.7%

Chengdu Chengdu (, ; simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), alternatively romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese provin ...

, 5/35 = 14.3%

Harbin Harbin (; mnc, , v=Halbin; ) is a sub-provincial city and the provincial capital and the largest city of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, as well as the second largest city by urban population after Shenyang and largest c ...

, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0%

Lanzhou Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...

, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili),

Tungusic peoples Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia. The Tungusic phylum is divided into two main branches, northern (Evenic ...

from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Evenki, 5/35 = 14.3%

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) an ...

, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), and

Uyghurs The Uyghurs; ; ; ; zh, s=, t=, p=Wéiwú'ěr, IPA: ( ), alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central Asia, Cent ...

(2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2%

Ürümqi Ürümqi ( ; also spelled Ürümchi or without umlauts), formerly known as Dihua (also spelled Tihwa), is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China. Ürümqi developed its ...

) (Xue et al. 2006, Gayden et al. 2007, and Fornarino et al. 2009). Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples (7/20 = 35.0% Mountain Straggler Mien, 9/28 = 32.1% Blue Kimmun, 6/19 = 31.6% Flower Head Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Top Board Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Thin Board Mien, 11/47 = 23.4% Western Mien, 6/33 = 18.2% Northern Mien, 5/31 = 16.1% Lowland Yao, 5/35 = 14.3% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 5/37 = 13.5% Zaomin, 5/41 = 12.2% Lowland Kimmun, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien, 2/32 = 6.3% Mountain Kimmun, but 0/35 Yao from Bama, Guangxi), She (6/34 = 17.6% She, 4/56 = 7.1% Northern She), and Hmongic peoples (9/100 = 9.0% Miao from

Hunan Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangx ...

, 4/51 = 7.8% Hmong Daw from northern

Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist s ...

, 3/49 = 6.1% Miao from

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...

, 1/49 = 2.0% Miao from

Guizhou Guizhou (; Postal romanization, formerly Kweichow) is a landlocked Provinces of China, province in the Southwest China, southwest region of the China, People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Guiyang, in the center of the pr ...

, but 0/36 Bunu from

Guangxi Guangxi (; ; alternately romanized as Kwanghsi; ; za, Gvangjsih, italics=yes), officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GZAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam ...

) (Cai et al. 2011 and Xue et al. 2006). In

Meghalaya Meghalaya (, or , meaning "abode of clouds"; from Sanskrit , "cloud" + , "abode") is a state in northeastern India. Meghalaya was formed on 21 January 1972 by carving out two districts from the state of Assam: (a) the United Khasi Hills and J ...

, a predominantly tribal state of

Northeast India , native_name_lang = mni , settlement_type = , image_skyline = , image_alt = , image_caption = , motto = , image_map = Northeast india.png , ...

, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the

Tibeto-Burman The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people spea ...

-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32

Bhoi In Maharashtra and Gujarat, their traditional occupations include acting as palanquin-bearers. The Bhoi are also found in Assam Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak ...

to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes (Reddy et al. 2007).

Origin

The earliest attested genealogical split within haplogroup O-M117, that between O-M133 and O-M117(xM133), is estimated to have occurred approximately 12,600 5% CI 11,300 <-> 14,000ybp. However, members of O-M117(xM133) are quite rare among extant humans. O-M117(xM133) has been observed in 2.2% (1/46) of the CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing, China) sample of the

1000 Genomes Project The 1000 Genomes Project (abbreviated as 1KGP), launched in January 2008, was an international research effort to establish by far the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation. Scientists planned to sequence the genomes of at least one th ...

. In commercial testing, O-MF1380 or O-CTS4960, which belongs to O-M117(xM133), has been found in one individual who has reported an origin in

Guangdong Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020 ...

, one individual who has reported an origin in

Jiangsu Jiangsu (; ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu) is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with it ...

, one individual who has reported an origin in

Chongqing Chongqing ( or ; ; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Chungking (), is a municipality in Southwest China. The official abbreviation of the city, "" (), was approved by the State Co ...

