HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Chữ Hán (𡨸漢, literally "Chinese characters", ), Chữ Nho (𡨸儒, literally "Confucian characters", ) or Hán tự (漢字, ), is the Vietnamese term for
Chinese characters Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanji ...
, used to write
Văn ngôn Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese: 文言, 古文 or 漢文) was the medium of all formal writing in Vietnam for almost all of the history of the country up to the early 20th century, when it was replaced by vernacular writing in Vietnamese usin ...
(which is a form of
Classical Chinese Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese (古文 ''gǔwén'' "ancient text", or 文言 ''wényán'' "text speak", meaning "literary language/speech"; modern vernacular: 文言文 ''wényánwén'' "text speak text", meaning "literar ...
used in Vietnam during the feudal period) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnamese language, was officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was incorporated into the
Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by th ...
and continued to be used until the early 20th century (111 BC – 1919 AD).


Terminology

*
Stroke A stroke is a disease, medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemorr ...
- nét *
Stroke order Stroke order is the order in which the strokes of a Chinese character (or Chinese derivative character) are written. A stroke is a movement of a writing instrument on a writing surface. Chinese characters are used in various forms in Chine ...
- Bút thuận (筆順) * Radical - Bộ thủ (部首) *
Regular script Regular script (; Hepburn: ''kaisho''), also called (), (''zhēnshū''), (''kǎitǐ'') and (''zhèngshū''), is the newest of the Chinese script styles (popularized from the Cao Wei dynasty c. 200 AD and maturing stylistically around th ...
- Khải thư (楷書) *
Simplified characters Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters used in mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore, as prescribed by the ''Table of General Standard Chinese Characters''. Along with traditional Chinese characters, they are on ...
- chữ giản thể (𡨸簡體) *
Traditional characters Traditional Chinese characters are one type of standard Chinese character sets of the contemporary written Chinese. The traditional characters had taken shapes since the clerical change and mostly remained in the same structure they took a ...
- chữ phồn thể (𡨸繁體) *
Văn ngôn Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese: 文言, 古文 or 漢文) was the medium of all formal writing in Vietnam for almost all of the history of the country up to the early 20th century, when it was replaced by vernacular writing in Vietnamese usin ...
- Literary Chinese (文言) *
Hán văn Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese: 文言, 古文 or 漢文) was the medium of all formal writing in Vietnam for almost all of the history of the country up to the early 20th century, when it was replaced by vernacular writing in Vietnamese using ...
- synonym of Literary Chinese (漢文) * Kangxi radicals - Bộ thủ Khang Hi


History

In the late 3rd century BC, the newly established
Qin dynasty The Qin dynasty ( ; zh, c=秦朝, p=Qín cháo, w=), or Ch'in dynasty in Wade–Giles romanization ( zh, c=, p=, w=Ch'in ch'ao), was the first dynasty of Imperial China. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), ...
made a number of military raids to the south, establishing control over the Baiyue peoples. Three military commanderies were established far to the south in 214. Xiang commandery covered parts of present-day North Vietnam. However, Qin control of the area was short-lived, as the
Qin dynasty The Qin dynasty ( ; zh, c=秦朝, p=Qín cháo, w=), or Ch'in dynasty in Wade–Giles romanization ( zh, c=, p=, w=Ch'in ch'ao), was the first dynasty of Imperial China. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), ...
collapsed in the last decade of the century. Zhao Tuo (Triệu Đà), one of the generals commissioned by the
Qin Dynasty The Qin dynasty ( ; zh, c=秦朝, p=Qín cháo, w=), or Ch'in dynasty in Wade–Giles romanization ( zh, c=, p=, w=Ch'in ch'ao), was the first dynasty of Imperial China. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), ...
, gained control of the area in 207 BC and founded a kingdom called Nanyue (Southern Yue) in 204 BC. A few decades later, during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE), Nanyue became a vassal state, and it operated independently of the
Han Dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by th ...
. Administered by the Chinese aristocracy, the state introduced Chinese administrative and cultural practices to the area. The bureaucracy is complex and pervasive, dependent on written transfers and record keeping. It can be safely assumed that a substantial number of speakers of the Yue languages ​​have become familiar, if not completely proficient, with the Chinese script. For the government to function, it must rely on Yue speakers who can speak and write Chinese. The identities of the various Yue languages are not known, but almost certainly include members of the Tai-Kadai and Mon-Khmer language families. Among the languages spoken in the Lingnan region that are similar to present-day Northern Vietnam is the ancestral language of present-day Vietnamese, Proto-Viet-Muong. In BCE, the Han Dynasty conquered Nanyue, incorporating its territory directly into the imperial administrative system. And after quelling a Vietnamese uprising in 42 AD, an exodus of Han soldiers into the Red River Delta region of northern Vietnam created a community of Chinese-speaking families. For the next millennium, northern Vietnam was under continuous direct control of successive Chinese dynasties, with only brief interruptions, until the early 10th century AD. This area of Vietnam, centered on the Red River Delta, is known to the Chinese as Jiaozhi. Chinese writing was widespread throughout northern Vietnam during this intermediate period, as well as throughout the Chinese Empire. After independence in 938 AD, chữ Hán continued to be the main script of Vietnam (along with the
chữ Nôm Chữ Nôm (, ; ) is a logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language. It uses Chinese characters ('' Chữ Hán'') to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represent ...
later) until the late 19th and early 20th centuries after the successful
French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
invasion of Vietnam, the chữ Hán (along with the chữ Nôm) after being under the rule of the French, the two scripts gradually lost its position as the main writing of the Vietnamese people.


