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are ancient reports on
provincial Provincial may refer to: Government & Administration * Provincial capitals, an administrative sub-national capital of a country * Provincial city (disambiguation) * Provincial minister (disambiguation) * Provincial Secretary, a position in Can ...
culture, geography, and oral tradition presented to the reigning monarchs of Japan, also known as local gazetteers. They contain agricultural, geographical, and historical records as well as mythology and folklore. ''Fudoki'' manuscripts also document local myths, rituals, and poems that are not mentioned in the '' Kojiki'' and the '' Nihon Shoki'' chronicles, which are the most important literature of the ancient national mythology and history. In the course of national unification, the imperial court enacted a series of criminal and administrative codes called '' ritsuryō'' and surveyed the provinces established by such codes to exert greater control over them.


Kofudoki

In the narrower sense, ''Fudoki'' refer to the oldest records written in the
Nara period The of the history of Japan covers the years from CE 710 to 794. Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara). Except for a five-year period (740–745), when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capi ...
, later called (Old-Fudoki). Compilation of ''Kofudoki'' began in 713 and was completed over a 20-year period. Following the Taika Reform in 646 and the
Code of Taihō In communications and information processing, code is a system of rules to convert information—such as a letter, word, sound, image, or gesture—into another form, sometimes shortened or secret, for communication through a communication c ...
enacted in 701, there was need to centralize and solidify the power of the imperial court. This included accounting for lands under its control. According to the ''
Shoku Nihongi The is an imperially-commissioned Japanese history text. Completed in 797, it is the second of the ''Six National Histories'', coming directly after the '' Nihon Shoki'' and followed by ''Nihon Kōki''. Fujiwara no Tsugutada and Sugano no Mami ...
'', Empress Genmei issued a decree in 713 ordering each to collect and report the following information: *Names of
districts A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
and townships *Natural resources and living things *Land fertility *Etymology of names for geographic features, such as mountains, plains, and rivers *Myths, legends, and folktales told orally by old people


Names

Empress Genmei ordered in 713 that
place names Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of ''toponyms'' ( proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of ...
in the provinces, districts, and townships be written in two kanji characters with positive connotations. This occasionally required name changes. For example, became and became .


Manuscripts

At least 48 of the
Gokishichidō was the name for ancient administrative units organized in Japan during the Asuka period (AD 538–710), as part of a legal and governmental system borrowed from the Chinese. Though these units did not survive as administrative structures beyon ...
provinces contributed to their records but only that of
Izumo Izumo (出雲) may refer to: Locations * Izumo Province, an old province of Japan * Izumo, Shimane, a city located in Shimane Prefecture ** Izumo Airport * Izumo-taisha, one of Japan's most ancient and important Shinto shrines Ships * ''Izumo'' ...
remains nearly complete. Partial records of Hizen, Bungo,
Harima or Banshū (播州) was a province of Japan in the part of Honshū that is the southwestern part of present-day Hyōgo Prefecture. Harima bordered on Tajima, Tanba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka Provinces. Its capital was Himeji. During the ...
and
Hitachi () is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is the parent company of the Hitachi Group (''Hitachi Gurūpu'') and had formed part of the Nissan ''zaibatsu'' and later DKB Group and Fuyo G ...
remain and a few passages from various volumes remain scattered throughout various books. Those of Harima and Hizen are designated National Treasures. Below is a list of extant manuscripts and scattered passages.国土としての始原史~風土記逸文


Kinai

*
Yamashiro Province was a province of Japan, located in Kinai. It overlaps the southern part of modern Kyoto Prefecture on Honshū. Aliases include , the rare , and . It is classified as an upper province in the ''Engishiki''. Yamashiro Province included Kyoto its ...
: ''Yamashiro no Kuni Fudoki'' 山城国風土記 *
Yamato Province was a province of Japan, located in Kinai, corresponding to present-day Nara Prefecture in Honshū. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). "Yamato" in . It was also called . Yamato consists of two characters, 大 "great", and 和 " Wa". At first, the ...
: ''Yamato no Kuni Fudoki'' 大和国風土記 * Settsu Province: ''Settsu no Kuni Fudoki'' 摂津国風土記