, one individual who has reported an origin in Indonesia, and one individual who has reported an origin in Japan. O-M117(xM133) also has been found in 1.5% (2/133) of a sample collected in

Daejeon Daejeon () is South Korea's fifth-largest metropolis, with a population of 1.5 million as of 2019. Located in the central-west region of South Korea alongside forested hills and the Geum River, the city is known both for its technology an ...

, South Korea and in 1.0% (6/573) of a sample collected in

Seoul Seoul (; ; ), officially known as the Seoul Special City, is the Capital city, capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.Before 1972, Seoul was the ''de jure'' capital of the North Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea ...

, South Korea. According to 23mofang, members of O-M117(xM133) comprise a subclade called O-CTS4960 (TMRCA 8,160 ybp), which is relatively concentrated in central, eastern, and northeastern areas of China, currently accounting for approximately 0.51% of the total population of males in China. The most recent common ancestor of all extant members of the O-M133 subclade, which predominates among extant members of O-M117, is estimated to have lived in a significantly less ancient era: 7,600 5% CI 6,400 <-> 8,900ybp according to YFull, 7,455 5% CI 6,514 <-> 8,500years ago according to Karmin ''et al.'' 2015, or 7,500 or 6,400 years ago (depending on which estimate of the mutation rate is used) according to Poznik ''et al.'' 2016.

Distribution

China

Haplogroup O-M117 or O-M133 has been found often in samples of

from various parts of China: 10/34 = 29.4% O-M133

Hakka The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the no ...

, 57/258 = 22.1% O-M133 miscellaneous Han volunteers in

, 4/19 = 21.1%

Fujian Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its ...

(

CHS CHS may refer to: Businesses and organizations Healthcare bodies * Canadian Hemophilia Society, a non-profit * Center for Healthy Sex, a therapy center in Los Angeles, U.S. * Community Health Systems, an American hospital network Other businesse ...

), 12/60 = 20.0% O-M133 Minnan in

, 29/167 = 17.4%

East China East China () is a geographical and a loosely defined cultural region that covers the eastern coastal area of China. A concept abolished in 1978, for economical purposes the region was defined from 1949 to 1961 by the Chinese Central Governme ...

, 21/129 = 16.3%

North China North China, or Huabei () is a geographical region of China, consisting of the provinces of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. Part of the larger region of Northern China (''Beifang''), it lies north of the Qinling–Hu ...

, 7/46 = 15.2%

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the Capital city, capital of the China, People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's Li ...

( CHB), 5/34 = 14.7%

, 5/35 = 14.3%

, 9/65 = 13.8%

South China South China () is a geographical and cultural region that covers the southernmost part of China. Its precise meaning varies with context. A notable feature of South China in comparison to the rest of China is that most of its citizens are not n ...

, 7/55 = 12.7% O-M133

, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 75/689 = 10.9%

Pudong Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name ''Pudong'' was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city ...

,Zhang, X.; Tang, Z.; Wang, B.; Zhou, X.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, G.; Tian, J.; Zhao, Y.; Yao, Z.; Tian, L.; ''et al.'' "Forensic Analysis and Genetic Structure Construction of Chinese Chongming Island Han Based on Y Chromosome STRs and SNPs." ''Genes'' 2022, 13, 1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13081363 3/30 = 10.0%

, 50/530 = 9.4%

Chongming Island Chongming, formerly known as Chungming, is an alluvial island at the mouth of the Yangtze River in eastern China covering as of 2010. Together with the islands Changxing and Hengsha, it forms Chongming District, the northernmost area of the ...

, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili, 1/37 = 2.7%

(

). Members of haplogroup O-M117 also have been found among various ethnic minorities in China, such as

(13/35 = 37.1%, 45/156 = 28.8%), Dai (13/52 = 25.0%

CDX The Cdx gene family, also called caudal genes, are a group of genes found in many animal genomes. Cdx genes contain a homeobox DNA sequence and code for proteins that act as transcription factors. The gene after which the gene family is named (the ...