Pronunciations for characters

Due to historical contact with Chinese characters before the adoption of Chinese characters and how they were adapted into Vietnamese, multiple pronunciations can exist for a single character. While most characters usually have one or two pronunciations, some characters can have up to as many as four pronunciations and more. An example of this would be the character 行 ''hàng'' could have readings, ''hàng'', ''hành'', ''hãng'', ''hạng'', and ''hạnh''. The readings typically depend on the context and definition of the word. If talking about a store or goods, the reading ''hàng'' would be used, but if talking about
virtue Virtue ( la, virtus) is morality, moral excellence. A virtue is a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally good and thus is Value (ethics), valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being. In other words, it is a behavior that sh ...
, the reading ''hạnh'' would be used. But typically, knowing what pronunciations was not a large problem due to context. Pronunciations for chữ Hán, often classified into Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations and Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations. Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations are derived from Old Chinese and recent Chinese contact during the 17th-20th centuries when
Chinese people The Chinese people or simply Chinese, are people or ethnic groups identified with China, usually through ethnicity, nationality, citizenship, or other affiliation. Chinese people are known as Zhongguoren () or as Huaren () by speakers of sta ...
migrated to Vietnam. Most of these pronunciations were food related as Cantonese Chinese had introduced their food into Vietnam. Borrowings from Old Chinese are referred to as Old-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations.


Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations (Cách đọc kiểu Hán Việt)

Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations are usually referred to as phiên âm Hán Việt (翻音漢越), which are Vietnamese systematic pronunciations of
Middle Chinese Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the '' Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The ...
characters. These readings were largely borrowed into Vietnamese during the late
Tang Dynasty The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
(618-907). Vietnamese scholars used Chinese rime dictionaries to derive consistent pronunciations for Chinese characters. After Vietnam had regained independence, its rulers sought to build the country on the Chinese model, during this time, Literary Chinese, or
văn ngôn Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese: 文言, 古文 or 漢文) was the medium of all formal writing in Vietnam for almost all of the history of the country up to the early 20th century, when it was replaced by vernacular writing in Vietnamese usin ...
(文言), or
Hán văn Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese: 文言, 古文 or 漢文) was the medium of all formal writing in Vietnam for almost all of the history of the country up to the early 20th century, when it was replaced by vernacular writing in Vietnamese using ...
(漢文) was used for formal government documents.Around this, the Japanese and Koreans also borrowed large amount of characters into their languages and derived consistent pronunciations, these pronunciations are collectively known as the Sino-Xenic pronunciations.


Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations (Cách đọc kiểu Phi Hán Việt)

Non-Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations are pronunciations that were not consistently derived from Middle Chinese. Typically these readings came from Old Chinese, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects. A lot of these pronunciations came from recent Cantonese migration to Vietnam during the 17th-20th centuries. The Cantonese eventually mostly settled down in
Chợ Lớn Chợ Lớn (, zh, 堤岸), usually anglicized as "Cholon" in English sources, is a quarter of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It lies on the west bank of the Saigon River, having Bình Tây Market as its central market. Chợ Lớn consists of th ...
. Where they introduced their cuisine to Vietnam. This allowed for many Cantonese words in become borrowed, most of these terms were food-related.


