A pathologic fracture is a
bone fracture caused by weakness of the bone structure that leads to decrease mechanical resistance to normal mechanical loads. This process is most commonly due to
osteoporosis, but may also be due to other pathologies such as
cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...
,
infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dis ...
(such as
osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infection of bone. Symptoms may include pain in a specific bone with overlying redness, fever, and weakness. The long bones of the arms and legs are most commonly involved in children e.g. the femur and humerus, while the ...
), inherited bone disorders, or a
bone cyst
A bone cyst or geode is a cyst that forms in bone.
Types include:
* Unicameral bone cyst
* Aneurysmal bone cyst
* Traumatic bone cyst
Diagnosis
On CT scans, bone cysts that have a radiodensity of 20 Hounsfield units (HU) or less, and are osteoly ...
. Only a small number of conditions are commonly responsible for pathological fractures, including
osteoporosis,
osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium. The impairment of bon ...
,
Paget's disease,
Osteitis
Osteitis is inflammation of bone. More specifically, it can refer to one of the following conditions:
* Osteomyelitis, or ''infectious osteitis'', mainly ''bacterial osteitis''
* Alveolar osteitis or "dry socket"
* Condensing osteitis (or Osteiti ...
,
osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta (; OI), colloquially known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that all result in bones that break easily. The range of symptoms—on the skeleton as well as on the body's other organs—may b ...
, benign bone
tumours
A neoplasm () is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called neoplasia. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists ...
and
cysts, secondary malignant
bone tumours and primary malignant bone tumours.
Fragility fracture is a type of pathologic fracture that occurs as a result of an injury that would be insufficient to cause fracture in a normal bone.
There are three fracture sites said to be typical of fragility fractures: vertebral fractures, fractures of the neck of the femur, and
Colles fracture of the wrist. This definition arises because a normal human being ought to be able to fall from standing height without breaking any bones, and a fracture, therefore, suggests weakness of the skeleton.
Pathological fractures present as a
chalkstick fracture in long bones, and appear as a transverse fractures nearly 90 degrees to the long axis of the bone. In a pathological
compression fracture of a spinal vertebra fractures will commonly appear to collapse the entire
body of vertebra
Body may refer to:
In science
* Physical body, an object in physics that represents a large amount, has mass or takes up space
* Body (biology), the physical material of an organism
* Body plan, the physical features shared by a group of animal ...
.
Cause
Pathologic fractures in children and adolescents can result from a diverse array of disorders namely; metabolic, endocrine, neoplastic, infectious, immunologic, and genetic
skeletal dysplasia
Osteochondrodysplasia is a general term for a disorder of the development (dysplasia) of bone ("osteo") and cartilage ("chondro"). Osteochondrodysplasias are rare diseases. About 1 in 5,000 babies are born with some type of skeletal dysplasia. Non ...
s.
*
Primary hyperparathyroidism
*
Simple bone cyst
* Aneurismal
bone cyst
A bone cyst or geode is a cyst that forms in bone.
Types include:
* Unicameral bone cyst
* Aneurysmal bone cyst
* Traumatic bone cyst
Diagnosis
On CT scans, bone cysts that have a radiodensity of 20 Hounsfield units (HU) or less, and are osteoly ...
* Osteoporosis
* Chronic
osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infection of bone. Symptoms may include pain in a specific bone with overlying redness, fever, and weakness. The long bones of the arms and legs are most commonly involved in children e.g. the femur and humerus, while the ...
*
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta (; OI), colloquially known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that all result in bones that break easily. The range of symptoms—on the skeleton as well as on the body's other organs—may b ...
*
Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium. The impairment of bon ...
*
Rickets
Rickets is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children, and is caused by either dietary deficiency or genetic causes. Symptoms include bowed legs, stunted growth, bone pain, large forehead, and trouble sleeping. Complications ma ...
*
Renal osteodystrophy
Renal osteodystrophy/adynamic bone disease is currently defined as an alteration of bone morphology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is one measure of the skeletal component of the systemic disorder of chronic kidney disease-min ...
*
Malignant infantile osteopetrosis
Malignant infantile osteopetrosis is a rare osteosclerosing type of skeletal dysplasia that typically presents in infancy and is characterized by a unique radiographic appearance of generalized hyperostosis (excessive growth of bone).
The genera ...
*
juvenile osteoporosis
Juvenile osteoporosis is osteoporosis in children and adolescents. Osteoporosis is rare in children and adolescents. When it occurs, it is usually secondary to some other condition, ''e.g.'' osteogenesis imperfecta, rickets, eating disorders or art ...
*
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile may refer to:
*Juvenile status, or minor (law), prior to adulthood
*Juvenile (organism)
* Juvenile (rapper) (born 1975), American rapper
* ''Juvenile'' (2000 film), Japanese film
* ''Juvenile'' (2017 film)
*Juvenile (greyhounds), a greyh ...
Miscellaneous causes
*
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia is a form of fibrous dysplasia where only one bone is involved. It comprises a majority of the cases of fibrous dysplasia (approximately 70–80%).
It is a rare bone disease characterized by the replacement of normal ...
*
Eosinophilic granuloma
* Bone atrophy secondary to diseases like
polio
Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Approximately 70% of cases are asymptomatic; mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe s ...
Diagnosis
In circumstances where other pathologies are excluded (for example, cancer), a pathologic fracture is diagnostic of osteoporosis irrespective of
bone mineral density.
Management
Based on
Mirel's score (if the score is more than 8), bone fixation should be done prophylactically. Fixation is done by internal fixation rather than conservatively, along with treatment of the underlying cause.
References
External links
Bone fractures
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