, or Chinese Dai in

Xishuangbanna Xishuangbanna, Sibsongbanna or Sipsong Panna ( Tham: , New Tai Lü script: ; ; th, สิบสองปันนา; lo, ສິບສອງພັນນາ; shn, သိပ်းသွင်ပၼ်းၼႃး; my, စစ်ဆောင်� ...

She people The She people (; Shehua: ; Cantonese: , Fuzhou: ) are an ethnic group in China. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. The She are the largest ethnic minority in Fujian, Zhejiang, and J ...

(6/34 = 17.6%),

Koreans Koreans ( South Korean: , , North Korean: , ; see names of Korea) are an East Asian ethnic group native to the Korean Peninsula. Koreans mainly live in the two Korean nation states: North Korea and South Korea (collectively and simply r ...

(4/25 = 16.0% Koreans in the PRC), Hezhe (7/45 = 15.6%),

Evenks The Evenks (also spelled Ewenki or Evenki based on their endonym )Autonym: (); russian: Эвенки (); (); formerly known as Tungus or Tunguz; mn, Хамниган () or Aiwenji () are a Tungusic people of North Asia. In Russia, the Eve ...

(4/26 = 15.4%),

(5/35 = 14.3%), Yao in

Liannan Liannan Yao Autonomous County ( postal: Linnam; ) is located in the north of Guangdong province, China, and is part of Qingyuan prefecture-level city. More than half the population of the county is part of the Yao people. Climate See also * A ...

(5/35 = 14.3%),

Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member ...

(5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian), Qiang (3/33 = 9.1%),

Daurs The Daur people (Khalkha Mongolian: Дагуур, ''Daguur''; ) are a Mongolic people in Northeast China. The Daur form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognised in the People's Republic of China. They numbered 131,992 according to the la ...

(3/39 = 7.7% Daur),

Hani Hani may refer to: People * Hani (name) * Hani (producer), a record producer and remixer from New York City * Hani (singer), a South Korean singer and member of EXID * Hani people, an ethnic group of China and Vietnam Places * Hani, an island in ...

(2/34 = 5.9%), Xibe (2/41 = 4.9%),

(3/70 = 4.3%), Oroqen (1/31 = 3.2%),

Buyi The Bouyei (also spelled ''Puyi'', ''Buyei'' and ''Buyi''; self called: Buxqyaix, or "Puzhong", "Burao", "Puman"; ; vi, người Bố Y), otherwise known as the Zhongjia, are an ethnic group living in Southern Mainland China. Numbering 2.5 mi ...

(1/35 = 2.9%), and Hui (1/35 = 2.9%). Yan ''et al.'' (2014) have estimated that 16% of the present Han Chinese should be patrilineal descendants of a certain ancestor belonging to haplogroup O-M117 who has initiated a star-like population expansion dated to the Late Neolithic (5,400 5% CI 4,100 <-> 6,700years before present), which the authors have dubbed "Oα." According to 23mofang, haplogroup O-M117 (TMRCA 13,190 years) accounts for about 16.27% of the total male population of China, with most members of O-M117 belonging to its O-F8 subclade (TMRCA 7,030 years), this latter subclade accounting for the Y-DNA of about 15.71% of all present-day Chinese males.Phylogenetic tree of human Y-DNA at 23mofang
/ref>

India

In a study of the DNA of

Adivasi The Adivasi refers to inhabitants of Indian subcontinent, generally tribal people. The term is a Sanskrit word coined in the 1930s by political activists to give the tribal people an indigenous identity by claiming an indigenous origin. The t ...

populations in the state of

, Reddy ''et al.'' (2007) found O-M133 in 19.7% (14/71)

Garo Garo may refer to: People and languages * Garo people, a tribal people in India ** Garo language, the language spoken by the Garo tribe Places * Kingdom of Garo, a former kingdom in southern Ethiopia * Garo, Colorado * Garo Hills, part of the Ga ...