Nôm pronunciations (Cách đọc kiểu Nôm)

Sometimes, characters that were phonetically close to a native Vietnamese word would be used as a chữ Nôm character. Most chữ Hán characters that were used for Vietnamese words were often used for their Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations rather than their meaning which could be completely different from the actual word being used. These characters were called chữ giả tá, due to them being borrowed phonetically. This was one reason why it was preferred to create a chữ Nôm character rather than using a chữ Hán character causing confusion between pronunciations.


Types of characters

Chữ Hán can be classified into the traditional classification for Chinese characters, this is called lục thư (六書, Chinese: liùshū), meaning six types of Chinese characters. * Chữ chỉ sự (𡨸指事) - Ideogram, an example would be 上 (thượng, “above”) and 下 (hạ, “below”). * Chữ tượng hình (𡨸象形) - Pictogram, an example would be 日 (nhật, "sun") and 木 (mộc, "tree"). * Chữ hình thanh (𡨸形聲) - Phono-semantic compound, an example would be 地 (địa, "earth") which is made up of phonetic 也 (dã) and semantic 土 (thổ, "land"). * Chữ hội ý (𡨸會意) - Compound ideographs, an example would be 明 (minh, "bright") which is made up of 日 (nhật, "sun") and 月 (nguyệt, “moon”). * Chữ chuyển chú (𡨸轉注) - Derivative cognates, least understood classification (vague classification), an example would that 老 (lão, "old") is a cognate of 考 (khảo, "to examine"). * Chữ giả tá (𡨸假借) - Phonetic loan, an example would be 法 (Pháp, "France") is used for the name of France. Other European countries are also referred by a chữ giả tá like 德 (Đức, "Germany") and 意 (Ý, "Italy").


Simplification

Some chữ Hán characters were simplified into variants of characters that were easier to write, but they are not the same simplified characters used by current-day Chinese. This means that Vietnamese simplified characters may differ from Chinese
simplified characters Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters used in mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore, as prescribed by the ''Table of General Standard Chinese Characters''. Along with traditional Chinese characters, they are on ...
, for example, the word 羅 is simplified into 罗 in Chinese, but it is different in Vietnamese, 𱺵 (⿱罒𪜀). Another example would be the character 沒 which is simplified into 没 in Chinese and 𠬠 (⿱丷又) in Vietnamese. But some simplified characters from Chinese do exist, but these characters are rare in Vietnamese literature.


Symbols

The character 匕 chuỷ is often used as a iteration mark to indicate the current chữ Hán character is to be repeated. This is used in words that use
reduplication In linguistics, reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change. The classic observation on the semantics of reduplication is Edwa ...
. Such as in the poem ''
Lục Vân Tiên The ''Tale of Lục Vân Tiên'' (傳蓼雲仙; Truyện Lục Vân Tiên) is a 19th-century Vietnamese-language epic poem written in vernacular Chữ Nôm script by the blind poet Nguyễn Đình Chiểu (1822–1888). The 2082-line (present v ...
'', the character 埃 (ai) is repeated twice in third line of the poem. It is written as 埃匕 to represent 埃埃 (ai ai). The way the marker is used, is very similar to how Chinese and Japanese use the iteration marker 々. Japanese uses 々 as a iteration marker, like for example, 人人 (hitobito) would be written as 人々 (hitobito).


See also

*
Chữ Nôm Chữ Nôm (, ; ) is a logographic writing system formerly used to write the Vietnamese language. It uses Chinese characters ('' Chữ Hán'') to represent Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and some native Vietnamese words, with other words represent ...
*
Văn ngôn Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese: 文言, 古文 or 漢文) was the medium of all formal writing in Vietnam for almost all of the history of the country up to the early 20th century, when it was replaced by vernacular writing in Vietnamese usin ...
* History of writing in Vietnam *
Chinese characters Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanji ...
*
East Asian cultural sphere The East Asian cultural sphere, also known as the Sinosphere, the Sinic world, the Sinitic world, the Chinese cultural sphere, the Chinese character sphere encompasses multiple countries in East Asia and Southeast Asia that were historically ...
*
Kanji are the logographic Chinese characters taken from the Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese. They were made a major part of the Japanese writing system during the time of Old Japanese and are still used, along with the subsequ ...
– Japanese equivalent of Chinese characters *
Hanja Hanja (Hangul: ; Hanja: , ), alternatively known as Hancha, are Chinese characters () used in the writing of Korean. Hanja was used as early as the Gojoseon period, the first ever Korean kingdom. (, ) refers to Sino-Korean vocabulary, ...
– Korean equivalent of Chinese characters * Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chữ Hán Chinese characters East Asian culture East Asia Southeast Asia Vietnamese language Logographic writing systems Writing systems without word boundaries