Tōkaidō

*
Iga Province was a province of Japan located in what is today part of western Mie Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Iga" in . Its abbreviated name was . Iga is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the ''Engishiki'' cla ...
: ''Iga no Kuni Fudoki'' 伊賀国風土記 * Ise Province: ''Ise no Kuni Fudoki'' 伊勢国風土記 *
Shima Province was a province of Japan which consisted of a peninsula in the southeastern part of modern Mie Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Shima''" in . Its abbreviated name was . Shima bordered on Ise Province to the west, and on Ise Bay ...
: ''Shima no Kuni Fudoki'' 志摩国風土記 *
Owari Province was a province of Japan in the area that today forms the western half of Aichi Prefecture, including the modern city of Nagoya. The province was created in 646. Owari bordered on Mikawa, Mino, and Ise Provinces. Owari and Mino provinces were ...
: ''Owari no Kuni Fudoki'' 尾張国風土記 * Mikawa Province: ''Mikawa no Kuni Fudoki'' 参河(三河)国風土記 * Suruga Province: ''Suruga no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:駿河国風土記 * Izu Province: ''Izu no Kuni Fudoki'' 伊豆国風土記 * Kai Province: ''Kai no Kuni Fudoki'' 甲斐国風土記 * Sagami Province: ''Sagami no Kuni Fudoki'' 相模国風土記 * Shimōsa Province: ''Shimousa no Kuni Fudoki'' 下総国風土記 * Kazusa Province: ''Kazusa no Kuni Fudoki'' 上総国風土記 *
Hitachi Province was an old province of Japan in the area of Ibaraki Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Hitachi fudoki''" in . It was sometimes called . Hitachi Province bordered on Shimōsa (Lower Fusa), Shimotsuke, and Mutsu ( Iwase - ...
: ''Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:常陸国風土記


Tōsandō

* Ōmi Province: ''Ōmi no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:近江国風土記 * Mino Province: ''Mino no Kuni Fudoki'' 美濃国風土記 *
Hida Province was a province of Japan in the area that is today the northern portion of Gifu Prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Wakasa''" in . Hida bordered on Echizen, Mino, Shinano, Etchū, and Kaga Provin ...
: ''Hida no Kuni Fudoki'' 飛騨国風土記 *
Shinano Province or is an old province of Japan that is now Nagano Prefecture. Shinano bordered on Echigo, Etchū, Hida, Kai, Kōzuke, Mikawa, Mino, Musashi, Suruga, and Tōtōmi Provinces. The ancient capital was located near modern-day Matsumoto, wh ...
: ''Shinano no Kuni Fudoki'' 信濃国風土記 * Michinoku Province: ''Michinoku no Kuni Fudoki'' 陸奥国風土記


Hokurikudō

* Wakasa Province: ''Wakasa no Kuni Fudoki'' 若狭国風土記 *
Echizen Province was a province of Japan in the area that is today the northern portion of Fukui Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan. Echizen bordered on Kaga, Wakasa, Hida, and Ōmi Provinces. It was part of Hokurikudō Circuit. Its abbreviated form ...
: ''Echizen no Kuni Fudoki'' 越前国風土記 * Echigo Province: ''Echigo no Kuni Fudoki'' 越後国風土記


San'indō

* Tango Province: ''Tango no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:丹後国風土記 *
Inaba Province was an old province of Japan in the area that is today the eastern part of Tottori Prefecture. It was sometimes called . Inaba bordered on Harima, Hōki, Mimasaka, and Tajima Provinces. The ancient capital, and the castle town, were at Tot ...
: ''Inaba no Kuni Fudoki'' 因幡国風土記 *
Hōki Province was an old province of Japan in the area that is today the western part of Tottori Prefecture. It was sometimes called . Hōki bordered on Inaba, Mimasaka, Bitchū, Bingo, and Izumo Provinces. The ancient capital was in the area that i ...
: ''Hōki no Kuni Fudoki'' 伯耆国風土記 *
Izumo Province was an old province of Japan which today consists of the eastern part of Shimane Prefecture. It was sometimes called . The province is in the Chūgoku region. History During the early Kofun period (3rd century) this region was independent an ...
: ''Izumo no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:出雲国風土記 *
Iwami Province was an old province of Japan in the area that is today the western part of Shimane Prefecture. It was sometimes called . Iwami bordered Aki, Bingo, Izumo, Nagato, and Suō provinces. In the Heian period (794–1192) the capital was at moder ...
: ''Iwami no Kuni Fudoki'' 石見国風土記


San'yōdō

* Harima Province: ''Harima no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:播磨国風土記 *
Mimasaka Province or was a province of Japan in the part of Honshū that is today northeastern Okayama Prefecture. Mimasaka bordered Bitchū, Bizen, Harima, Hōki, and Inaba Provinces. Mimasaka was landlocked, and was often ruled by the ''daimyō'' in Bizen ...
: ''Mimasaka no Kuni Fudoki'' 美作国風土記 *
Bizen Province was a province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of Honshū, in what is today the southeastern part of Okayama Prefecture. It was sometimes called , with Bitchū and Bingo Provinces. Bizen borders Mimasaka, Harima, and Bitchū Provinces. Biz ...
: ''Bizen no Kuni Fudoki'' 備前国風土記 * Bitchū Province: ''Bitchū no Kuni Fudoki'' 備中国風土記 *
Bingo Province was a province of Japan on the Inland Sea side of western Honshū, comprising what is today the eastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture. It was sometimes grouped together with Bizen and Bitchu Provinces as . The 備 ''bi'' in the names of these p ...
: ''Bingo no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:備後国風土記