, 13.6% (6/44) Pnar, 11.1% (2/18) Nongtrai, 8.3% (5/60) Lyngngam, 6.9% (2/29) War-Khasi, 6.3% (4/64) Maram, 5.3% (1/19) War-Jaintia, 2.3% (2/87) Khynriam, and 0% (0/32) Bhoi. The Garo natively speak the

Garo language Garo, also referred to by its endonym A•chikku, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India in the Garo Hills districts of Meghalaya, some parts of Assam, and in small pockets in Tripura. It is also spoken in certain areas of the neighbourin ...

, whereas all the other studied populations natively speak

Khasic languages The Khasic or Khasian languages are a family of Austroasiatic languages spoken in the northeastern Indian state Meghalaya and neighbouring areas of Bangladesh. Languages Sidwell (2018: 27–31) classifies the Khasian languages as follows. ;Proto ...

. In another study that included populations in Meghalaya, Kumar ''et al.'' (2007) found O-M133 in 9.8% (9/92) Khasi and 9.1% (3/33) Garo. A study of populations of northern West Bengal and Sikkim published in 2011 found O-M117 in 57.7% (15/26) Rabha, 47.4% (9/19)

Mech In science fiction, or mechs are giant robots or machines controlled by people, typically depicted as humanoid walking vehicles. The term was first used in Japanese after shortening the English loanword or , but the meaning in Japanese is ...

, 43.1% (22/51) Rajbanshi, 41.7% (15/36)

Dhimal The Dhimal or Dhemal(in Nepali:धिमाल) are an Kirati ethnic group residing in the eastern Terai of Nepal. They are a Sino-Tibetan-speaking ethnic group of the eastern Terai. They mainly reside in Morang and Jhapa districts of Nepal a ...

, and 7.4% (4/54)

Bengali Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to: *something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia * Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region * Bengali language, the language they speak ** Bengali alphabet, the w ...

from the northern panhandle of

West Bengal West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of . West Bengal is the fou ...

and in 9.1% (1/11) of a sample of Lachungpa from

Sikkim Sikkim (; ) is a state in Northeastern India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China in the north and northeast, Bhutan in the east, Province No. 1 of Nepal in the west and West Bengal in the south. Sikkim is also close to the Sil ...

. O-M117 was not found in this study's samples of Kol (0/62), Santhal (0/51), Kharia (0/34), or Oraon (0/31) from the northern panhandle of West Bengal.

Japan

A study published in the year 2000 found O-M117 in 4.3% (1/23) of a sample representing Japan.Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin ''et al.'', "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations," ''Nature Genetics'' • Volume 26 • November 2000 In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 was found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from

Kagawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kagawa Prefecture has a population of 949,358 (as of 2020) and is the smallest prefecture by geographic area at . Kagawa Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the southwest and Tok ...

according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided (Xue ''et al.'' 2006). However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup was found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan (Nonaka ''et al.'' 2007). (More precisely, Nonaka ''et al.'' have found O-M117 in 1/12 = 8.3% of a sample from Shizuoka, 4/52 = 7.7% of a sample from Tokyo, 2/44 = 4.5% of a sample from Chiba, 1/2 of a sample from Gifu, 1/2 of a sample from Yamanashi, 1/3 of a sample from Hiroshima, and 1/6 of a sample from Aichi.) O-M117 has been found in 8.8% (5/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the

.YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.08 at 14 November 2017
/ref>

Korea

Between 11% and 15% of males in samples collected in

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...

have been found to belong to haplogroup O-M117 or O-M133 (20/133 = 15.0% Koreans in

, 70/573 = 12.2% Koreans in

, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans in South Korea, 33/300 = 11.0% O-M133 Koreans).

Mongolia

Haplogroup O-M117 has been found in about 5% of samples of

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million ...

: 4/20 = 20.0% NE Mongolia, 1/18 = 5.6% central Mongolia, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian, 1/23 = 4.3% SE Mongolia, 3/97 = 3.1% NW Mongolia.

