The Corn Belt is a region of the
Midwestern United States
The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the Midwest or the American Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau (also known as "Region 2"). It occupies the northern central part of the United States. I ...
that, since the 1850s, has dominated
corn production in the United States. In the United States, ''corn'' is the common word for
maize
Maize ( ; ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''mays'', from es, maíz after tnq, mahiz), also known as corn (North American English, North American and Australian English), is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples of Mexico, indigenous ...
. More generally, the concept of the Corn Belt connotes the area of the Midwest dominated by farming and agriculture.
Geography
There is lack of consensus regarding the constituents of the Corn Belt, although it often includes:
Iowa
Iowa () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wiscon ...
,
Illinois
Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rock ...
,
Indiana
Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th ...
, southern
Michigan
Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and t ...
, western
Ohio
Ohio () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Of the List of states and territories of the United States, fifty U.S. states, it is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 34th-l ...
, eastern
Nebraska
Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the sout ...
, eastern
Kansas
Kansas () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its Capital city, capital is Topeka, Kansas, Topeka, and its largest city is Wichita, Kansas, Wichita. Kansas is a landlocked state bordered by Nebras ...
, southern
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over t ...
, and parts of
Missouri
Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas t ...
.
[Hart (1986)] It also sometimes includes:
South Dakota
South Dakota (; Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large po ...
,
North Dakota
North Dakota () is a U.S. state in the Upper Midwest, named after the indigenous Dakota Sioux. North Dakota is bordered by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east, ...
, all of
Ohio
Ohio () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Of the List of states and territories of the United States, fifty U.S. states, it is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 34th-l ...
,
Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...
, all of
Michigan
Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and t ...
, and
Kentucky
Kentucky ( , ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia ...
.
[U.S. Department of Agriculture](_blank)
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The region is characterized by level land, deep fertile soils, and a high organic soil concentration.[Corn Belt](_blank)
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
As of 2008, the top four corn-producing states were Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Minnesota, accounting for more than half of the corn growth in the United States.[USDA State Fact sheets](_blank)
/ref>
More recently, the USA corn belt was mapped at the county level using the Land use and Agricultural Management Practices web-Service (LAMPS),
Kipka et al. 2016, Development of the Land-use and Agricultural Management Practice web-Service (LAMPS) for generating crop rotations in space and time, Soil & Tillage Research, Vol 155, p, 233-249. along with animated maps of changes in time (2010-2016).
Green et al. 2018, Where is the USA Corn Belt, and how is it changing? Sci. Total Environment, Vol. 618, p. 1613-1618.
History
On account of new agricultural technology developments between 1860 and 1970, the Corn Belt went from producing mixed crops and livestock into becoming an area focused strictly on wheat-cash planting. After 1970, increased crop and meat production required an export outlet, but global recession and a strong dollar reduced exports and created serious problems even for the best farm managers.
In 1956, former Vice President Henry A. Wallace
Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was an American politician, journalist, farmer, and businessman who served as the 33rd vice president of the United States, the 11th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, and the 10th U.S. ...
, a pioneer of hybrid seed, declared that the Corn Belt has developed the "most productive agricultural civilization the world has ever seen".
Most corn grown today is fed to livestock, especially hogs and poultry. In recent decades soybeans have grown in importance.
By 1950, 99% of corn has been grown from hybrids.
EPA Ecoregion
In 1997, the USEPA published its report on United States' ecoregions, in part based on "land use". Its "Level III" region classification contains three contiguous "Corn Belt" regions, Western (47), Central (54), and Eastern (55), stretching from Indiana to eastern Nebraska.
Panoramic view
See also
* Banana Belt
* Breadbasket
* Canadian Prairies, Canada's 'Breadbasket'
* Central Black Earth Region
The Central Black Earth Region, Central Chernozem Region or ''Chernozemie'' (russian: Центрально-черноземная область, Центральная черноземная область, Центрально-черноз ...
, segment of the Eurasian chernozem belt that lies within Central Russia
* Palliser's Triangle, Canada's semi-arid grain production region
* Peak wheat
References
Further reading
* Anderson, J. L. ''Industrializing the Corn Belt: Agriculture, Technology, and Environment, 1945-1972'' (2009) 238 pp.
* Bogue, Allan. ''From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century'' (1963
excerpt and text search
* Cayton, Andrew, et al. eds. ''The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia'' (2006
excerpt and text search
* Hart, John Fraser. "Change in the Corn Belt", ''Geographical Review'', Jan 1986, Vol. 76#1 pp. 51–72
* Hudson, John C. ''Making the Corn Belt: A Geographical History of Middle-Western Agriculture'' (1994)
* Power, Richard Lyle. ''Planting Corn Belt Culture: The Impress of the Upland Southerner and Yankee in the old Northwest'' (1953)
* Snapp, Roscoe R. ''Beef Cattle Their Feeding and Management in the Corn Belt States'' (1950)
* Smith, C. Wayne, et al. ''Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production'' (2004
online edition
* Wallace, Henry Agard. ''Henry A. Wallace's Irrigation Frontier: On the Trail of the Corn Belt Farmer 1909'' 15 articles written by Wallace in 1909; 1991 edition edited by Richard Lowitt, and Judith Fabry
{{Coord, 41, N, 90, W, region:US_scale:5000000, display=title
Agricultural production in the United States
Agriculture in Illinois
Agriculture in Indiana
Agriculture in Iowa
Agriculture in Kansas
Agriculture in Michigan
Agriculture in Ohio
Agriculture in Minnesota
Agriculture in Missouri
Agriculture in Nebraska
Agriculture in Wisconsin
Economy of the Midwestern United States
Midwestern United States
Belt regions of the United States
Maize production
Agricultural belts
Ecoregions of Indiana