Nankaidō

*
Kii Province , or , was a province of Japan in the part of Honshū that is today Wakayama Prefecture, as well as the southern part of Mie Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Kii''" in . Kii bordered Ise, Izumi, Kawachi, Shima, and Yamato Pro ...
: ''Kii no Kuni Fudoki'' 紀伊国風土記 *
Awaji Province was an old province of Japan covering Awaji Island, between Honshū and Shikoku. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Awaji''" in . Today it is part of Hyōgo Prefecture. It is sometimes called . Awaji is divided into three municipal secti ...
: ''Awaji no Kuni Fudoki'' 淡路国風土記 *
Awa Province (Tokushima) was a province of Japan in the area that is today Tokushima Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Awa no Kuni''" in . Awa was bordered by Tosa, Sanuki, and Iyo Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was ...
: ''Awa no Kuni Fudoki'' 阿波国風土記 *
Sanuki Province was a province of Japan in the area of northeastern Shikoku. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Sanuki''" in . Sanuki bordered on Awa to the south, and Iyo to the west. Its abbreviated form name was . In terms of the Gokishichidō system ...
: ''Sanuki no Kuni Fudoki'' 讃岐国風土記 *
Iyo Province was a province of Japan in the area of northwestern Shikoku. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Tosa''" in . Iyo bordered on Sanuki Province to the northeast, Awa to the east, and Tosa to the south. Its abbreviated form name was . In te ...
: ''Iyo no Kuni Fudoki'' 伊予国風土記 * Tosa Province: ''Tosa no Kuni Fudoki'' 土佐国風土記


Saikaidō

*
Chikuzen Province was an old province of Japan in the area that is today part of Fukuoka Prefecture in Kyūshū. It was sometimes called or , with Chikugo Province. Chikuzen bordered Buzen, Bungo, Chikugo, and Hizen Provinces. History The original provincia ...
: ''Chikuzen no Kuni Fudoki'' 筑前国風土記 *
Chikugo Province is the name of a former province of Japan in the area that is today the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture on Kyūshū. It was sometimes called or , with Chikuzen Province. Chikugo was bordered by Hizen, Chikuzen, Bungo, and Higo Provinces ...
: ''Chikugo no Kuni Fudoki'' 筑後国風土記 *
Buzen Province was an old province of Japan in northern Kyūshū in the area of Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture. It was sometimes called , with Bungo Province. Buzen bordered on Bungo and Chikuzen Provinces. History The ruins of the ancient capital ...
: ''Buzen no Kuni Fudoki'' 豊前国風土記 *
Bungo Province was a province of Japan in eastern Kyūshū in the area of Ōita Prefecture. It was sometimes called , with Buzen Province. Bungo bordered Buzen, Hyūga, Higo, Chikugo, and Chikuzen Provinces. History At the end of the 7th century, Toyo P ...
: ''Bungo no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:豊後国風土記 * Hizen Province: ''Hizen no Kuni Fudoki'' :ja:肥前国風土記 * Higo Province: ''Higo no Kuni Fudoki'' 肥後国風土記 * Hyūga Province: ''Hyūga no Kuni Fudoki'' 日向国風土記 *
Ōsumi Province was an old province of Japan in the area that is today the eastern part of Kagoshima Prefecture. It was sometimes called . Ōsumi bordered on Hyūga and Satsuma Provinces. Osumi's ancient capital was near modern Kokubu. During the Sengoku a ...
: ''Ōsumi no Kuni Fudoki'' 大隅国風土記 * Satsuma Province: ''Satsuma no Kuni Fudoki'' 薩摩国風土記 *
Iki Province was a province of Japan which consisted of the Iki Islands, now a part of modern Nagasaki Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Iki''" in . Its abbreviated name was . Iki is classified as one of the provinces of the Saikaidō. Un ...
: ''Iki no Kuni Fudoki'' 壱岐国風土記


Parks

In 1966 the
Agency for Cultural Affairs The is a special body of the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). It was set up in 1968 to promote Japanese arts and culture. The agency's budget for FY 2018 rose to ¥107.7 billion. Overview The ag ...
called on the prefectural governments to build
open-air museums An open-air museum (or open air museum) is a museum that exhibits collections of buildings and artifacts out-of-doors. It is also frequently known as a museum of buildings or a folk museum. Definition Open air is “the unconfined atmosphere� ...
and parks called near historic sites such as tombs (''
kofun are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. ''Kofun'' were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century CE.岡田裕之「前方後円墳」『日本古代史大辞典』� ...
'') and provincial temples. These archaeological museums preserve and exhibit cultural properties to enhance public understanding of provincial history and culture.


See also

*
Japanese Historical Text Initiative Japanese Historical Text Initiative (JHTI) is a searchable online database of Japanese historical documents and English translations. It is part of the Center for Japanese Studies at the University of California at Berkeley. History Delmer M. Brow ...


Notes


References

* * *


External links


風土記
Big5 Chinese) texts of the remaining Fudoki & scattered passages in other books. *Manuscript scans at
Waseda University Library The collections of Waseda University Library (早稲田大学図書館; ''Waseda Daigaku Toshokan'') form one of the largest libraries in Japan. Established in 1882, they currently hold some 5.6 million volumes and 46,000 serials. History The W ...

Hizen, 1800
*



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