Nepal

Haplogroup O-M117 has been found in 84.4% (38/45) of a sample of

, 33.3% of sample of Tharu of

Chitwan Chitwan District (, , ) is one of 77 districts of Nepal, and takes up the southwestern corner of Bagmati Province. Bharatpur, largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu, is its administrative centre. It covers . In 2011 it had a population of 579 ...

and

Morang Morang District ( ne, मोरङ जिल्ला ) is located in Province No. 1 in eastern Nepal. It is an Outer Terai district. It borders with Bihar, India to the South, Jhapa to the East, Dhankuta and Panchthar to the North, and Su ...

, 21.2% (14/66) of a sample of

Newar Newar (; new, नेवार, endonym: Newa; new, नेवा, Pracalit script:) or Nepami, are the historical inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilisat ...

, and 16.9% (13/77) of a sample of the general population of

Kathmandu , pushpin_map = Nepal Bagmati Province#Nepal#Asia , coordinates = , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 = Province , subdivision_name1 = Bagmati Prov ...

Laos

In a study published in 2011, haplogroup O-M117 has been found in 7.8% (4/51) of a sample of

Hmong Daw Hmong / Mong (; RPA: ''Hmoob,'' ; Nyiakeng Puachue: ; Pahawh: , ) is a dialect continuum of the West Hmongic branch of the Hmongic languages spoken by the Hmong people of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, northern Vietnam, Thailand, ...

in Laos and in 5.1% (37/728) of a set of ethnic minorities who speak various

Austroasiatic languages The Austroasiatic languages , , are a large language family in Mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. These languages are scattered throughout parts of Thailand, Laos, India, Myanmar, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nepal, and southern China and are t ...

: 32.1% (9/28)

Bit The bit is the most basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. The name is a portmanteau of binary digit. The bit represents a logical state with one of two possible values. These values are most commonly represente ...

, 16.2% (6/37) Kataang, 14.0% (7/50) Mal, 13.7% (7/51) Khmu, 6.9% (2/29) Xinhmul, 3.3% (1/30) Alak, 2.94% (1/34) Inh, 2.86% (1/35) Talieng, 2.0% (1/50) Laven, 2.0% (1/50) Oy, 2.0% (1/50) So, 0% (0/28) Bo, 0% (0/32) Brau, 0% (0/32) Jeh, 0% (0/35) Lamet, 0% (0/35) Ngeq, 0% (0/38) Aheu, 0% (0/39) Suy, and 0% (0/45) Katu. Kutanan ''et al.'' 2019 found O-F8/F42, which is currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M133, in 25.0% (5/20) of a sample of

Laotians This is a demography of the population of Laos including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Laos' population was estimated at abou ...

from

Luang Prabang Luang Phabang, ( Lao: ຫລວງພະບາງ/ ຫຼວງພະບາງ) or ''Louangphabang'' (pronounced ), commonly transliterated into Western languages from the pre-1975 Lao spelling ຫຼວງພຣະບາງ (ຣ = silent r ...

and 5.0% (1/20) of a sample of

from

Vientiane Vientiane ( , ; lo, ວຽງຈັນ, ''Viangchan'', ) is the capital and largest city of Laos. Vientiane is divided administratively into 9 cities with a total area of only approx. 3,920 square kilometres and is located on the banks of ...

Thailand

In a study published in 2014, haplogroup O-M133 has been found in 13.3% (10/75) of a sample of the general population of

Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populati ...

and in 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of

Akka Akka or AKKA may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Akka'' (film), a 1976 Indian Tamil film * ''Akka'' (TV series), a 2014–2015 Indian Tamil soap opera * Akka, a character in the children's novel ''The Wonderful Adventures of Nils'' by Selma ...

from Chiang Mai. Brunelli ''et al.'' (2017) have found O-M117 in 35.0% (7/20) of Shan, 22.4% (46/205) of Khon Mueang, 22.2% (4/18) of

Mon Mon, MON or Mon. may refer to: Places * Mon State, a subdivision of Myanmar * Mon, India, a town in Nagaland * Mon district, Nagaland * Mon, Raebareli, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India * Mon, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Grisons * A ...

