In
grammar, denominal verbs are
verbs derived from
nouns.
Many languages have regular
morphological indicators to create denominal verbs.
English
English examples are ''to school'', from ''school'', meaning to instruct; ''to shelve'', from ''shelf'', meaning to put on shelves; and ''to symbolize'', from ''symbol'', meaning to be a symbol for.
Some common denominalizing
affixes in English are ''-ize/-ise'' (e.g., ''summarize''), ''-ify'' (e.g., ''classify''), ''-ate'' (e.g., ''granulate''), ''en-'' (e.g., ''enslave''), ''be-'' (e.g., ''behead''), and
zero
0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. In place-value notation such as the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, 0 also serves as a placeholder numerical digit, which works by multiplying digits to the left of 0 by the radix, usuall ...
or ''-∅'' (e.g., ''school'').
A variety of semantic relations are expressed between the base noun X and the derived verb. Although there is no simple relationship between the affix and the semantic relation,
[Carolyn A. Gottfurcht, ''Denominal Verb Formation in English'', Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 200]
full text
/ref> there are semantic regularities that can define certain subclasses. Some common terms used to refer to these subclasses include:
* resultative
In linguistics, a resultative (abbreviated ) is a form that expresses that something or someone has undergone a change in state as the result of the completion of an event. Resultatives appear as predicates of sentences, and are generally composed ...
: to make something into an X, e.g., ''victimize'', ''cash''
* locative
In grammar, the locative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which indicates a location. It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases, together with the ...
: to put something in X, e.g., ''box'', ''hospitalize''
* instrumental: to use X, e.g., ''sponge'', ''hammer''
* ablative
In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced ; sometimes abbreviated ) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses. T ...
: to remove something from X, e.g., ''deplane'', ''unsaddle''
* privative: to remove X from something, e.g., ''pit (olives)'', ''behead'', ''bone, defrost''
* ornative: to add X to something or to cover something with X, e.g., ''rubberize'', ''salt''
* similative: to act like or resemble X, e.g., ''tyrannize'', ''guard''
* performative
In the philosophy of language and speech acts theory, performative utterances are sentences which not only describe a given reality, but also change the social reality they are describing.
In a 1955 lecture series, later published as ''How to D ...
: to do or perform X, e.g., ''botanize'', ''tango''
Rgyalrong
In Rgyalrong languages
Gyalrong or rGyalrong (), also rendered Jiarong (), or sometimes Gyarung, is a subbranch of the Gyalrongic languages spoken by the Gyalrong people in Western Sichuan, China. Lai et al. (2020) refer to this group of languages as East Gyalrongic. ...
, denominal derivations are extremely developed and have given rise to incorporating and antipassive constructions (Jacques 2012, 2014).
Latin
Many Latin verbs are denominal. For example, the first conjugation
Conjugation or conjugate may refer to:
Linguistics
*Grammatical conjugation, the modification of a verb from its basic form
* Emotive conjugation or Russell's conjugation, the use of loaded language
Mathematics
*Complex conjugation, the change ...
verb '' nominare'' (to name) is derived from ''nomen'' (a name), and the fourth conjugation verbs '' mollire'' (to soften) derive from ''mollis'' (soft).
See also
*Deverbal noun
Deverbal nouns are nouns that are derived from verbs or verb phrases. The formation of deverbal nouns is a type of nominalization (noun formation). Examples of deverbal nouns in English include ''organization'' (derived from the verb ''organize''), ...
, where the noun is formed from the verb.
References
Verb types
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