Diammonium phosphate (DAP;
IUPAC
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC ) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology. It is ...
name diammonium hydrogen phosphate; chemical formula (NH
4)
2(HPO
4) is one of a series of
water
Water (chemical formula ) is an Inorganic compound, inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and Color of water, nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living ...
-
soluble
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent. Insolubility is the opposite property, the inability of the solute to form such a solution.
The extent of the solubi ...
ammonium phosphate salts
In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which results in a compound with no net electric charge. A common example is table salt, with positively c ...
that can be produced when
ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous wa ...
reacts with
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution, w ...
.
Solid diammonium phosphate shows a dissociation pressure of ammonia as given by the following expression and equation:
:
At 100 °C, the dissociation pressure of diammonium phosphate is approximately 5 mmHg.
According to the diammonium phosphate
MSDS from CF Industries, Inc., decomposition starts as low as 70 °C: "Hazardous Decomposition Products: Gradually loses ammonia when exposed to air at room temperature. Decomposes to ammonia and
monoammonium phosphate at around 70 °C (158 °F). At 155 °C (311 °F), DAP emits phosphorus oxides,
nitrogen oxides and ammonia."
Uses
DAP is used as a
fertilizer
A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply plant nutrients. Fertilizers may be distinct from ...
.
When applied as plant food, it temporarily increases the
soil
Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt
Dirt is an unclean matter, especially when in contact with a person's clothes, skin, or possessions. In such cases, they are said to become dirty.
Common types of dirt include:
* Debri ...
pH, but over a long term the treated ground becomes more
acidic
In computer science, ACID ( atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) is a set of properties of database transactions intended to guarantee data validity despite errors, power failures, and other mishaps. In the context of databases, a ...
than before, upon nitrification of the ammonium. It is incompatible with
alkaline chemicals because its
ammonium ion is more likely to convert to
ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous wa ...
in a high-pH environment. The average pH in solution is 7.5–8.
The typical formulation is 18-46-0 (18% N, 46% P
2O
5, 0% K
2O).
DAP can be used as a
fire retardant. It lowers the combustion temperature of the material, decreases maximum weight loss rates, and causes an increase in the production of residue or char.
These are important effects in fighting
wildfires
A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identif ...
as lowering the
pyrolysis
The pyrolysis (or devolatilization) process is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert atmosphere. It involves a change of chemical composition. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements ''py ...
temperature and increasing the amount of
char formed reduces that amount of available fuel and can lead to the formation of a
firebreak
A firebreak or double track (also called a fire line, fuel break, fireroad and firetrail in Australia) is a gap in vegetation or other combustible material that acts as a barrier to slow or stop the progress of a bushfire or wildfire. A firebre ...
. It is the largest component of some popular commercial firefighting products and is the ingredient in "fire retardant" cigarettes.
[Phos-Chek MSDS](_blank)
Phos-Chek website
DAP is also used as a
yeast nutrient in winemaking and
mead-making; as an additive in some brands of cigarettes purportedly as a
nicotine
Nicotine is a natural product, naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreational drug use, recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As ...
enhancer; to prevent afterglow in matches, in purifying
sugar; as a
flux for soldering tin, copper, zinc and brass; and to control
precipitation
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravitational pull from clouds. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. ...
of alkali-soluble and acid-insoluble colloidal dyes on
wool
Wool is the textile fibre obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids. The term may also refer to inorganic materials, such as mineral wool and glass wool, that have properties similar to animal wool. ...
.
Natural occurrence
The compound occurs in the nature as the exceedingly rare mineral phosphammite.
The related dihydrogen compound occurs as the mineral biphosphammite.
Both are related to guano deposits.
References
External links
International Chemical Safety Card 0217Diammonium phosphate fertilizer manufacturing process flowsheet
{{Phosphates
Ammonium compounds
Phosphates
Inorganic fertilizers