, 20.0% (5/25) of Western Lawa, 17.6% (16/91) of Tai Lue, 16.7% (4/24) of

Tai Khuen Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' * Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisation ...

, 13.6% (9/66) of Tai Yuan, and 11.5% (3/26) of

Tai Yong Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' *Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisation ...

Northern Thailand Northern Thailand, or more specifically Lanna, is geographically characterised by several mountain ranges, which continue from the Shan Hills in bordering Myanmar to Laos, and the river valleys which cut through them. Though like most of Thail ...

and in 31.6% (6/19) of Tai Yuan in

Central Thailand Central Thailand (Central plain) or more specifically Siam (also known as Suvarnabhumi and Dvaravati) is one of the regions of Thailand, covering the broad alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River. It is separated from northeast Thailand (Isan) ...

. However, in the same study, haplogroup O-M117 was not observed in a sample of 25 Eastern Lawa in Northern Thailand. Kutanan ''et al.'' (2019) have found O-F8/F42 (equivalent to O-M133) in 14.75% (131/888) of a pool of samples from Thailand, including 50.0% (9/18) Palaung in

, 38.9% (7/18) Shan in Northern Thailand, 33.3% (20/60) Khon Mueang in Northern Thailand, 31.0% (13/42)

Karen Karen may refer to: * Karen (name), a given name and surname * Karen (slang), a term and meme for a demanding woman displaying certain behaviors People * Karen people, an ethnic group in Myanmar and Thailand ** Karen languages or Karenic la ...

in Northern Thailand, 28.6% (6/21) Nyahkur in

Northeast Thailand Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/ th, อีสาน, ; lo, ອີສານ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pali ''īsānna'' or Sanskrit ईशान्य ''īśānya'' "northeast") consists of 20 provin ...

, 23.5% (4/17) Kaleun, 17.1% (22/129) Thai (Siamese), 16.7% (5/30) Tai Lue in Northern Thailand, 16.7% (3/18)

Nyaw The Lao Nyaw, Thai Nyaw or Tai Yo (Thai/Isan: ไทญ้อ, , Isan pronunciation: , Khmer: ឡាវញ៉) are an ethnic group of Thailand, Cambodia and Laos, scattered throughout the provinces of Isan such as Nong Khai, Sakon Nakhon, Nakho ...

in Northeast Thailand, 16.7% (3/18) Blang in Northern Thailand, 15.4% (4/26) Tai Yuan, 14.3% (15/105)

, 14.3% (5/35) Phuan, 11.8% (2/17) Soa, 11.8% (2/17)

Tai Khün Tai or TAI may refer to: Arts and entertainment *Tai (comics) a fictional Marvel Comics supervillain *Tai Fraiser, a fictional character in the 1995 film ''Clueless'' * Tai Kamiya, a fictional character in ''Digimon'' Businesses and organisation ...

, 9.4% (3/32) Western Lawa, 8.3% (3/36) Black Tai, 6.5% (4/62) Lao Isan, and 5.6% (1/18) Khmu.Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Andrea Brunelli, Silvia Ghirotto, Leonardo Arias, Enrico Macholdt, Alexander Hübner, Roland Schröder, and Mark Stoneking (2019), "Contrasting paternal and maternal genetic histories of Thai and Lao populations."

Vietnam

Haplogroup O-M133 has been found in 4/46 = 8.7% of the KHV (

Kinh The Vietnamese people ( vi, người Việt, lit=Viet people) or Kinh people ( vi, người Kinh) are a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to modern-day Northern Vietnam and Southern China (Jing Islands, Dongxing, Guangxi). The native lang ...

Ho Chi Minh City , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...

