The , colloquially , is a
diacritic most often used in the
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
kana syllabaries to indicate that the
consonant of a
syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of Phone (phonetics), speech sounds typically made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants). Syllables are often considered t ...
should be pronounced
voiced, for instance, on sounds that have undergone
rendaku (sequential voicing).
The , colloquially , is a diacritic used with the kana for syllables starting with ''h'' to indicate that they should instead be pronounced with .
History
The ''
kun'yomi
are the logographic Chinese characters taken from the Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese. They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese and are still used, along with the subseque ...
'' pronunciation of the character is ''nigori''; hence the ''daku-ten'' may also be called the ''nigori-ten''. This character, meaning ''muddy'' or ''turbid'', stems from
historical Chinese phonology
Historical Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese from the past. As Chinese is written with logographic characters, not alphabetic or syllabary, the methods employed in Historical Chinese phonology differ considerably f ...
, where consonants were traditionally classified as ''clear'' ( "voiceless"), ''lesser-clear'' ( "
aspirated") and ''muddy'' ( "voiced"). (See:
Middle Chinese § Initials)
''Dakuten'' were used sporadically since the start of
written Japanese; their use tended to become more common as time went on. The modern practice of using dakuten in all cases of voicing in all writing only came into being in the
Meiji period.
The ''handakuten'' is an innovation by Portuguese
Jesuits, who first used it in the ''
Rakuyōshū
The was a 1598 Japanese dictionary of kanji "Chinese characters" and compounds in three parts. The Jesuit Mission Press published it at Nagasaki along with other early Japanese language reference works, such as the 1603 ''Nippo Jisho'' Japane ...
''. These Jesuits had the need to accurately
transcribe Japanese sounds, which the Japanese tended to neglect by making no distinction between /h/, /b/ and /p/ in their own writing.
Glyphs
The ''dakuten'' resembles a quotation mark, while the ''handakuten'' is a small circle, similar to a degree sign, both placed at the top right corner of a kana character:
*
*
*
*
*
*
Both the ''dakuten'' and ''handakuten'' glyphs are drawn identically in
hiragana and
katakana
is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji and in some cases the Latin script (known as rōmaji). The word ''katakana'' means "fragmentary kana", as the katakana characters are derived fro ...
scripts. The
combining character
In digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters. The most common combining characters in the Latin script are the combining diacritical marks (including combining accents).
Unicode also ...
s are rarely used in full-width Japanese characters, as
Unicode and all common multibyte Japanese
encodings provide precomposed glyphs for all possible ''dakuten'' and ''handakuten'' character combinations in the standard hiragana and katakana ranges. However, combining characters are required in
half-width kana, which does not provide any precomposed characters in order to fit within a single byte.
The similarity between the ''dakuten'' and
quotation mark
Quotation marks (also known as quotes, quote marks, speech marks, inverted commas, or talking marks) are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to set off direct speech, a quotation, or a phrase. The pair consists of an ...
s (") is not a problem, as written Japanese uses
corner brackets (「」).
Phonetic shifts
The following table summarizes the
phonetic shifts indicated by the ''dakuten'' and ''handakuten''. Literally, syllables with ''dakuten'' are , while those without are . However, the ''handakuten'' (lit. "half-muddy mark") does not follow this pattern.
Handakuten on ''ka, ki, ku, ke, ko'' (rendered as ) represent the sound of ''ng'' in ''singing'' (), which is an
allophone
In phonology, an allophone (; from the Greek , , 'other' and , , 'voice, sound') is a set of multiple possible spoken soundsor '' phones''or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language. For example, in English, (as in '' ...
of in many dialects of Japanese. They are not used in normal Japanese writing, but may be used by linguists and in dictionaries (or to represent characters in fiction who speak that way). This is called . Another rare application of ''handakuten'' is on the ''r''-series, to mark them as explicitly ''l'': , and so forth. This is only done in technical or pedantic contexts, as many Japanese
cannot tell the difference between ''r'' and ''l''. Additionally, linguists sometimes use to represent in cases when speaker pronounces at the beginning of a word as a moraic nasal.
In katakana only, the ''dakuten'' may also be added to the character ''u'' and a small vowel character to create a sound, as in ヴァ ''va''. However, a hiragana version of this character also exists, with somewhat sporadic compatibility across platforms (). As does not exist in Japanese, this usage applies only to some modern loanwords and remains relatively uncommon, and e.g.
Venus is typically transliterated as (''bīnasu'') instead of (''vīnasu''). Japanese speakers, however, pronounce both the same, with or , an occasional allophone of intervocalic .
An even less common method is to add ''dakuten'' to the ''w''-series, reviving the mostly obsolete characters for () and (). is represented by using /u/, as above; becomes despite its normally being silent. Precomposed characters exist for this method as well ( ), although most
IME
Ime is a village in Lindesnes municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located on the east side of the river Mandalselva, along the European route E39 highway. Ime is an eastern suburb of the town of Mandal. Ime might be considered to ...
s do not have a convenient way to enter them.
In
Ainu texts, handakuten can be used with the katakana to make it a /ts/ sound, ''ce''
se(which is interchangeable with ), and is used with small ''fu'' to represent a final ''p'', . In addition, handakuten can be combined with either katakana or (''tsu'' and ''to'') to make a
u̜sound, or .
In informal writing, ''dakuten'' is occasionally used on vowels to indicate a shocked or strangled articulation; for example, on or . ''Dakuten'' can also be occasionally used with to indicate a guttural hum, growl, or similar sound.
Kana iteration marks
The ''dakuten'' can also be added to hiragana and katakana
iteration mark
Iteration marks are characters or punctuation marks that represent a duplicated character or word. Chinese
In Chinese, (usually appearing as ) or is used in casual writing to represent a doubled character. However, it is not used in formal writ ...
s, indicating that the previous kana is repeated with voicing:
Both signs are relatively rare, but can occasionally be found in personal names such as ''Misuzu'' () or brand names such as
''Isuzu'' (いすゞ). In these cases the pronunciation is identical to writing the kana out in full. A longer, multi-character iteration mark called the ''kunojiten'', only used in
vertical writing, may also have a ''dakuten'' added.
Other communicative representations
*Representations of Dakuten
*Representations of Handakuten
Voiced syllables and semi-voiced syllables do not have independent names in radiotelephony and are signified by the unvoiced name followed by "ni dakuten" or "ni handakuten".
* Full Braille representation
See also
*
Tsu (kana)
*
Sokuon
The is a Japanese symbol in the form of a small hiragana or katakana '' tsu''. In less formal language it is called or , meaning "small ''tsu''". It serves multiple purposes in Japanese writing.
Appearance
In both hiragana and katakana, t ...
References
External links
*
* and on
Japanese Wikipedia
{{Navbox diacritical marks
Kana
Japanese phonology
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Diacritics