, Vietnam) sample of the

. Haplogroup O-M133 has been found in 1/24 = 4.17% of a sample of people in

Hanoi Hanoi or Ha Noi ( or ; vi, Hà Nội ) is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. It covers an area of . It consists of 12 urban districts, one district-leveled town and 17 rural districts. Located within the Red River Delta, Hanoi i ...

, Vietnam. A study published in 2011 found haplogroup O-M117 in 1/15 = 6.67%

and 1/12 = 8.33% Muong. Macholdt ''et al.'' 2020 have found O-F8, which is currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M1706 or O-M133, in 36.4% (12/33) of a sample of Hanhi from

Mường Tè District Muong may refer to: *Muong people, third largest of Vietnam's 53 minority groups ** Muong language, spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam *No Muong, king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak in 1811 * Mueang Mueang ( th, เมือง ...

, 22.2% (8/36) of a sample of Lachi from

Hoàng Su Phì District Huang (; ) is a Chinese surname that originally means and refers to jade people were wearing and decorating in ancient times. While ''Huáng'' is the pinyin romanization of the word, it may also be romanized as Hwang (Korean surname), Hwang, Wong ...

, 14.9% (7/47) of a sample of

Tay Tay may refer to: People and languages * Tay (name), including lists of people with the given name, surname and nickname * Tay people, an ethnic group of Vietnam ** Tày language *Atayal language, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan (ISO 639 ...

, 14.3% (3/21) of a sample of Phula from Xín Mần District, 12.9% (4/31) of a sample of Lahu from

, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Thai, 4.8% (2/42) of a sample of

from

, 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Giarai, 2.8% (1/36) of a sample of Pathen, and 2.7% (1/37) of a sample of Nung from Vietnam.Enrico Macholdt, Leonardo Arias, Nguyen Thuy Duong, ''et al.'' (2020), "The paternal and maternal genetic history of Vietnamese populations." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2020) 28:636–645. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0557-4 All members of O-F8 among the Hanhi and Lahu of Mường Tè District belonged to the O-F2137 subclade. One Tay individual from Mường Khương District belonged to the O-F155 subclade and one Tay individual from Tràng Định District belonged to the O-F317 subclade. All other members of O-F8 belonged to the O-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) paragroup. Only one individual in this study (a Tay from

Đức Trọng District Because of Germany's long history before 1871 as a non-united region of distinct tribes and states, there are many widely varying names of Germany in different languages, more so than for any other European nation. For example, in the German ...

) has been assigned to O-P164(xF8, F46, F4110) and therefore potentially might belong to O-M117(xF8/M133).

Subclades

According to the ISOGG experiental tree, the subclades of O2ab1a1-M117 are shown below (Owen Lu et al. 2016): *O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23) **O2a2b1a1a (M133) ***O2a2b1a1a1 (F438) ****O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728) *****O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155) *****O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754) ******O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137) *****O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907) *****O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469) ******O2a2b1a1a2a (F310) *******O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402) ********O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531) ***O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634) ****O2a2b1a1a3a (F317) *****O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039) ****O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488) ***O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853) ****O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492) *****O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987) ***O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707) ****O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678) *****O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663) ****O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457) ***O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658) ****O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308) ****O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928) *****O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730) ******O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030) ******O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010) *****O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462) *****O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456) **O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)

References

Citations

Sources

; Journal articles * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *{{cite journal, last1=Zhou, doi=10.1080/03014460801922927, title=Origin and evolution of two Yugur sub-clans in Northwest China: A case study in paternal genetic landscape, year=2008, first1=Ruixia, last2=Yang, first2=Daqun, last3=Zhang, first3=Hua, last4=Yu, first4=Weiping, last5=An, first5=Lizhe, last6=Wang, first6=Xilong, last7=Li, first7=Hong, last8=Xu, first8=Jiujin, last9=Xie, first9=Xiaodong, journal=Annals of Human Biology, volume=35, issue=2, pages=198–211, pmid=18428013, s2cid=5453358 O2a2b1